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Floros J, Thorenoor N, Tsotakos N, Phelps DS. Human Surfactant Protein SP-A1 and SP-A2 Variants Differentially Affect the Alveolar Microenvironment, Surfactant Structure, Regulation and Function of the Alveolar Macrophage, and Animal and Human Survival Under Various Conditions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681639. [PMID: 34484180 PMCID: PMC8415824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human innate host defense molecules, SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants, differentially affect survival after infection in mice and in lung transplant patients. SP-A interacts with the sentinel innate immune cell in the alveolus, the alveolar macrophage (AM), and modulates its function and regulation. SP-A also plays a role in pulmonary surfactant-related aspects, including surfactant structure and reorganization. For most (if not all) pulmonary diseases there is a dysregulation of host defense and inflammatory processes and/or surfactant dysfunction or deficiency. Because SP-A plays a role in both of these general processes where one or both may become aberrant in pulmonary disease, SP-A stands to be an important molecule in health and disease. In humans (unlike in rodents) SP-A is encoded by two genes (SFTPA1 and SFTPA2) and each has been identified with extensive genetic and epigenetic complexity. In this review, we focus on functional, structural, and regulatory differences between the two SP-A gene-specific products, SP-A1 and SP-A2, and among their corresponding variants. We discuss the differential impact of these variants on the surfactant structure, the alveolar microenvironment, the regulation of epithelial type II miRNome, the regulation and function of the AM, the overall survival of the organism after infection, and others. Although there have been a number of reviews on SP-A, this is the first review that provides such a comprehensive account of the differences between human SP-A1 and SP-A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nikolaos Tsotakos
- School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, PA, United States
| | - David S Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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The administration of surfactant decreased oxidative stress in lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:275-279. [PMID: 29174925 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The alveolar surfactant, which composition consists of a unique and complex mixture of lipids and proteins, has immunomodulatory action. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous surfactant on pulmonary inflammatory response in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). Twenty-four mice C57BL/6 were divided into four groups: control group exposed to ambient air (CG); surfactant treated group (SG); CS exposed group (CSG) and CS exposed group treated with surfactant (CSSG). For five days, CSG and CSSG were exposed to 12 commercial cigarettes/day and SG and CSSG received the surfactant by intranasal instillation. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanatized for the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs. The total number of leukocytes in BALF increased in CSG compared to CG, however, there was a decrease in CSSG compared to CSG. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation in SG and CSG compared to CG while there was a decrease in CSSG compared to CSG. Regarding the antioxidant enzymes, the catalase (CAT) activity increased in all groups compared to CG and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased in CSG compared to the CG and SG. There was an increase in TNF in SG, CSG and CSSG compared to CG. There was an increase in IL-17 in CSSG compared to CG. There was an increase in CCL5 in SG and CSSG compared to CG. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the administration of exogenous surfactant was able to decrease the oxidative processes in the lungs of mice induced by short-term exposure to CS.
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Bahamonde-Padilla VE, López-Cascales JJ, Araya-Maturana R, Martínez-Cifuentes M, Weiss López BE. Thermodynamics and2H NMR Study on the Insertion of Small Quinones into a Discotic Nematic Lyotropic Liquid Crystal. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1422-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Five decades with polyunsaturated Fatty acids: chemical synthesis, enzymatic formation, lipid peroxidation and its biological effects. J Lipids 2013; 2013:710290. [PMID: 24490074 PMCID: PMC3892483 DOI: 10.1155/2013/710290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
I have been involved in research on polyunsaturated fatty acids since 1964 and this review is intended to cover some of the most important aspects of this work. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have followed me during my whole scientific career and I have published a number of studies concerned with different aspects of them such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic formation, metabolism, transport, physical, chemical, and catalytic properties of a reconstructed desaturase system in liposomes, lipid peroxidation, and their effects. The first project I became involved in was the organic synthesis of [1-14C] eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid, with the aim of demonstrating the participation of that compound as a possible intermediary in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid “in vivo.” From 1966 to 1982, I was involved in several projects that study the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the eighties, we studied fatty acid binding protein. From 1990 up to now, our laboratory has been interested in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species as well as liposomes prepared with phospholipids rich in PUFAs. We tested the effect of many antioxidants such as alpha tocopherol, vitamin A, melatonin and its structural analogues, and conjugated linoleic acid, among others.
