AKAP-9 promotes colorectal cancer development by regulating Cdc42 interacting protein 4

Cryo-EM of AKAP350/AKAP9 Reveals Fibrillar Clusters and an Association With DNA

AKAP350 is a massive human scaffolding protein, encoded by AKAP9, that anchors protein kinase A (PKA) to the Golgi apparatus and the centrosome. AKAP9 is among the most frequently mutated genes in various human cancers, and dysregulation of AKAP350 function is strongly linked to metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these disease processes remain poorly understood due to the challenges of studying its large and unstructured protein sequence. To learn more about AKAP350 basic function and architecture, we successfully expressed and purified full-length AKAP350 from human cells. Its functional state was validated based on the scaffolding protein's ability to pulldown endogenous CEP170 and CDK5RAP2, and to co-purify with endogenous PKA. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) revealed that AKAP350 appears as polydisperse clusters ∼50 nm in diameter, characterized by fibrous outgrowths. Surprisingly, these fibers reconstructed into double-stranded DNA. DNA sequencing and mass spectrometry confirmed that AKAP350 co-purified with human DNA and endogenous DNA-binding proteins, including nuclear factor 1B (NFIB) and nucleolin (NCL). Interestingly, the pull-down of NFIB and NCL, but not the centrosomal proteins CEP290, CDK5RAP2, or CEP170, was reduced in the presence of DNase-I, suggesting that AKAP350's interaction with these DNA-binding proteins is mediated by DNA. Furthermore, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) revealed that AKAP350 fibrillar clusters form a three-dimensional network of entangled filaments, a structure significantly altered by DNase-I treatment. Overall, our findings suggest AKAP350 forms fibrillar clusters that serve as nucleoprotein scaffolding complexes in human cells.

LncRNA FAM30A Suppresses Proliferation and Metastasis of Colorectal Carcinoma by Blocking the JAK-STAT Signalling

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) poses a serious risk to global human health. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of CRC. There is a scarcity of data about a newly identified lncRNA, FAM30A. Our major objective is to investigate the role of FAM30A in the process of CRC. Gene expression data and correlated clinical information were retrieved and downloaded from public databases to identify differentially expressed genes linked to CRC. The expression of FAM30A was identified in clinical samples and CRC cell lines using via Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) assay also. The survival significance of FAM30A was determined via R package "survival." Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was performed to identify FAM30A-related signalling pathway. The levels of proteins expression were determined by western blot assay. The effect of FAM30A on CRC cell biological behaviours was evaluated by cell function experiments. FAM30A was identified down-regulated in CRC based on the data from public database. FAM30A had lower expression in CRC clinical samples and cell lines. Low FAM30A expression was positively related to a poor prognosis in CRC patients. After FAM30A was overexpressed, the proliferation, invasion, and migration abilities of CRC cells were decreased, and the rate of CRC cell apoptosis increased. Furthermore, overexpression of FAM30A could block JAK-STAT signalling. FAM30A suppresses proliferative, invasive, and migratory abilities of CRC through blocking JAK-STAT signalling. Thus, it can be a novel biomarker of CRC prognosis.

Protein kinase A and local signaling in cancer

Protein kinase A (PKA) is a basophilic kinase implicated in the modulation of many cell-signaling and physiological processes. PKA also contributes to cancer-relevant events such as growth factor action, cell cycle control, cell migration and tumor metabolism. Germline and somatic mutations in PKA, gene amplifications, and chromosome rearrangements that encode kinase fusions, are linked to a growing number of malignant neoplasms. Mislocalization of PKA by exclusion from A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) signaling islands further underlies cancer progression. This article highlights the influence of AKAP signaling and local kinase action in selected hallmarks of cancer. We also feature the utility of kinase inhibitor drugs as frontline and future anti-cancer therapies.

LncRNA MALAT1 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the relationship between the long non-coding RNA Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1) expression and colorectal cancer (CRC) using a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

Under the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted on studies published from the databases' inception to September 18, 2023. Prognostic value and diagnostic accuracy were explored. Additionally, the association between levels of MALAT1 expression and pathological features was investigated. The statistical analysis was performed using the "meta" package of R.

RESULTS

Among the pathological parameters examined, based on three studies involving 51 cases of metastatic CRC and 135 cases of non-metastatic CRC, a statistically significant correlation was found between the expression level of MALAT1 and distant metastasis, with an OR of 16.0118 (95% CI: 4.5618-56.2015). Three studies involving 378 cases reported overall survival and had a pooled HR of 2.3854 (95% CI: 1.3272-4.2875). Three studies involving 436 cases reported disease-free survival and had a pooled HR of 2.4772 (95% CI: 1.3774-4.4549). All prognosis studies utilized tumor tissue samples as specimens to assess the expression level of MALAT1. Case-to-control diagnostic studies with 126 cases and 126 controls had a pooled AUC value of 0.6173 (95% CI: 0.5436-0.6909), a pooled sensitivity of 0.675 (95% CI: 0.324-0.900), and a pooled specificity of 0.771 (95% CI: 0.685-0.839).

CONCLUSIONS

The expression of MALAT1 in CRC is highly correlated with distant metastasis and has an impact on survival and prognosis. MALAT1 could also be employed as a diagnostic biomarker. More prospective studies should be performed to assess the MALAT1 diagnostic potential in the early stages of CRC.

