1
|
Liu Q, Gu X, Liu X, Gu Y, Zhang H, Yang J, Huang Z. Long-chain fatty acids - The turning point between 'mild' and 'severe' acute pancreatitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31296. [PMID: 38828311 PMCID: PMC11140623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease characterized by localized pancreatic injury and a systemic inflammatory response. Fatty acids (FAs), produced during the breakdown of triglycerides (TGs) in blood and peripancreatic fat, escalate local pancreatic inflammation to a systemic level by damaging pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) and triggering M1 macrophage polarization. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of lipases' roles in the onset and progression of AP, as well as the effects of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on the function of pancreatic acinar cells (PACs). Abnormalities in the function of PACs include Ca2+ overload, premature trypsinogen activation, protein kinase C (PKC) expression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction. The study highlights the contribution of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LC-SFAs), especially palmitic acid (PA), to M1 macrophage polarization through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, we investigated lipid lowering therapy for AP. This review establishes a theoretical foundation for pro-inflammatory mechanisms associated with FAs in AP and facilitating drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Hospital & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaodie Liu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongchen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Hospital & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun F, Fang M, Zhang H, Song Q, Li S, Li Y, Jiang S, Yang L. Drp1: Focus on Diseases Triggered by the Mitochondrial Pathway. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01245-5. [PMID: 38438751 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Drp1 (Dynamin-Related Protein 1) is a cytoplasmic GTPase protein encoded by the DNM1L gene that influences mitochondrial dynamics by mediating mitochondrial fission processes. Drp1 has been demonstrated to play an important role in a variety of life activities such as cell survival, proliferation, migration, and death. Drp1 has been shown to play different physiological roles under different physiological conditions, such as normal and inflammation. Recently studies have revealed that Drp1 plays a critical role in the occurrence, development, and aggravation of a series of diseases, thereby it serves as a potential therapeutic target for them. In this paper, we review the structure and biological properties of Drp1, summarize the biological processes that occur in the inflammatory response to Drp1, discuss its role in various cancers triggered by the mitochondrial pathway and investigate effective methods for targeting Drp1 in cancer treatment. We also synthesized the phenomena of Drp1 involving in the triggering of other diseases. The results discussed herein contribute to our deeper understanding of mitochondrial kinetic pathway-induced diseases and their therapeutic applications. It is critical for advancing the understanding of the mechanisms of Drp1-induced mitochondrial diseases and preventive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Sun
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Health Science Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Gynaecology, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Huhu Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghang Song
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Health Science Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuyao Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Health Science Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Orliaguet L, Ejlalmanesh T, Humbert A, Ballaire R, Diedisheim M, Julla JB, Chokr D, Cuenco J, Michieletto J, Charbit J, Lindén D, Boucher J, Potier C, Hamimi A, Lemoine S, Blugeon C, Legoix P, Lameiras S, Baudrin LG, Baulande S, Soprani A, Castelli FA, Fenaille F, Riveline JP, Dalmas E, Rieusset J, Gautier JF, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Early macrophage response to obesity encompasses Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 regulated mitochondrial architecture remodelling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5089. [PMID: 36042203 PMCID: PMC9427774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) adapt to changes in their energetic microenvironment. Caloric excess, in a range from transient to diet-induced obesity, could result in the transition of ATMs from highly oxidative and protective to highly inflammatory and metabolically deleterious. Here, we demonstrate that Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) is a key regulator of macrophage oxidative capacity in response to caloric excess. ATMs from mice with genetic-deficiency of Irf5 are characterised by increased oxidative respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Transient inhibition of IRF5 activity leads to a similar respiratory phenotype as genomic deletion, and is reversible by reconstitution of IRF5 expression. We find that the highly oxidative nature of Irf5-deficient macrophages results from transcriptional de-repression of the mitochondrial matrix component Growth Hormone Inducible Transmembrane Protein (GHITM) gene. The Irf5-deficiency-associated high oxygen consumption could be alleviated by experimental suppression of Ghitm expression. ATMs and monocytes from patients with obesity or with type-2 diabetes retain the reciprocal regulatory relationship between Irf5 and Ghitm. Thus, our study provides insights into the mechanism of how the inflammatory transcription factor IRF5 controls physiological adaptation to diet-induced obesity via regulating mitochondrial architecture in macrophages. Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 levels have been shown to increase in adipose tissue macrophages in diet-induced obesity. Here authors show that IRF5 transcriptionally represses the Growth Hormone Inducible Transmembrane Protein gene encoding a mitochondrial protein important for oxidative respiration in macrophages, thus driving the detrimental metabolic changes observed in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Orliaguet