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Phelps DS, Umstead TM, Silveyra P, Hu S, Wang G, Floros J. Differences in the alveolar macrophage proteome in transgenic mice expressing human SP-A1 and SP-A2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:2-26. [PMID: 24729982 DOI: 10.14302/issn.2326-0793.jpgr-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays a number of roles in lung host defense and innate immunity. There are two human genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and evidence indicates that the function of SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins differ in several respects. To investigate the impact of SP-A1 and SP-A2 on the alveolar macrophage (AM) phenotype, we generated humanized transgenic (hTG) mice on the SP-A knockout (KO) background, each expressing human SP-A1 or SP-A2. Using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) we studied the AM cellular proteome. We compared mouse lines expressing high levels of SPA1, high levels of SP-A2, low levels of SP-A1, and low levels of SP-A2, with wild type (WT) and SP-A KO mice. AM from mice expressing high levels of SP-A2 were the most similar to WT mice, particularly for proteins related to actin and the cytoskeleton, as well as proteins regulated by Nrf2. The expression patterns from mouse lines expressing higher levels of the transgenes were almost the inverse of one another - the most highly expressed proteins in SP-A2 exhibited the lowest levels in the SP-A1 mice and vice versa. The mouse lines where each expressed low levels of SP-A1 or SP-A2 transgene had very similar protein expression patterns suggesting that responses to low levels of SP-A are independent of SP-A genotype, whereas the responses to higher amounts of SP-A are genotype-dependent. Together these observations indicate that in vivo exposure to SP-A1 or SP-A2 differentially affects the proteomic expression of AMs, with SP-A2 being more similar to WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Phelps
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sanmei Hu
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Guirong Wang
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- C enter for H ost defense, I nflammation, and L ung D isease (CHILD) Research and Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. ; Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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9,10-Phenanthrenequinone promotes secretion of pulmonary aldo-keto reductases with surfactant. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:407-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Phelps DS, Umstead TM, Quintero OA, Yengo CM, Floros J. In vivo rescue of alveolar macrophages from SP-A knockout mice with exogenous SP-A nearly restores a wild type intracellular proteome; actin involvement. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:67. [PMID: 22035134 PMCID: PMC3219558 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice lacking surfactant protein-A (SP-A-/-; knockout; KO) exhibit increased vulnerability to infection and injury. Although many bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein differences between KO and wild-type (WT) are rapidly reversed in KO after infection, their clinical course is still compromised. We studied the impact of SP-A on the alveolar macrophage (AM) proteome under basal conditions. Male SP-A KO mice were SP-A-treated (5 micrograms/mouse) and sacrificed in 6 or 18 hr. The AM proteomes of KO, SP-A-treated KO, and WT mice were studied by 2D-DIGE coupled with MALDI-ToF/ToF and AM actin distribution was examined by phalloidon staining. RESULTS We observed: a) significant differences from KO in WT or exogenous SP-A-treated in 45 of 76 identified proteins (both increases and decreases). These included actin-related/cytoskeletal proteins (involved in motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis), proteins of intracellular signaling, cell differentiation/regulation, regulation of inflammation, protease/chaperone function, and proteins related to Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway; b) SP-A-induced changes causing the AM proteome of the KO to resemble that of WT; and c) that SP-A treatment altered cell size and F-actin distribution. CONCLUSIONS These differences are likely to enhance AM function. The observations show for the first time that acute in vivo SP-A treatment of KO mice, under basal or unstimulated conditions, affects the expression of multiple AM proteins, alters F-actin distribution, and can restore much of the WT phenotype. We postulate that the SP-A-mediated expression profile of the AM places it in a state of "readiness" to successfully conduct its innate immune functions and ensure lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Phelps
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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MACHTOUB L, BATAVELJIĆ D, ANDJUS PR. Molecular Imaging of Brain Lipid Environment of Lymphocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and SECARS Microscopy. Physiol Res 2011; 60:S121-7. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper highlights some of the key technologies of using two innovative molecular imaging modalites, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nonlinear optical microscopy, for imaging intravenously injected ultra small paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles cross linked with antibodies (CLUSPIO) in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) experimental model in vivo or ex vivo, respectively. Intensive efforts have been made in investigating the causes of abnormalities in lipid metabolism, monitored in some neurodegenerative disorders systems. It has been shown that an abnormal accumulation of some common lipids in motor nerve cells may play a critical role in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The presented experiments were performed on brain specimens from the transgenic rat model expressing multiple copies of mutated (G93A) human SOD-1 gene, after CD4+ lymphocytes were magnetically labeled with i.v.i. CLUSPIO antibodies. In vivo MRI revealed marked signal intensity enhancements in specific pathological regions of the ALS rat brain as compared to the wild type. Surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SECARS) microscopy indicated cellular interactions based on lipids association to anti-CD4 CLUSPIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. MACHTOUB