Acute myeloid leukemia with a novel AKAP9::PDGFRA fusion transformed from essential thrombocythemia: A case report and mini review

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy associated with various combinations of gene mutations, epigenetic abnormalities, and chromosome rearrangement-related gene fusions. Despite the significant degree of heterogeneity in its pathogenesis, many gene fusions and point mutations are recurrent in AML and have been employed in risk stratification over the last several decades. Gene fusions have long been recognized for understanding tumorigenesis and their proven roles in clinical diagnosis and targeted therapies. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies and computational biology have contributed significantly to the detection of known fusion genes as well as for the discovery of novel ones. Several recurring gene fusions in AML have been linked to prognosis, treatment response, and disease progression. In this report, we present a case with a long history of essential thrombocythemia and hallmark CALR mutation transforming to AML characterized by a previously unreported AKAP9::PDGFRA fusion gene. We propose mechanisms by which this fusion may contribute to the pathogenesis of AML and its potential as a molecular target for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Expression of RASSF1A, DIRAS3, and AKAP9 Genes in Thyroid Lesions: Implications for Differential Diagnosis and Prognosis of Thyroid Carcinomas

Thyroid carcinoma is the primary endocrine malignancy worldwide. The preoperative examination of thyroid tissue lesion is often unclear. Approximately 25% of thyroid cancers cannot be diagnosed definitively without post-surgery histopathological examination. The assessment of diagnostic and differential markers of thyroid cancers is needed to improve preoperative diagnosis and reduce unnecessary treatments. Here, we assessed the expression of RASSF1A, DIRAS3, and AKAP9 genes, and the presence of BRAF V600E point mutation in benign and malignant thyroid lesions in a Polish cohort (120 patients). We have also performed a comparative analysis of gene expression using data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (307 samples). The expression of RASSF1A and DIRAS3 was decreased, whereas AKAP9's was increased in pathologically changed thyroid compared with normal thyroid tissue, and significantly correlated with e.g., histopathological type of lesion papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) vs follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), patient's age, tumour stage, or its encapsulation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the more aggressive FTC subtype differential marker suggests value in estimating RASSF1A and AKAP9 expression, with their area under curve (AUC), specificity, and sensitivity at 0.743 (95% CI: 0.548-0.938), 82.2%, and 66.7%; for RASSF1A, and 0.848 (95% CI: 0.698-0.998), 54.8%, and 100%, for AKAP9. Our research gives new insight into the basis of the aggressiveness and progression of thyroid cancers, and provides information on potential differential markers that may improve preoperative diagnosis.

Physiological and metabolic aspects of follicular developmental competence as affected by lactational body condition loss

Metabolic demands of modern hybrid sows have increased over the years, which increases the chance that sows enter a substantial negative energy balance (NEB) during lactation. This NEB can negatively impact reproductive outcome, which is especially evident in primiparous sows causing a reduced second parity reproductive performance. The negative effects of the lactational NEB on reproductive performance can be partly explained by the influence of the premating metabolic state, during and after lactation, on the development of follicles from which oocytes will give rise to the next litter. In addition, the degree and type of body tissue mobilization during lactation that is, adipose tissue or lean mass, highly influences follicular development. Research investigating relations between the premating metabolic state and follicular and oocyte competence in modern hybrid sows, which experience higher metabolic demands during lactation, is limited. In this review we summarize current knowledge of physiological relations between the metabolic state of modern hybrid sows and follicular developmental competence. In addition, we discuss potential implications of these relations for current sow management strategies.

Golgi organization is a determinant of stem cell function in the small intestine

Cell-to-cell signalling between niche and stem cells regulates tissue regeneration. While the identity of many mediating factors is known, it is largely unknown whether stem cells optimize their receptiveness to niche signals according to the niche organization. Here, we show that Lgr5+ small intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regulate the morphology and orientation of their secretory apparatus to match the niche architecture, and to increase transport efficiency of niche signal receptors. Unlike the progenitor cells lacking lateral niche contacts, ISCs orient Golgi apparatus laterally towards Paneth cells of the epithelial niche, and divide Golgi into multiple stacks reflecting the number of Paneth cell contacts. Stem cells with a higher number of lateral Golgi transported Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) with a higher efficiency than cells with one Golgi. The lateral Golgi orientation and enhanced Egfr transport required A-kinase anchor protein 9 (Akap9), and was necessary for normal regenerative capacity in vitro . Moreover, reduced Akap9 in aged ISCs renders ISCs insensitive to niche-dependent modulation of Golgi stack number and transport efficiency. Our results reveal stem cell-specific Golgi complex configuration that facilitates efficient niche signal reception and tissue regeneration, which is compromised in the aged epithelium.