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - T Ejlalmanesh
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - A Humbert
- CarMeN Laboratory, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA U1397, Lyon 1 University, F-69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - R Ballaire
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - M Diedisheim
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Diabetes, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J B Julla
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Diabetes, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - D Chokr
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - J Cuenco
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - J Michieletto
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J Charbit
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie, maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Avicenne, 127 Rte de Stalingrad, 93 009, Bobigny, France
| | - D Lindén
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Boucher
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Potier
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - A Hamimi
- INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - S Lemoine
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - C Blugeon
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - P Legoix
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - S Lameiras
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - L G Baudrin
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - S Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - A Soprani
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Générale de Santé (GDS), Geoffroy Saint Hilaire Clinic, 75005, Paris, France
| | - F A Castelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - F Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J P Riveline
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Diabetes, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - E Dalmas
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - J Rieusset
- CarMeN Laboratory, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA U1397, Lyon 1 University, F-69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - J F Gautier
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Diabetes, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - N Venteclef
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France.
| | - F Alzaid
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR-S1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France. .,Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Macrophage Polarization Mediated by Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induces Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169252. [PMID: 36012516 PMCID: PMC9409464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the prominent global health issues, contributing to the growing prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is considered as a key risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in adipose tissue and play an important role in adipose tissue inflammation. Mitochondria are critical for regulating macrophage polarization, differentiation, and survival. Changes to mitochondrial metabolism and physiology induced by extracellular signals may underlie the corresponding state of macrophage activation. Macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction is a key mediator of obesity-induced macrophage inflammatory response and subsequent systemic insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction drives the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which induces the release of IL-1β. IL-1β leads to decreased insulin sensitivity of insulin target cells via paracrine signaling or infiltration into the systemic circulation. In this review, we discuss the new findings on how obesity induces macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction and how mitochondrial dysfunction induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We also summarize therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondria for the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Sheng H, Yan Z, Guan B, Qiang S, Qian J, Wang Y. Bilirubin stabilizes the mitochondrial membranes during NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Khodzhaeva V, Schreiber Y, Geisslinger G, Brandes RP, Brüne B, Namgaladze D. Mitofusin 2 Deficiency Causes Pro-Inflammatory Effects in Human Primary Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723683. [PMID: 34456930 PMCID: PMC8397414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) is a mitochondrial outer membrane GTPase, which modulates mitochondrial fusion and affects the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Here, we explored how MFN2 influences mitochondrial functions and inflammatory responses towards zymosan in primary human macrophages. A knockdown of MFN2 by small interfering RNA decreased mitochondrial respiration without attenuating mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced interactions between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. A MFN2 deficiency potentiated zymosan-elicited inflammatory responses of human primary macrophages, such as expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, -6, -8 and tumor necrosis factor α, as well as induction of cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. MFN2 silencing also increased zymosan-induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and mitogen-activated protein kinases inflammatory signal transduction, without affecting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Mechanistic studies revealed that MFN2 deficiency enhanced the toll-like receptor 2-dependent branch of zymosan-triggered responses upstream of inhibitor of κB kinase. This was associated with elevated, cytosolic expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 in MFN2-deficient cells. Our data suggest pro-inflammatory effects of MFN2 deficiency in human macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Khodzhaeva