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Emami SA, Asgary S, Ardekani MRS, Naderi GA, Kasher T, Aslani S, Airin A, Amini F. Antioxidant Activity in Some In vitro Oxidative Systems of the Essential Oils from the Fruit and the Leaves ofPlatycladus orientalis. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2011.9700431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Monitoring Lipids Uptake in Neurodegenerative Disorders By SECARS Microscopy. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2010.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Haque R, Umstead TM, Freeman WM, Floros J, Phelps DS. The impact of surfactant protein-A on ozone-induced changes in the mouse bronchoalveolar lavage proteome. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:12. [PMID: 19323824 PMCID: PMC2666657 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ozone is a major component of air pollution. Exposure to this powerful oxidizing agent can cause or exacerbate many lung conditions, especially those involving innate immunity. Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) plays many roles in innate immunity by participating directly in host defense as it exerts opsonin function, or indirectly via its ability to regulate alveolar macrophages and other innate immune cells. The mechanism(s) responsible for ozone-induced pathophysiology, while likely related to oxidative stress, are not well understood. Methods We employed 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), a discovery proteomics approach, coupled with MALDI-ToF/ToF to compare the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) proteomes in wild type (WT) and SP-A knockout (KO) mice and to assess the impact of ozone or filtered air on the expression of BAL proteins. Using the PANTHER database and the published literature most identified proteins were placed into three functional groups. Results We identified 66 proteins and focused our analysis on these proteins. Many of them fell into three categories: defense and immunity; redox regulation; and protein metabolism, modification and chaperones. In response to the oxidative stress of acute ozone exposure (2 ppm; 3 hours) there were many significant changes in levels of expression of proteins in these groups. Most of the proteins in the redox group were decreased, the proteins involved in protein metabolism increased, and roughly equal numbers of increases and decreases were seen in the defense and immunity group. Responses between WT and KO mice were similar in many respects. However, the percent change was consistently greater in the KO mice and there were more changes that achieved statistical significance in the KO mice, with levels of expression in filtered air-exposed KO mice being closer to ozone-exposed WT mice than to filtered air-exposed WT mice. Conclusion We postulate that SP-A plays a role in reactive oxidant scavenging in WT mice and that its absence in the KO mice in the presence or absence of ozone exposure results in more pronounced, and presumably chronic, oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwanul Haque
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- The Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David S Phelps
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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. TR, . RM, . VHB. Effect of Sesbania grandiflora on Lung Antioxidant Defense System in Cigarette Smoke Exposed Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2007.141.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Khanna S, Roy S, Parinandi NL, Maurer M, Sen CK. Characterization of the potent neuroprotective properties of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1474-86. [PMID: 16923160 PMCID: PMC1847628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The natural vitamin E tocotrienols possess properties not shared by tocopherols. Nanomolar alpha-tocotrienol, not alpha-tocopherol, is potently neuroprotective. On a concentration basis, this finding represents the most potent of all biological functions exhibited by any natural vitamin E molecule. We sought to dissect the antioxidant-independent and -dependent neuroprotective properties of alpha-tocotrienol by using two different triggers of neurotoxicity, homocysteic acid (HCA) and linoleic acid. Both HCA and linoleic acid caused neurotoxicity with comparable features, such as increased ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione GSSG/GSH, raised intracellular calcium concentration and compromised mitochondrial membrane potential. Mechanisms underlying HCA-induced neurodegeneration were comparable to those in the path implicated in glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Inducible activation of c-Src and 12-lipoxygenase (12-Lox) represented early events in that pathway. Overexpression of active c-Src or 12-Lox sensitized cells to HCA-induced death. Nanomolar alpha-tocotrienol was protective. Knock-down of c-Src or 12-Lox attenuated HCA-induced neurotoxicity. Oxidative stress represented a late event in HCA-induced death. The observation that micromolar, but not nanomolar, alpha-tocotrienol functions as an antioxidant was verified in a model involving linoleic acid-induced oxidative stress and cell death. Oral supplementation of alpha-tocotrienol to humans results in a peak plasma concentration of 3 microm. Thus, oral alpha-tocotrienol may be neuroprotective by antioxidant-independent as well as antioxidant-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Colombus, Ohio 43210, USA
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