Subtypes analysis and prognostic model construction based on lysosome-related genes in colon adenocarcinoma

Background: Lysosomes are essential for the development and recurrence of cancer. The relationship between a single lysosome-related gene and cancer has previously been studied, but the relationship between the lysosome-related genes (LRGs) and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains unknown. This research examined the role of lysosome-related genes in colon adenocarcinoma. Methods: 28 lysosome-related genes associated with prognosis (PLRGs) were found by fusing the gene set that is differently expressed between tumor and non-tumor in colon adenocarcinoma with the gene set that is related to lysosomes. Using consensus unsupervised clustering of PLRGs, the colon adenocarcinoma cohort was divided into two subtypes. Prognostic and tumor microenvironment (TME) comparisons between the two subtypes were then made. The PLRGs_score was constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO) method to quantify each patient's prognosis and provide advice for treatment. Lastly, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to identify MOGS expression at the protein level in colon adenocarcinoma tissues. Results: PLRGs had more somatic mutations and changes in genetic level, and the outcomes of the two subtypes differed significantly in terms of prognosis, tumor microenvironment, and enrichment pathways. Then, PLRGs_score was established based on two clusters of differential genes in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database, and external verification was performed using the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Then, we developed a highly accurate nomogram to enhance the clinical applicability of the PLRGs_score. Finally, a higher PLRGs_score was associated with a poorer overall survival (OS), a lower tumor mutation burden (TMB), a lower cancer stem cell (CSC) index, more microsatellite stability (MSS), and a higher clinical stage. MOGS was substantially elevated at the protein level in colon adenocarcinoma as additional confirmation. Conclusion: Overall, based on PLRGs, we identified two subtypes that varied significantly in terms of prognosis and tumor microenvironment. Then, in order to forecast patient prognosis and make treatment suggestions, we developed a diagnostic model with major significance for prognosis, clinical relevance, and immunotherapy. Moreover, we were the first to demonstrate that MOGS is highly expressed in colon adenocarcinoma.

A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 9 Promotes Gastric Cancer Progression as a Downstream Effector of Cadherin 1

Background

Genetic studies identified a dozen of frequently mutated genes in gastric cancer, such as cadherin 1 (CDH1) and A-kinase anchoring protein 9 (AKAP9). Of note, genetic alterations including depletion and amplification frameshift mutations of AKAP9 have been observed in 10–15% of gastric cancer patients. However, it is unknown of the expression and role of AKAP9 in gastric cancer. This study is aimed to characterize the expression and function of AKAP9 in gastric cancer.

Methods

Using qRT-PCR, we analyzed the mRNA levels of AKAP9 in gastric cancer patient samples. We investigated the role of AKAP9 in gastric cancer by performing cell proliferation assay, transwell assay, and mouse xenograft assay.

Results

AKAP9 was upregulated in gastric cancer patients. Overexpression of AKAP9 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and gastric tumor growth. Loss of CDH1 elevated AKAP9 mRNA and protein levels.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that AKAP9 functions as an oncoprotein to promote gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth. Moreover, we reveal a possible molecular link showing that AKAP9 is a critical effector downstream of CDH1 in gastric cancer.

lncRNA TRPM2-AS Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression by Regulating miR-22-3p and FSTL1

Background. In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) relate to many biological processes, which affect the progression of tumors. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antisense RNA (TRPM2-AS) is reported to play an oncogene-like role in tumors. TRPM2-AS is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), but the mechanism of TRPM2-AS is still unclear. The regulatory mechanism of TRPM2-AS in the occurrence of CRC was explored, so as to find new markers and therapeutic targets for CRC. Methods. TRPM2-AS and miR-22-3p expression in CRC cells were measured through reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Then, TRPM2-AS knockdown cell lines were constructed, and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), clone formation, wound healing, and invasion assays were used to detect cell malignant behavior. Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) protein was detected by western blotting. The interaction between miR-22-3p and TRPM2-AS or FSTL1 was verified by the luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Subcutaneous xenografts were performed using animal experiments. Results. TRPM2-AS expression in CRC cells was increased, and miR-22-3p expression was decreased in CRC cells. TRPM2-AS inhibition inhibited cell malignant behavior. miR-22-3p has a targeting relationship with TRPM2-AS and FSTL1. In cells, downregulation of TRPM2-AS expression promoted miR-22-3p and inhibited FSTL1 expression, while mimics inhibited FSTL1 expression. miR-22-3p inhibition or FSTL1 overexpression could offset the inhibition of TRPM2-AS downregulation on CRC cells. Conclusions. The TRPM2-AS/miR-22-3p/FSTL1 regulation axis could regulate CRC cell malignant behavior, which may provide a new perspective for interpreting the mechanism of CRC development.

Serine-Arginine Protein Kinase 1 (SRPK1): a systematic review of its multimodal role in oncogenesis

Alternative splicing is implicated in each of the hallmarks of cancer, and is mechanised by various splicing factors. Serine-Arginine Protein Kinase 1 (SRPK1) is an enzyme which moderates the activity of splicing factors rich in serine/arginine domains. Here we review SRPK1’s relationship with various cancers by performing a systematic review of all relevant published data. Elevated SRPK1 expression correlates with advanced disease stage and poor survival in many epithelial derived cancers. Numerous pre-clinical studies investigating a host of different tumour types; have found increased SRPK1 expression to be associated with proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis in vitro as well as tumour growth, tumourigenicity and metastasis in vivo. Aberrant SRPK1 expression is implicated in various signalling pathways associated with oncogenesis, a number of which, such as the PI3K/AKT, NF-КB and TGF-Beta pathway, are implicated in multiple different cancers. SRPK1-targeting micro RNAs have been identified in a number of studies and shown to have an important role in regulating SRPK1 activity. SRPK1 expression is also closely related to the response of various tumours to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Future clinical applications will likely focus on the role of SRPK1 as a biomarker of treatment resistance and the potential role of its inhibition.

