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Mahesh PP, Namjoshi P, Sultana H, Neelakanta G. Immunization against arthropod protein impairs transmission of rickettsial pathogen from ticks to the vertebrate host. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:79. [PMID: 37253745 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum is one of the most common tick-borne diseases in the United States. The black-legged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, vector and transmit this bacterium to humans. In this study, we provide evidence that targeting I. scapularis membrane-bound organic anion transporting polypeptide 4056 (IsOATP4056) with an anti-vector vaccine affects transmission of A. phagocytophilum from ticks to the vertebrate host. Anaplasma phagocytophilum induces expression of IsOATP4056 in ticks and tick cells. Increased membrane localization of IsOATP4056 was evident in A. phagocytophilum-infected tick cells. Treatment with high dose (10 µg/ml) but not low dose (5 µg/ml) of EL-6 antibody that targets the largest extracellular loop of IsOATP4056 showed cytotoxic effects in tick cells but not in human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Passive immunization, tick-mediated transmission and in vitro studies performed with mice ordered from two commercial vendors and with tick cells showed that EL-6 antibody not only impairs A. phagocytophilum transmission from ticks to the murine host but also aids in the reduction in the bacterial loads within engorged ticks and in tick cells by activation of arthropod Toll pathway. Furthermore, reduced molting efficiency was noted in ticks fed on EL-6 antibody-immunized mice. Collectively, these results provide a good candidate for the development of anti-tick vaccine to target the transmission of A. phagocytophilum and perhaps other tick-borne pathogens of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Mahesh
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Prachi Namjoshi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Cifuentes MP, Suarez CM, Cifuentes R, Malod-Dognin N, Windels S, Valderrama JF, Juarez PD, Valdez RB, Colen C, Phillips C, Ramesh A, Im W, Lichtveld M, Mouton C, Pržulj N, Hood DB. Big Data to Knowledge Analytics Reveals the Zika Virus Epidemic as Only One of Multiple Factors Contributing to a Year-Over-Year 28-Fold Increase in Microcephaly Incidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159051. [PMID: 35897436 PMCID: PMC9331749 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During the 2015-2016 Zika Virus (ZIKV) epidemic in Brazil, the geographical distributions of ZIKV infection and microcephaly outbreaks did not align. This raised doubts about the virus as the single cause of the microcephaly outbreak and led to research hypotheses of alternative explanatory factors, such as environmental variables and factors, agrochemical use, or immunizations. We investigated context and the intermediate and structural determinants of health inequalities, as well as social environment factors, to determine their interaction with ZIKV-positive- and ZIKV-negative-related microcephaly. The results revealed the identification of 382 associations among 382 nonredundant variables of Zika surveillance, including multiple determinants of environmental public health factors and variables obtained from 5565 municipalities in Brazil. This study compared those factors and variables directly associated with microcephaly incidence positive to ZIKV and those associated with microcephaly incidence negative to ZIKV, respectively, and mapped them in case and control subnetworks. The subnetworks of factors and variables associated with low birth weight and birthweight where birth incidence served as an additional control were also mapped. Non-significant differences in factors and variables were observed, as were weights of associations between microcephaly incidence, both positive and negative to ZIKV, which revealed diagnostic inaccuracies that translated to the underestimation of the scope of the ZIKV outbreak. A detailed analysis of the patterns of association does not support a finding that vaccinations contributed to microcephaly, but it does raise concerns about the use of agrochemicals as a potential factor in the observed neurotoxicity arising from the presence of heavy metals in the environment and microcephaly not associated with ZIKV. Summary: A comparative network inferential analysis of the patterns of variables and factors associated with Zika virus infections in Brazil during 2015-2016 coinciding with a microcephaly epidemic identified multiple contributing determinants. This study advances our understanding of the cumulative interactive effects of exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors in the built, natural, physical, and social environments on adverse pregnancy and health outcomes in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Patricia Cifuentes
- Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences, Antonio Nariño University, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Cifuentes
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá 110111, Colombia;
| | - Noel Malod-Dognin
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (N.M.-D.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Sam Windels
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (N.M.-D.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Jose Fernando Valderrama
- Subdirectorate of Transmissible Diseases, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
| | - Paul D. Juarez
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (P.D.J.); (W.I.)
| | - R. Burciaga Valdez
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
| | - Cynthia Colen
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Charles Phillips
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Wansoo Im
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (P.D.J.); (W.I.)
| | - Maureen Lichtveld
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Charles Mouton
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Nataša Pržulj
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (N.M.-D.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Darryl B. Hood
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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Zhou W, Woodson M, Sherman MB, Neelakanta G, Sultana H. Exosomes mediate Zika virus transmission through SMPD3 neutral Sphingomyelinase in cortical neurons. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:307-326. [PMID: 30866785 PMCID: PMC6455149 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1578188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The harmful effects of ZIKA virus (ZIKV) infection are reflected by severe neurological manifestations such as microcephaly in neonates and other complications associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. The transmission dynamics of ZIKV in or between neurons, or within the developing brains of the foetuses are not fully understood. Using primary cultures of murine cortical neurons, we show that ZIKV uses exosomes as mediators of viral transmission between neurons. Cryo-electron microscopy showed heterogeneous population of neuronal exosomes with a size range of 30–200 nm. Increased production of exosomes from neuronal cells was noted upon ZIKV infection. Neuronal exosomes contained both ZIKV viral RNA and protein(s) that were highly infectious to naïve cells. RNaseA and neutralizing antibodies treatment studies suggest the presence of viral RNA/proteins inside exosomes. Exosomes derived from time- and dose-dependent incubations showed increasing viral loads suggesting higher packaging and delivery of ZIKV RNA and proteins. Furthermore, we noted that ZIKV induced both activity and gene expression of neutral Sphingomyelinase (nSMase)-2/SMPD3, an important molecule that regulates production and release of exosomes. Silencing of SMPD3 in neurons resulted in reduced viral burden and transmission through exosomes. Treatment with SMPD3 specific inhibitor GW4869, significantly reduced ZIKV loads in both cortical neurons and in exosomes derived from these neuronal cells. Taken together, our results suggest that ZIKV modulates SMPD3 activity in cortical neurons for its infection and transmission through exosomes perhaps leading to severe neuronal death that may result in neurological manifestations such as microcephaly in the developing embryonic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Zhou
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA
| | - Michael Woodson
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Michael B Sherman
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,c Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA.,d Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health , University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , VA , USA
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Ong YC, Roy S, Andrews PC, Gasser G. Metal Compounds against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Chem Rev 2018; 119:730-796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ching Ong
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
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