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dmitry Namgaladze
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Hu J, Zhou H. Macrophage and Adipocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obesity-Induced Metabolic Diseases. World J Mens Health 2020; 39:606-614. [PMID: 33151047 PMCID: PMC8443980 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of major health burdens of modern society as it contributes to the growing prevalence of its related comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. A series of innate immune cells, especially macrophages, and adipocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is induced by obesity, are critical mediators in initiating inflammation in macrophages and adipocytes, and subsequent systemic insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss new findings on how obesity impairs mitochondrial function in macrophages and adipocytes and how this dysfunction contributes to obesity and its comorbidities. We also summarize drugs that treat metabolic diseases by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Millar DA, Bowles S, Windvogel SL, Louw J, Muller CJF. Effect of Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) extract on atorvastatin-induced toxicity in C3A liver cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9487-9496. [PMID: 32458430 PMCID: PMC7586973 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) has various health benefits. Two case studies have associated chronic Rooibos consumption with conventional prescription medications, including atorvastatin (ATV), with hepatotoxicity. Statins act by inhibiting hydroxymethylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase, a rate‐limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Although rare, statins are potentially hepatotoxic. The aim was to investigate interactions between aspalathin‐rich Rooibos extract GRT™ and ATV‐induced hepatotoxicity in C3A liver cells cultured with and without palmitate. Effects of co‐treatment of GRT + ATV on cell viability, oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial integrity, and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed. Significantly increased ROS production was observed in cells exposed to ATV and palmitate. Combination therapy of GRT + ATV also showed significant increases in ROS production. Under palmitate‐treated conditions, ATV‐induced significant apoptosis which was not ameliorated by GRT + ATV co‐treatment. Despite studies purporting hepatoprotection from Rooibos, our study showed that GRT was unable to modulate ATV‐induced hepatotoxic effects in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Millar
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sandra Bowles
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Shantal Lynn Windvogel
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation Modulate Astrocyte Inflammatory Responses through AMPK-Dependent Ptgs2 mRNA Stabilization. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101185. [PMID: 31581537 PMCID: PMC6829456 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation of astroglia adds to the pathology of various neurological diseases. Astrocytes respond to microglia-derived cytokines such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α) with enhanced inflammatory signaling. This provokes pro-inflammatory gene expression of, among others, the eicosanoid-generating enzyme prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2). Whereas metabolic regulation of innate immune cell inflammatory responses is intensely studied, pathways related to how metabolism modulates inflammatory signaling in astrocytes are underexplored. Here, we examined how mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation affects inflammatory responses towards IL-1α and tumor necrosis factor α in neonatal rat astrocytes. Blocking respiratory complex I and III or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase did not affect activation of inflammatory signaling by IL-1α, but did elicit differential effects on inflammatory gene mRNA expression. Remarkably, mRNA and protein expression of Ptgs2 by IL-1α was consistently up-regulated when oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited. The increase of Ptgs2 resulted from mRNA stabilization. Mitochondrial inhibitors also increased IL-1α-triggered secretion of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, as assessed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mechanistically, attenuating oxidative phosphorylation elevated adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK silencing prevented Ptgs2 up-regulation by mitochondrial inhibitors, while AMPK activators recapitulated Ptgs2 mRNA stability regulation. Our data indicate modulation of astrocyte inflammatory responses by oxidative metabolism, with relevance towards eicosanoid production.
Collapse
|
10
|
ER-Mitochondria Communication in Cells of the Innate Immune System. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091088. [PMID: 31540165 PMCID: PMC6770024 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells the interorganelle communication comprises vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms. Non-vesicular material transfer predominantly takes place at regions of close organelle apposition termed membrane contact sites and is facilitated by a growing number of specialized proteins. Contacts of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are now recognized to be essential for diverse biological processes such as calcium homeostasis, phospholipid biosynthesis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition to these universal roles, ER-mitochondria communication serves also cell type-specific functions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on ER-mitochondria contacts in cells of the innate immune system, especially in macrophages. We discuss ER- mitochondria communication in the context of macrophage fatty acid metabolism linked to inflammatory and ER stress responses, its roles in apoptotic cell engulfment, activation of the inflammasome, and antiviral defense.