Endogenous and Exogenous Regulatory Signaling in the Secretory Pathway: Role of Golgi Signaling Molecules in Cancer

The biosynthetic transport route that constitutes the secretory pathway plays a fundamental role in the cell, providing to the synthesis and transport of around one third of human proteins and most lipids. Signaling molecules within autoregulatory circuits on the intracellular membranes of the secretory pathway regulate these processes, especially at the level of the Golgi complex. Indeed, cancer cells can hijack several of these signaling molecules, and therefore also the underlying regulated processes, to bolster their growth or gain more aggressive phenotypes. Here, we review the most important autoregulatory circuits acting on the Golgi, emphasizing the role of specific signaling molecules in cancer. In fact, we propose to draw awareness to highlight the Golgi-localized regulatory systems as potential targets in cancer therapy.

CIP4 targeted to recruit GTP-Cdc42 involving in invadopodia formation via NF-κB signaling pathway promotes invasion and metastasis of CRC

Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4), a member of the F-BAR family, which plays an important role in regulating cell membrane and actin, has been reported to interact with Cdc42 and be closely associated with tumor invadopodia formation. In this study, we found that CIP4 expression was significantly higher in human CRC tissues and correlated with the CRC infiltrating depth and metastasis, as well as the lower survival rate in patients. In cultured CRC cells, knockdown of CIP4 inhibited cell migration and invasion ability in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo, while the overexpression of CIP4 promoted invadopodia formation and matrix degradation ability. We then identified GTP-Cdc42 as a directly interactive protein of CIP4, which was upregulated and recruited by CIP4. Furthermore, activated NF-κB signaling pathway was found in CIP4 overexpression of CRC cells contributing to invadopodia formation, while the inhibition of either CIP4 or Cdc42 led to the suppression of the NF-κB pathway and resulted in a decreased quantity of invadopodia. Our findings suggested that CIP4 targets to recruit GTP-Cdc42 and directly combines with it to accelerate invadopodia formation and function by activating NF-κB signaling pathway, thus promoting CRC infiltration and metastasis.

High AKAP8L expression predicts poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a severe disease with high mortality, and is associated with poor prognosis and frequent lymphatic metastasis. Therefore, prognostic indicators for ESCC are urgently needed. A-kinase anchor-protein 8-like (AKAP8L) is a member of the A kinase anchor-protein (AKAPs) family and is overexpressed in many cancers. However, the role of AKAP8L in ESCC remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression patterns and prognostic value of AKAP8L in ESCC.

METHODS

The mRNA expression of AKAP8L was analyzed from the dataset of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the AKAP8L expression in tissue microarray. Pearson's chi-square test was carried out for the correlation analysis of clinicopathological features and AKAP8L expression. The prognostic significance of clinicopathological features and AKAP8L expression was determined by univariate and multivariate Cox hazard models. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used for survival analysis.

RESULTS

We found that the mRNA level of AKAP8L was higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent tissues in TCGA and GEO dataset. High AKAP8L expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) in ESCC patients (p = 0.0039). Besides, AKAP8L expression was highly expressed in patients with lymph node metastasis detected by ESCC tissue microarray (p = 0.0014). The comparison of the different clinicopathological features of ESCC between high and low AKAP8L expression groups revealed that high AKAP8L expression was related to lymph node stage (p = 0.041). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that high AKAP8L expression indicates an unfavorable progression-free survival (PFS) and OS in ESCC patients (p < 0.0001). Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that AKAP8L was an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS in ESCC (p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that high expression of AKAP8L is associated with poor prognosis of ESCC and can be considered an independent risk factor for ESCC.

Identification of Survival-Specific Genes in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Using a Customized Next-Generation Sequencing Gene Panel

Purpose: Although mutations are associated with carcinogenesis, little is known about survival-specific genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We developed a customized next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panel with 156 genes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the survival-specific genes we found were present in Korean ccRCC patients, and their association with clinicopathological findings. Materials and Methods: DNA was extracted from the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of 22 ccRCC patients. NGS was performed using our survival-specific gene panel with an Illumina MiSeq. We analyzed NGS data and the correlations between mutations and clinicopathological findings and also compared them with data from the Cancer Genome Atlas-Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) and Renal Cell Cancer-European Union (RECA-EU). Results: We found a total of 100 mutations in 37 of the 156 genes (23.7%) in 22 ccRCC patients. Of the 37 mutated genes, 11 were identified as clinicopathologically significant. Six were novel survival-specific genes (ADAMTS10, CARD6, NLRP2, OBSCN, SECISBP2L, and USP40), and five were top-ranked mutated genes (AKAP9, ARID1A, BAP1, KDM5C, and SETD2). Only CARD6 was validated as an overall survival-specific gene in this Korean study (p = 0.04, r = −0.441), TCGA-KIRC cohort (p = 0.0003), RECA-EU (p = 0.0005). The 10 remaining gene mutations were associated with clinicopathological findings; disease-free survival, mortality, nuclear grade, sarcomatoid component, N-stage, sex, and tumor size. Conclusions: We discovered 11 survival-specific genes in ccRCC using data from TCGA-KIRC, RECA-EU, and Korean patients. We are the first to find a correlation between CARD6 and overall survival in ccRCC. The 11 genes, including CARD6, NLRP2, OBSCN, and USP40, could be useful diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers in ccRCC.

AKAP9 Upregulation Predicts Unfavorable Prognosis in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Promotes Stemness Properties via the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Background

PRKA kinase anchor protein 9 (AKAP9) is a scaffold protein involved in various cellular processes, including cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although the oncogenic role of AKAP9 in solid tumors is well elucidated, the functions and mechanisms of AKAP9 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are still not understood.

