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Zorov DB, Abramicheva PA, Andrianova NV, Babenko VA, Zorova LD, Zorov SD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Semenovich DS, Yakupova EI, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Sukhikh GT. Mitocentricity. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:223-240. [PMID: 38622092 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, interest in mitochondria is constantly growing, as evidenced by scientific statistics, and studies of the functioning of these organelles are becoming more prevalent than studies of other cellular structures. In this analytical review, mitochondria are conditionally placed in a certain cellular center, which is responsible for both energy production and other non-energetic functions, without which the existence of not only the eukaryotic cell itself, but also the entire organism is impossible. Taking into account the high multifunctionality of mitochondria, such a fundamentally new scheme of cell functioning organization, including mitochondrial management of processes that determine cell survival and death, may be justified. Considering that this issue is dedicated to the memory of V. P. Skulachev, who can be called mitocentric, due to the history of his scientific activity almost entirely aimed at studying mitochondria, this work examines those aspects of mitochondrial functioning that were directly or indirectly the focus of attention of this outstanding scientist. We list all possible known mitochondrial functions, including membrane potential generation, synthesis of Fe-S clusters, steroid hormones, heme, fatty acids, and CO2. Special attention is paid to the participation of mitochondria in the formation and transport of water, as a powerful biochemical cellular and mitochondrial regulator. The history of research on reactive oxygen species that generate mitochondria is subject to significant analysis. In the section "Mitochondria in the center of death", special emphasis is placed on the analysis of what role and how mitochondria can play and determine the program of death of an organism (phenoptosis) and the contribution made to these studies by V. P. Skulachev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Zorov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Polina A Abramicheva
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nadezda V Andrianova
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina A Babenko
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ljubava D Zorova
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Savva D Zorov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Irina B Pevzner
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Vasily A Popkov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Semenovich
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elmira I Yakupova
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Denis N Silachev
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Verma A. VDAC1 at the Intersection of Cell Metabolism, Apoptosis, and Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1485. [PMID: 33114780 PMCID: PMC7693975 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) protein, is an important regulator of mitochondrial function, and serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, with responsibility for cellular fate. In addition to control over energy sources and metabolism, the protein also regulates epigenomic elements and apoptosis via mediating the release of apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Apoptotic and pathological conditions, as well as certain viruses, induce cell death by inducing VDAC1 overexpression leading to oligomerization, and the formation of a large channel within the VDAC1 homo-oligomer. This then permits the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria and subsequent apoptosis. Mitochondrial DNA can also be released through this channel, which triggers type-Ι interferon responses. VDAC1 also participates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria cross-talk, and in the regulation of autophagy, and inflammation. Its location in the outer mitochondrial membrane, makes VDAC1 ideally placed to interact with over 100 proteins, and to orchestrate the interaction of mitochondrial and cellular activities through a number of signaling pathways. Here, we provide insights into the multiple functions of VDAC1 and describe its involvement in several diseases, which demonstrate the potential of this protein as a druggable target in a wide variety of pathologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.S.-K.); (A.V.)
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Hexokinase II dissociation alone cannot account for changes in heart mitochondrial function, morphology and sensitivity to permeability transition pore opening following ischemia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234653. [PMID: 32579577 PMCID: PMC7313731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that hexokinase II (HK2) dissociation from mitochondria during cardiac ischemia correlates with cytochrome c (cyt-c) loss, oxidative stress and subsequent reperfusion injury. However, whether HK2 release is the primary signal mediating this ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was not established. To investigate this, we studied the effects of dissociating HK2 from isolated heart mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from Langendorff-perfused rat hearts before and after 30 min global ischemia ± ischemic preconditioning (IPC) were subject to in vitro dissociation of HK2 by incubation with glucose-6-phosphate at pH 6.3. Prior HK2 dissociation from pre- or end-ischemic heart mitochondria had no effect on their cyt-c release, respiration (± ADP) or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Inner mitochondrial membrane morphology was assessed indirectly by monitoring changes in light scattering (LS) and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Although no major ultrastructure differences were detected between pre- and end-ischemia mitochondria, the amplitude of changes in LS was reduced in the latter. This was prevented by IPC but not mimicked in vitro by HK2 dissociation. We also observed more Drp1, a mitochondrial fission protein, in end-ischemia mitochondria. IPC failed to prevent this increase but did decrease mitochondrial-associated dynamin 2. In vitro HK2 dissociation alone cannot replicate ischemia-induced effects on mitochondrial function implying that in vivo dissociation of HK2 modulates end-ischemia mitochondrial function indirectly perhaps involving interaction with mitochondrial fission proteins. The resulting changes in mitochondrial morphology and cristae structure would destabilize outer / inner membrane interactions, increase cyt-c release and enhance mPTP sensitivity to [Ca2+].