Collapse
|
11
|
Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932. [PMID: 31363792 PMCID: PMC6813288 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Distinct metabolic patterns during microglial remodeling by oleate and palmitate. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190072. [PMID: 30867255 PMCID: PMC6449521 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation by oleate and palmitate differentially modulates brain inflammatory status. However, the metabolic reprogramming supporting these reactive phenotypes remains unknown. Employing real-time metabolic measurements and lipidomic analysis, we show that both fatty acids promote microglial oxidative metabolism, while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances glycolytic rates. Interestingly, oleate treatment was followed by enrichment in storage lipids bound to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in parallel with protection against oxidative imbalance. Palmitate, in turn, induced a distinct lipid distribution defined by PUFA linked to membrane phospholipids, which are more susceptible to lipid peroxidation and inflammatory signaling cascades. This distribution was mirrored by LPS treatment, which led to a strong pro-inflammatory phenotype in microglia. Thus, although both oleate and palmitate preserve mitochondrial function, a contrasting lipid distribution supports differences in fatty acid-induced neuroinflammation. These data reinforce the concept that reactive microglial profiles are achieved by stimulus-evoked remodeling in cell metabolism.
Collapse
|
13
|
Astragaloside IV inhibits palmitate-mediated oxidative stress and fibrosis in human glomerular mesangial cells via downregulation of CD36 expression. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 71:319-329. [PMID: 30826573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the kidney is a risk factor for diabetes nephropathy (DN). In the present study we investigated the effects of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on FFA-induced lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and activation of TGF-β1 signaling in human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs). METHODS A DN model was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by the administration of a high-fat diet and streptozocin, and HMCs were stimulated with palmitate. Lipid accumulation and FFA uptake were detected using Oil Red O and BODIPY™ FL C16 staining, respectively. The expression levels of TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, FN, Col4 A1, NOX4, p22phox, and CD36 were evaluated by western blotting or immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium. RESULTS Exposure to palmitate induced marked lipid accumulation in HMCs, whereas co-treatment with AS-IV significantly attenuated this phenomenon. Moreover, AS-IV suppressed palmitate-induced expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, FN, Col4 A1, NOX4, and p22phox, in addition to ROS production. Notably, AS-IV reduced the palmitate-induced expression of CD36 in HMCs and DN rats. Treatment of HMCs with the CD36 inhibitor, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO), significantly attenuated FFA uptake, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Nevertheless, the combined use of SSO and AS-IV did not enhance the efficacy. CONCLUSION AS-IV inhibited palmitate-induced HMCs oxidative stress and fibrosis via the downregulation of CD36 expression, mediating FFA uptake and lipid accumulation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fealy CE, Mulya A, Axelrod CL, Kirwan JP. Mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Transl Res 2018; 202:69-82. [PMID: 30153426 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of mitochondria as isolated, spherical, energy producing organelles, is undergoing a revolutionary change. Emerging data show that mitochondria form a dynamic reticulum that is regulated by cycles of fission and fusion. The discovery of proteins that modulate these activities has led to important advances in understanding human disease. Here, we review the latest evidence that connects the emerging field of mitochondrial dynamics to skeletal muscle insulin resistance and propose some potential mechanisms that may explain the long debated link between mitochondria and the development of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CiarÁn E Fealy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher L Axelrod
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Integrated Physiology and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Integrated Physiology and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Breitzig MT, Alleyn MD, Lockey RF, Kolliputi N. A mitochondrial delicacy: dynamin-related protein 1 and mitochondrial dynamics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C80-C90. [PMID: 29669222 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00042.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The constant physiological flux of mitochondrial fission and fusion is inextricably tied to the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics and the fluidity of mitochondrial networks. Yet, the intricacies of this dynamic duo remain unclear in diseases that encompass mitochondrial dysregulation. Particularly, the role of the GTPase fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is of profound interest. Studies have identified that Drp1 participates in complex signaling pathways, suggesting that the function of mitochondria in pathophysiology may extend far beyond energetics alone. Research indicates that, in stressed conditions, Drp1 translocation to the mitochondria leads to elevated fragmentation and mitophagy; however, despite this, there is limited knowledge about the mechanistic regulation of Drp1 in disease conditions. This review highlights literature about fission, fusion, and, more importantly, discusses Drp1 in cardiac, neural, carcinogenic, renal, and pulmonary diseases. The therapeutic desirability for further research into its contribution to diseases that involve mitochondrial dysregulation is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason T Breitzig
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Matthew D Alleyn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|