Methods

We used the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database (GSE2191) to determine the mRNA expression of AKAP9 in the bone marrow of pediatric AML and healthy patients. We further used the therapeutically available research to generate effective treatments (TARGET) database to elucidate the relationship between AKAP9 expression and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with AML. In addition, cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, RT-PCR, and Western blotting assays were applied to reveal the functions of AKAP9 and the underlying mechanisms of AKAP9 silencing in THP1 and HL60 cell lines.

Results

AKAP9 is overexpressed in the bone marrow of pediatric AML patients as compared with that of healthy patients. High expression of AKAP9 was found to be a predictor of poor overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). Using univariate and multivariate survival analyses, we found that high AKAP9 expression is an independent predictor of a worse OS and EFS. Functionally, AKAP9 silencing significantly inhibited AML cell proliferation, and cell cycle progression and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, AKAP9 silencing significantly downregulated the expression of stemness markers and β-catenin.

Conclusion

AKAP9 upregulation is a predictor of unfavorable prognosis, promotes stemness, and activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in AML patients. AKAP9 may act as a prognostic biomarker of AML in pediatric patients and a future therapeutic target.

MiR-629-5p Promotes Prostate Cancer Development and Metastasis by Targeting AKAP13

Prostate cancer (PCa) has become the most frequently occurring cancer among western men according to the latest report, and patients’ prognosis is often poor in the event of tumor progression, therefore, many researches are devoted to exploring the molecular mechanism of PCa metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have proved to play an important role in this process. In present study, by combining clinical samples with public databases, we found that miR-629-5p increased to varying degrees in primary localized PCa tissues and metastatic PCa tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and bioinformatics analysis suggested that high level of miR-629-5p was related to poor prognosis. Functionally, miR-629-5p drove PCa cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and promoted growth of PCa cells in vivo. Moreover, A-kinase Anchor Protein 13 (AKAP13) was screened as a direct target of miR-629-5p, that expression was negatively correlated with the malignant phenotype of tumor cells. In the end, through verification in clinical specimens, we found that AKAP13 could be independently used as a clinical prognostic indicator. Overall, the present study indicates that miR-629-5p plays an oncogenic role in PCa by targeting AKAP13, which provides a new idea for clinical diagnosis and treatment of complex refractory PCa.

Changes in Protein Structural Motifs upon Post-Translational Modification in Kidney Cancer

Post-translational modification (PTM) leads to conformational changes in protein structure, modulates the biological function of proteins, and, consequently, changes the signature of metabolic transformations and the immune response in the body. Common PTMs are reversible and serve as a mechanism for modulating metabolic trans-formations in cells. It is likely that dysregulation of post-translational cellular signaling leads to abnormal proliferation and oncogenesis. We examined protein PTMs in the blood samples from patients with kidney cancer. Conformational changes in proteins after modification were analyzed. The proteins were analyzed using ultra-high resolution HPLC-MS/MS and structural analysis was performed with the AMBER and GROMACS software packages. Fifteen proteins containing PTMs were identified in blood samples from patients with kidney cancer. For proteins with PDB structures, a comparative analysis of the structural changes accompanying the modifications was performed. Results revealed that PTMs are localized in stable and compact space protein globule motifs that are exposed to a solvent. The phenomenon of modification is accompanied, as a rule, by an increase in the area available for the solvent of the modified amino acid residue and its active environment.

Intuitive repositioning of an anti-depressant drug in combination with tivozanib: precision medicine for breast cancer therapy

Despite the existing therapies and lack of receptors such as HER-2, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, triple-negative breast cancer is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. TNBCs are known for their highly aggressive metastatic behavior and typically migrate to brain and bone for secondary site propagation. Many diseases share similar molecular pathology exposing new avenues in molecular signaling for engendering innovative therapies. Generation of newer therapies and novel drugs are time consuming associated with very high resources. In order to provide personalized or precision medicine, drug repositioning will contribute in a cost-effective manner. In our study, we have repurposed and used a neoteric combination of two drug molecules namely, fluvoxamine and tivozanib, to target triple-negative breast cancer growth and progression. Our combination regime significantly targets two diverse but significant pathways in TNBCs. Subsequent analysis on migratory, invasive, and angiogenic properties showed the significance of our repurposed drug combination. Molecular array data resulted in identifying the specific and key players participating in cancer progression when the drug combination was used. The innovative combination of fluvoxamine and tivozanib reiterates the use of drug repositioning for precision medicine and subsequent companion diagnostic development.

Pan-cancer driver copy number alterations identified by joint expression/CNA data analysis

Analysis of large gene expression datasets from biopsies of cancer patients can identify co-expression signatures representing particular biomolecular events in cancer. Some of these signatures involve genomically co-localized genes resulting from the presence of copy number alterations (CNAs), for which analysis of the expression of the underlying genes provides valuable information about their combined role as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Here we focus on the discovery and interpretation of such signatures that are present in multiple cancer types due to driver amplifications and deletions in particular regions of the genome after doing a comprehensive analysis combining both gene expression and CNA data from The Cancer Genome Atlas.

