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Liu M, Deng M, Luo Q, Sun P, Liang A, Li X, Luo X, Pan J, Zhang W, Mo M, Guo X, Dou X, Jia Z. Metabolic reprogramming of renal epithelial cells contributes to lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166765. [PMID: 37245528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lithium, mainstay treatment for bipolar disorder, frequently causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and renal injury. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here we used the analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics and metabolic intervention in a lithium-induced NDI model. Mice were treated with lithium chloride (40 mmol/kg chow) and rotenone (ROT, 100 ppm) in diet for 28 days. Transmission electron microscopy showed extensive mitochondrial structural abnormalities in whole nephron. ROT treatment markedly ameliorated lithium-induced NDI and mitochondrial structural abnormalities. Moreover, ROT attenuated the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in line with the upregulation of mitochondrial genes in kidney. Metabolomics and transcriptomics data demonstrated that lithium activated galactose metabolism, glycolysis, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. All these events were indicative of metabolic reprogramming in kidney cells. Importantly, ROT ameliorated metabolic reprogramming in NDI model. Based on transcriptomics analysis, we also found the activation of MAPK, mTOR and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and impaired focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and actin cytoskeleton in Li-NDI model were inhibited or attenuated by ROT treatment. Meanwhile, ROT administration inhibited the increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in NDI kidneys along with enhanced SOD2 expression. Finally, we observed that ROT partially restored reduced the reduced AQP2 and enhanced urinary sodium excretion along with the blockade of increased PGE2 output. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that mitochondrial abnormalities and metabolic reprogramming play a key role in lithium-induced NDI, as well as the dysregulated signaling pathways, thereby serving as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China; Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mokan Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Qimei Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ailin Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Xiulin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Xiaojie Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Jianyi Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Min Mo
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianrui Dou
- Department of Nephrology, Southern Medical University Shunde Hospital, Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Zhang Y, Huang H, Kong Y, Xu C, Dai L, Geng X, Deng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Meng C, Zhang X, Li J, Qin J, Feng B, Mak KK, Wang L, Huang Y, Wang W, Lan HY, Yang B, Lu HAJ, Xia Y. Kidney tubular transcription co-activator, Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP), controls the expression of collecting duct aquaporins and water homeostasis. Kidney Int 2023; 103:501-513. [PMID: 36328098 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Final urine volume and concentration are defined by water reabsorption through the water channel proteins aquaporin (AQP)-2, -3 and -4 in the collecting duct. However, the transcriptional regulation of these AQPs is not well understood. The Hippo/Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) pathway plays an important role in organ size control and tissue homeostasis. When the Hippo pathway including the Mst1/Mst2 kinases is inhibited, YAP is activated and functions as a transcription co-activator. Our previous work revealed a pathological role of tubular YAP activation in chronic kidney disease, but the physiological role of YAP in the kidney remains to be established. Here, we found that tubule-specific Yap knockout mice showed increased urine output and decreased urinary osmolality. Decreases in Aqp2, -3 and -4 mRNA and protein abundance in the kidney were evident in Yap knockout mice. Analysis of Mst1/Mst2 double knockout and Mst1/Mst2/Yap triple knockout mice showed that expression of Aqp2 and Aqp4 but not Aqp3 was dependent on YAP. Furthermore, YAP was recruited to the promoters of the Aqp2 and Aqp4 genes and stimulated their transcription. Interestingly, YAP was found to interact with transcription factors GATA2, GATA3 and NFATc1. These three factors promoted Aqp2 transcription in a YAP dependent manner in collecting duct cells. These three factors also promoted Aqp4 transcription whereas only GATA2 and GATA3 enhanced Aqp3 transcription. Thus, our results suggest that YAP promotes Aqp2 and Aqp4 transcription, interacts with GATA2, GATA3 and NFATc1 to control Aqp2 expression, while Aqp-2, -3 and -4 exploit overlapping mechanisms for their baseline transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yonglun Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunhua Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liujiang Dai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Geng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Nephrology, Center of Nephrology and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenling Meng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Nephrology and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinzhong Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kingston Kinglun Mak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immune and Genetic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua A Jenny Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yin Xia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immune and Genetic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Qiu Z, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang W, Yang B. Aquaporins in Urinary System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:155-177. [PMID: 36717493 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There are at least eight aquaporins (AQPs) expressed in the kidney. Including AQP1 expressed in proximal tubules, thin descending limb of Henle and vasa recta; AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, and AQP6 expressed in collecting ducts; AQP7 expressed in proximal tubules; AQP8 expressed in proximal tubules and collecting ducts; and AQP11 expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of proximal tubular epithelial cells. Over years, researchers have constructed different AQP knockout mice and explored the effect of AQP knockout on kidney function. Thus, the roles of AQPs in renal physiology are revealed, providing very useful information for addressing fundamental questions about transepithelial water transport and the mechanism of near isoosmolar fluid reabsorption. This chapter introduces the localization and function of AQPs in the kidney and their roles in different kidney diseases to reveal the prospects of AQPs in further basic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiling Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Luo S, Li Y, Li S, Jiang R, Deng F, Liu G, Zhang J. Expression Regulation of Water Reabsorption Genes and Transcription Factors in the Kidneys of Lepus yarkandensis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:856427. [PMID: 35721542 PMCID: PMC9204326 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.856427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepus yarkandensis is a desert-dwelling animal that has various adaptations to cope with drought. The kidney maintains water and acid-base balance mainly through the vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption pathway and proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption pathway. In this study, we compared the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factors in the kidneys of L. yarkandensis and Oryctolagus cuniculus to explore the relationship between the DEGs in kidneys and the animals’ adaptations. Transcriptome sequencing data were used to predict the differentially-expressed water reabsorption genes and their transcription factors. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were used to detect and verify the expression of DEGs in the kidney at mRNA and protein levels. Transcriptome analysis of the kidney of L. yarkandensis and O. cuniculus showed that 6,610 genes were up-regulated and 5,727 genes down-regulated in data shared by both species. According to the data, 232 transcription factors and their corresponding target genes were predicted, from which genes and transcription factors related to renal water reabsorption were screened. Quantitative RT-PCR results showed AQP1, AQP2, ADCY3, HIF1A, CREB3, and NFATc1 had higher expression in the L. yarkandensis kidney; in comparison, FXYD2 mRNA expression levels were lower. In western blotting, transcription factors HIF1A, NFATc1, NF-κB1, and critical genes ADCY3, ATPA1, and SLC4A4, were highly expressed in the kidneys of L. yarkandensis. Immunohistochemical results showed that the ADCY3 protein was in the basolateral membrane of the collecting duct, the ATP1A1 protein was in the basolateral membrane and medulla of proximal tubules, and the SLC4A4 protein was in the basolateral membrane of proximal tubules. According to these results can be inferred that HIF1A, NFATc1, and NF-κB1 play a certain role in regulating the expression of genes related to water reabsorption in the kidney of L. yarkandensis, thus improving the water reclamation efficiency of L. yarkandensis, so as to adapt to the arid desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Luo
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Yongle Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China.,Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Renjun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Fang Deng
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research and Department of Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China.,Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources, Tarim University, Alar, China
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Garcia-Marin J, Griera-Merino M, Matamoros-Recio A, de Frutos S, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Alajarín R, Vaquero JJ, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Tripeptides as Integrin-Linked Kinase Modulating Agents Based on a Protein-Protein Interaction with α-Parvin. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1656-1662. [PMID: 34790291 PMCID: PMC8591738 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Integrin-linked
kinase (ILK) has emerged as a controversial pseudokinase
protein that plays a crucial role in the signaling process initiated
by integrin-mediated signaling. However, ILK also exhibits a scaffolding
protein function inside cells, controlling cytoskeletal dynamics,
and has been related to non-neoplastic diseases such as chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Although this protein always acts as a heterotrimeric
complex bound to PINCH and parvin adaptor proteins, the role of parvin
proteins is currently not well understood. Using in silico approaches
for the design, we have generated and prepared a set of new tripeptides
mimicking an α-parvin segment. These derivatives exhibit activity
in phenotypic assays in an ILK-dependent manner without altering kinase
activity, thus allowing the generation of new chemical probes and
drug candidates with interesting ILK-modulating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Marin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés Manuel del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
| | - Mercedes Griera-Merino
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
- Graphenano Medical Care, S.L, Yecla 30510, Spain
| | - Alejandra Matamoros-Recio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
| | - Sergio de Frutos
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT) y Instituto de Salud Carlos III (REDinREN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT) y Instituto de Salud Carlos III (REDinREN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ramón Alajarín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés Manuel del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
| | - Juan J. Vaquero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés Manuel del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- Fundación de Investigación Biomédica, Unidad de Nefrología del Hospital Príncipe de Asturias y Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT) y Instituto de Salud Carlos III (REDinREN), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Aquaporins in Renal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020366. [PMID: 30654539 PMCID: PMC6359174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of highly selective transmembrane channels that mainly transport water across the cell and some facilitate low-molecular-weight solutes. Eight AQPs, including AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, AQP7, and AQP11, are expressed in different segments and various cells in the kidney to maintain normal urine concentration function. AQP2 is critical in regulating urine concentrating ability. The expression and function of AQP2 are regulated by a series of transcriptional factors and post-transcriptional phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation. Mutation or functional deficiency of AQP2 leads to severe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Studies with animal models show AQPs are related to acute kidney injury and various chronic kidney diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Experimental data suggest ideal prospects for AQPs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clinic. This review article mainly focuses on recent advances in studying AQPs in renal diseases.
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Jung HJ, Raghuram V, Lee JW, Knepper MA. Genome-Wide Mapping of DNA Accessibility and Binding Sites for CREB and C/EBP β in Vasopressin-Sensitive Collecting Duct Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1490-1500. [PMID: 29572403 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal water excretion is controlled by vasopressin, in part through regulation of the transcription of the aquaporin-2 gene (Aqp2).Methods To identify enhancer regions likely to be involved in the regulation of Aqp2 and other principal cell-specific genes, we used several next generation DNA-sequencing techniques in a well characterized cultured cell model of collecting duct principal cells (mpkCCD). To locate enhancers, we performed the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-Seq) to identify accessible regions of DNA and integrated the data with data generated by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation DNA-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) binding, histone H3 lysine-27 acetylation, and RNA polymerase II.Results We identified two high-probability enhancers centered 81 kb upstream and 5.8 kb downstream from the Aqp2 transcriptional start site. Motif analysis of these regions and the Aqp2 promoter identified several potential transcription factor binding sites, including sites for two b-ZIP transcription factors: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). To identify genomic binding sites for both, we conducted ChIP-Seq using well characterized antibodies. In the presence of vasopressin, C/EBPβ, a pioneer transcription factor critical to cell-specific gene expression, bound strongly at the identified enhancer downstream from Aqp2 However, over multiple replicates, we found no detectable CREB binding sites within 390 kb of Aqp2 Thus, any role for CREB in the regulation of Aqp2 gene transcription is likely to be indirect.Conclusions The analysis identified two enhancer regions pertinent to transcriptional regulation of the Aqp2 gene and showed C/EBPβ (but not CREB) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Jung
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Viswanathan Raghuram
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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