A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins Diminish TGF-β1/Cigarette Smoke-Induced Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) can inhibit transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mediated EMT. Although compartmentalization via A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) is central to cAMP signaling, functional studies regarding their therapeutic value in the lung EMT process are lacking. The human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and primary human airway epithelial (pHAE) cells were exposed to TGF-β1. Epithelial (E-cadherin, ZO-1) and mesenchymal markers (collagen Ӏ, α-SMA, fibronectin) were analyzed (mRNA, protein). ELISA measured TGF-β1 release. TGF-β1-sensitive AKAPs Ezrin, AKAP95 and Yotiao were silenced while using siRNA. Cell migration was analyzed by wound healing assay, xCELLigence, Incucyte. Prior to TGF-β1, dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP), fenoterol, rolipram, cilostamide, and forskolin were used to elevate intracellular cAMP. TGF-β1 induced morphological changes, decreased E-cadherin, but increased collagen Ӏ and cell migration, a process that was reversed by the inhibitor of δ/epsilon casein kinase I, PF-670462. TGF-β1 altered (mRNA, protein) expression of Ezrin, AKAP95, and Yotiao. St-Ht31, the AKAP antagonist, decreased E-cadherin (mRNA, protein), but counteracted TGF-β1-induced collagen Ӏ upregulation. Cigarette smoke (CS) increased TGF-β1 release, activated TGF signaling, augmented cell migration, and reduced E-cadherin expression, a process that was blocked by TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody. The silencing of Ezrin, AKAP95, and Yotiao diminished TGF-β1-induced collagen Ӏ expression, as well as TGF-β1-induced cell migration. Fenoterol, rolipram, and cilostamide, in AKAP silenced cells, pointed to distinct cAMP compartments. We conclude that Ezrin, AKAP95, and Yotiao promote TGF-β1-mediated EMT, linked to a TGF-β1 release by CS. AKAP members might define the ability of fenoterol, rolipram, and cilostamide to modulate the EMT process, and they might represent potential relevant targets in the treatment of COPD.

Low expression of A-kinase anchor protein 5 predicts poor prognosis in non-mucin producing stomach adenocarcinoma based on TCGA data

BACKGROUND

In the past, there were not a lot of studies on how A-kinase anchor protein 5 (AKAP5) involving in the pathogenesis and prognosis of non-mucin producing stomach adenocarcinoma (NMSA). Therefore, we studied the relationship between AKAP5 and the prognosis of NMSA and its possible mechanisms using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

METHODS

RNA high-throughput sequencing and clinicopathologic data of NMSA were downloaded from the TCGA. Clinical pathologic features associated with AKAP5 expression were analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher exact tests. The relationship between the overall survival (OS) and AKAP5 expression was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox regression analysis. GSEA analysis was performed using the TCGA dataset.

RESULTS

Our results indicated that the AKAP5 expression was increased in NMSA (all tumor vs. adjacent mucosa). Also, histologic grade, clinical stage, N classification, and survival status were significantly correlated with AKAP5 expression. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that low AKAP5 expression was associated with a poor OS among the NMSA patients (P=5.003e-05), and in the clinical stage III and IV (P=4.646e-05), TNM stage T3 (P=0.016), T4 (P=0.001), N2 (P=0.012), N3 (P=0.003), M0 (P=3.911e-05), and histological grade G3 (P=1.658e-04) subgroups. Cox regression analysis showed that reduced AKAP5 expression in NMSA is associated with age (HR =1.03, P=0.007), stage (HR =1.84 for stage I, II vs. stage III, IV, P=0.002) and M classification (HR =1.8 for M0 vs. M1, P=0.010). Gene sets related to cholesterol homeostasis, glycolysis, estrogen response late, adipogenesis, estrogen response early, notch signaling, and peroxisome were differentially enriched with the low AKAP5 expression phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS

Low expression of AKAP5 may be a potential molecular marker for predicting poor prognosis of NMSA. Besides, cholesterol homeostasis, glycolysis, estrogen response, adipogenesis, notch signaling, and peroxisome may be the key pathways regulated by AKAP5 in NMSA. It also suggested that AKAP5 might potentially have biological functions in the development of stomach adenocarcinoma.

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetases 2 knockdown inhibits prostate cancer progression by suppressing cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetases 2 (PRPS2) protein function as nucleotide synthesis enzyme that plays vital roles in cancer biology. However, the expression profile and function of PRPS2 in prostate cancer (PCa) remain to be identified. Here we investigated the expression of PRPS2 protein in human PCa and paired normal tissues by immunohistochemistry, meanwhile the regulatory effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice were evaluated in PCa cells with PRPS2 depletion. Moreover, the signaling pathways were also explored by western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. We found that PRPS2 was dramatically upregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma tissues in comparison with normal tissues, and that increased PRPS2 was linked intimately to advanced clinical stage and pT status. Functional experiments showed that knockdown of PRPS2 significantly suppressed cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, depletion of PRPS2 induced G₁ phase cell cycle arrest and elevated cell apoptosis. Silencing of PRPS2 resulted in the decreased expression of Bcl‑2 and cyclinD1 and increased levels of Bax, cleavage of caspases‑3, caspases‑9 and PARP. Furthermore, we also detected PRPS2 expression was significantly induced after DHT treatment, which implied the important role of PRPS2 in oncogenesis of PCa. Taken together, our findings elucidated that PRPS2 may be a potential novel candidate for PCa therapy.

Lambda-Carrageenan Enhances the Effects of Radiation Therapy in Cancer Treatment by Suppressing Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis through Racgap1 Inhibition

Radiotherapy is used extensively in cancer treatment, but radioresistance and the metastatic potential of cancer cells that survive radiation remain critical issues. There is a need for novel treatments to improve radiotherapy. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic benefit of λ-carrageenan (CGN) to enhance the efficacy of radiation treatment and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. CGN treatment decreased viability in irradiated cancer cells and enhanced reactive oxygen species accumulation, apoptosis, and polyploid formation. Additionally, CGN suppressed radiation-induced chemoinvasion and invasive growth in 3D lrECM culture. We also screened target molecules using a gene expression microarray analysis and focused on Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RacGAP1). Protein expression of RacGAP1 was upregulated in several cancer cell lines after radiation, which was significantly suppressed by CGN treatment. Knockdown of RacGAP1 decreased cell viability and invasiveness after radiation. Overexpression of RacGAP1 partially rescued CGN cytotoxicity. In a mouse xenograft model, local irradiation followed by CGN treatment significantly decreased tumor growth and lung metastasis compared to either treatment alone. Taken together, these results suggest that CGN may enhance the effectiveness of radiation in cancer therapy by decreasing cancer cell viability and suppressing both radiation-induced invasive activity and distal metastasis through downregulating RacGAP1 expression.

HMGB1 Promotes Prostate Cancer Development and Metastasis by Interacting with Brahma-Related Gene 1 and Activating the Akt Signaling Pathway

Background and Aim: We have previously shown that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an independent biomarker for shortened survival of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. However, the specific role of HMGB1 in tumor development and progression remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of HMGB1 in PCa tumorigenesis.

Methods: Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were used to determine the biological functions of HMGB1 both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assays were applied to discern and examine the relationship between HMGB1 and its potential targets. Specimens from 64 patients with PCa were analyzed for the expression of HMGB1 and its relationship with Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results: The results demonstrated that ectopic expression of HMGB1 facilitated growth and metastasis of PCa by enhancing Akt signaling pathway and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while silencing of HMGB1 showed the opposite effects. Mechanistically, HMGB1 exerted these functions through its interaction with BRG1 which may augment BRG1 function and activate the Akt signaling pathway thereby promoting EMT. Importantly, both HMGB1 and BRG1 expression was markedly increased in human PCa tissues.

Conclusions: Taken together, these findings indicate that upregulation of HMGB1 promotes PCa development via activation of Akt and accelerates metastasis through regulating BRG1-mediated EMT. HMGB1 could be used as a novel potential target for the treatment of PCa.

Function of cAMP scaffolds in obstructive lung disease: Focus on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and oxidative stress

Over the past decades, research has defined cAMP as one of the central cellular nodes in sensing and integrating multiple pathways and as a pivotal role player in lung pathophysiology. Obstructive lung disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are characterized by a persistent and progressive airflow limitation and by oxidative stress from endogenous and exogenous insults. The extent of airflow obstruction depends on the relative deposition of different constituents of the extracellular matrix, a process related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and which subsequently results in airway fibrosis. Oxidative stress from endogenous and also from exogenous sources causes a profound worsening of COPD. Here we describe how cAMP scaffolds and their different signalosomes in different subcellular compartments may contribute to COPD. Future research will require translational studies to alleviate disease symptoms by pharmacologically targeting the cAMP scaffolds. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.

HOXC6 promotes migration, invasion and proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells via modulating expression of genes involved in malignant phenotypes

Background

HOXC6 is a member of the HOX gene family. The elevated expression of this gene occurs in prostate and breast cancers. However, the role of HOXC6 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains largely uninvestigated.

Methods

The expression of HOXC6 was examined by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting assays. The lentivirus-mediated expression of HOXC6 was verified at mRNA and protein levels. Wound healing and Matrigel assays were performed to assess the effect of HOXC6 on the migration and invasion of cancer cells. The growth curving, CCK8, and colony formation assays were utilized to access the proliferation capacities. RNA-seq was performed to evaluate the downstream targets of HOXC6. Bioinformatic tool was used to analyze the gene expression.

Results

HOXC6 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues. HOXC6 overexpression promoted the migration, invasion, and proliferation of both Eca109 and TE10 cells. There were 2,155 up-regulated and 759 down-regulated genes in Eca109-HOXC6 cells and 95 up-regulated and 47 down-regulated genes in TE10-HOXC6 cells compared with the results of control. Interestingly, there were only 20 common genes, including 17 up-regulated and three down-regulated genes with similar changes upon HOXC6 transfection in both cell lines. HOXC6 activated several crucial genes implicated in the malignant phenotype of cancer cells.

Discussion

HOXC6 is highly expressed in ESCC and promotes malignant phenotype of ESCC cells. HOXC6 can be used as a new therapeutic target of ESCC.

FSTL1 interacts with VIM and promotes colorectal cancer metastasis via activating the focal adhesion signalling pathway

Follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) has been reported to have both tumour-promoting and tumour-suppressive characters. However, the role of FSTL1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Here we showed that FSTL1 expression was significantly up-regulated in CRC tissues compared with the paired normal tissues. In addition, the higher FSTL1 expression was associated with the infiltrating depth, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC. Enhanced expression of FSTL1 distinctly increased cell migration and invasion in vitro, as well as promoting liver metastasis of CRC in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of FSTL1 expression significantly repressed invasion and metastasis of CRC. Mechanically, transcription factor Smad3 was involved in FSTL1 protein expression inducing by TGFβ1-Smad2/3 signalling. Furthermore, this effect of FSTL1 in promoting CRC progression was actualised via activating focal adhesions signalling pathway and regulating cytoskeleton rearrangement. We identified VIM, as an interactive protein of FSTL1, participated in FSTL1-mediated aggressive phenotype. We showed the role of FSTL1 in CRC and explored its transcription regulation and downstream signalling molecular mechanisms. In conclusion, our findings suggested that FSTL1 promoted CRC progression and metastasis, making it a novel target for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of CRC.

The role of compartmentalized signaling pathways in the control of mitochondrial activities in cancer cells

Mitochondria are the powerhouse organelles present in all eukaryotic cells. They play a fundamental role in cell respiration, survival and metabolism. Stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by dedicated ligands and consequent activation of the cAMP·PKA pathway finely couple energy production and metabolism to cell growth and survival. Compartmentalization of PKA signaling at mitochondria by A-Kinase Anchor Proteins (AKAPs) ensures efficient transduction of signals generated at the cell membrane to the organelles, controlling important aspects of mitochondrial biology. Emerging evidence implicates mitochondria as essential bioenergetic elements of cancer cells that promote and support tumor growth and metastasis. In this context, mitochondria provide the building blocks for cellular organelles, cytoskeleton and membranes, and supply all the metabolic needs for the expansion and dissemination of actively replicating cancer cells. Functional interference with mitochondrial activity deeply impacts on cancer cell survival and proliferation. Therefore, mitochondria represent valuable targets of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer patients. Understanding the biology of mitochondria, uncovering the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial activity andmapping the relevant metabolic and signaling networks operating in cancer cells will undoubtly contribute to create a molecular platform to be used for the treatment of proliferative disorders. Here, we will highlight the emerging roles of signaling pathways acting downstream to GPCRs and their intersection with the ubiquitin proteasome system in the control of mitochondrial activity in different aspects of cancer cell biology.

Exome sequencing of primary breast cancers with paired metastatic lesions reveals metastasis-enriched mutations in the A-kinase anchoring protein family (AKAPs)

Background

Tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer tumors is today widely recognized. Most of the available knowledge in genetic variation however, relates to the primary tumor while metastatic lesions are much less studied. Many studies have revealed marked alterations of standard prognostic and predictive factors during tumor progression. Characterization of paired primary- and metastatic tissues should therefore be fundamental in order to understand mechanisms of tumor progression, clonal relationship to tumor evolution as well as the therapeutic aspects of systemic disease.

Methods

We performed full exome sequencing of primary breast cancers and their metastases in a cohort of ten patients and further confirmed our findings in an additional cohort of 20 patients with paired primary and metastatic tumors. Furthermore, we used gene expression from the metastatic lesions and a primary breast cancer data set to study the gene expression of the AKAP gene family.

Results

We report that somatic mutations in A-kinase anchoring proteins are enriched in metastatic lesions. The frequency of mutation in the AKAP gene family was 10% in the primary tumors and 40% in metastatic lesions. Several copy number variations, including deletions in regions containing AKAP genes were detected and showed consistent patterns in both investigated cohorts. In a second cohort containing 20 patients with paired primary and metastatic lesions, AKAP mutations showed an increasing variant allele frequency after multiple relapses. Furthermore, gene expression profiles from the metastatic lesions (n = 120) revealed differential expression patterns of AKAPs relative to the tumor PAM50 intrinsic subtype, which were most apparent in the basal-like subtype. This pattern was confirmed in primary tumors from TCGA (n = 522) and in a third independent cohort (n = 182).

Conclusion

Several studies from primary cancers have reported individual AKAP genes to be associated with cancer risk and metastatic relapses as well as direct involvement in cellular invasion and migration processes. Our findings reveal an enrichment of mutations in AKAP genes in metastatic breast cancers and suggest the involvement of AKAPs in the metastatic process. In addition, we report an AKAP gene expression pattern that consistently follows the tumor intrinsic subtype, further suggesting AKAP family members as relevant players in breast cancer biology.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4021-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Construction of key signal regulatory network in metastatic colorectal cancer

There are many stages in the development and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we compared the differential expression genes in different stages of metastatic CRC. Then, we screened the continuously up-regulated genes and the continuously down-regulated genes that were associated with the development and metastasis of CRC. After analyzing the intersection of differential expression genes in each stage, we screened the continuously up-regulated genes and deviated genes in the extracellular matrix and the continuously down-regulated genes and deviated genes in the mitochrondia of CRC. Then, we performed gene ontology enrichment analysis of the deviated genes in different phases, and we found that key molecular events occurred in the period extending from stage II to III (early stage of metastasis) of CRC. Furthermore, in this period we found that the chemotaxis of inflammatory cells had decreased in the extracellular matrix. On the other hand, the aerobic respiration had increased in the mitochondrion. Then, we constructed protein-protein interaction network of deviated genes in the extracellular matrix and mitochondrion. We used the network module and hub network to analyze the protein-protein interaction network. The network module analysis showed that the protein complex of VEGFA and CCL7-CCR3 is the key node in the extracellular matrix, while MAPK1 is the key node in the mitochondrion. The hub network analysis showed that the signal transmission chain FN1→SPARC→COL1A1→MMP2 is the key regulatory pathway for extracellular signal transmission. Furthermore, it also showed that CAV1→MAPK3→RAF1→NR3C1→MAPK1→ESR1 is the key regulatory pathway for signal transmission in mitochondrion.