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Titone R, Robertson DM. Insulin receptor preserves mitochondrial function by binding VDAC1 in insulin insensitive mucosal epithelial cells. FASEB J 2019; 34:754-775. [PMID: 31914671 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901316rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike many epithelial tissues, the corneal epithelium is insulin insensitive, meaning it does not require insulin for glucose uptake. In this study, we show that insulin differentially regulates mitochondrial respiration in two human mucosal epithelial cell types: insulin-insensitive corneal epithelial cells and insulin-sensitive bronchial epithelial cells. In both cell types, insulin blocks glycogen synthase kinase beta (GSK3β) activity. In the corneal epithelium however, insulin selectively regulates PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK-1)-mediated mitophagy and mitochondrial accumulation of insulin receptor (INSR). While insulin blocked basal levels of PINK-1-mediated mitophagy in bronchial epithelial cells, mitochondrial trafficking of INSR was not detectable. We further show that in corneal epithelia, INSR interacts with the voltage-dependent anion channel-1 (VDAC1) in mitochondria and that INSR knockdown triggers robust mitochondrial fragmentation, alterations in mitochondrial polarization, and blocks the induction of PINK-1-mediated mitophagy. Collectively, these data demonstrate that INSR interacts with VDAC1 to mediate mitochondrial stability. We also demonstrate unique interactions between VDAC1 and other receptor tyrosine kinases, indicating a novel role for this family of receptors in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Titone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle M Robertson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Maldonado EN, Krelin Y. VDAC1 at the crossroads of cell metabolism, apoptosis and cell stress. Cell Stress 2017; 1:11-36. [PMID: 30542671 PMCID: PMC6287957 DOI: 10.15698/cst2017.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents current knowledge related to VDAC1 as a multi-functional mitochondrial protein acting on both sides of the coin, regulating cell life and death, and highlighting these functions in relation to disease. It is now recognized that VDAC1 plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria. The location of VDAC1 at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) allows the control of metabolic cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell and also enables interaction of VDAC1 with proteins involved in metabolic and survival pathways. Along with regulating cellular energy production and metabolism, VDAC1 is also involved in the process of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by mediating the release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins. VDAC1 functions in the release of apoptotic proteins located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space via oligomerization to form a large channel that allows passage of cytochrome c and AIF and their release to the cytosol, subsequently resulting in apoptotic cell death. VDAC1 also regulates apoptosis via interactions with apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as hexokinase, Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, some of which are also highly expressed in many cancers. This review also provides insight into VDAC1 function in Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, and presents VDAC1 as a hub protein interacting with over 100 proteins. Such interactions enable VDAC1 to mediate and regulate the integration of mitochondrial functions with cellular activities. VDAC1 can thus be considered as standing at the crossroads between mitochondrial metabolite transport and apoptosis and hence represents an emerging cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Eduardo N Maldonado
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. USA
| | - Yakov Krelin
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Krelin Y, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A. VDAC1 functions in Ca 2+ homeostasis and cell life and death in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2017; 69:81-100. [PMID: 28712506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, controlling the metabolic and energy cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell. VDAC1 also functions in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis by transporting Ca2+ in and out of mitochondria. VDAC1 has also been recognized as a key protein in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, contributing to the release of apoptotic proteins located in the inter-membranal space (IMS) and regulating apoptosis via association with pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins and hexokinase. VDAC1 is highly Ca2+-permeable, transporting Ca2+ to the IMS and thus modulating Ca2+ access to Ca2+ transporters in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ controls energy metabolism via modulating critical enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid oxidation. Ca2+ also determines cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli and promotes the release of pro-apoptotic proteins. However, the precise mechanism by which intracellular Ca2+ mediates apoptosis is not known. Here, the roles of VDAC1 in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis are presented while emphasizing a new proposed mechanism for the mode of action of pro-apoptotic drugs. This view, proposing that Ca2+-dependent enhancement of VDAC1 expression levels is a major mechanism by which apoptotic stimuli induce apoptosis, position VDAC1 oligomerization at a molecular focal point in apoptosis regulation. The interactions of VDAC1 with many proteins involved in Ca2+ homeostasis or regulated by Ca2+, as well as VDAC-mediated control of cell life and death and the association of VDAC with disease, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Yakov Krelin
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Calmettes G, Ribalet B, John S, Korge P, Ping P, Weiss JN. Hexokinases and cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:107-15. [PMID: 25264175 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As mediators of the first enzymatic step in glucose metabolism, hexokinases (HKs) orchestrate a variety of catabolic and anabolic uses of glucose, regulate antioxidant power by generating NADPH for glutathione reduction, and modulate cell death processes by directly interacting with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a regulatory component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Here we summarize the current state-of-knowledge about HKs and their role in protecting the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, reviewing: 1) the properties of different HK isoforms and how their function is regulated by their subcellular localization; 2) how HKs modulate glucose metabolism and energy production during I/R; 3) the molecular mechanisms by which HKs influence mPTP opening and cellular injury during I/R; and 4) how different metabolic and HK profiles correlate with susceptibility to I/R injury and cardioprotective efficacy in cancer cells, neonatal hearts, and normal, hypertrophied and failing adult hearts, and how these difference may guide novel therapeutic strategies to limit I/R injury in the heart. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Calmettes
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bernard Ribalet
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott John
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paavo Korge
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James N Weiss
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Ben-Hail D. VDAC, a multi-functional mitochondrial protein as a pharmacological target. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ramsay EE, Hogg PJ, Dilda PJ. Mitochondrial metabolism inhibitors for cancer therapy. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2731-44. [PMID: 21918915 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells catabolise nutrients in a different way than healthy cells. Healthy cells mainly rely on oxidative phosphorylation, while cancer cells employ aerobic glycolysis. Glucose is the main nutrient catabolised by healthy cells, while cancer cells often depend on catabolism of both glucose and glutamine. A key organelle involved in this altered metabolism is mitochondria. Mitochondria coordinate the catabolism of glucose and glutamine across the cancer cell. Targeting mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells has potential for the treatment of this disease. Perhaps the most promising target is the hexokinase-voltage dependent anion channel-adenine nucleotide translocase complex that spans the outer- and inner-mitochondrial membranes. This complex links glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. This review discusses cancer cell mitochondrial metabolism and the small molecule inhibitors of this metabolism that are in pre-clinical or clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Ramsay
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Kim TI, Kim H, Lee DJ, Choi SI, Kang SW, Kim EK. Altered mitochondrial function in type 2 granular corneal dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:684-92. [PMID: 21699880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 granular corneal dystrophy (GCD2) is caused by point mutation R124H in the transforming growth factor-β-induced gene (TGFBI) and is characterized by age-dependent progression of corneal deposits. Mitochondrial features in heterozygous GCD2 and normal corneal tissues was evaluated using electron microscopy. Primary corneal fibroblasts of homozygous and normal corneas were cultured to passage 4 or 8. Keratocytes of normal corneal tissue are narrow, and details of their intracellular organelles are difficult to distinguish. Keratocytes of heterozygous GCD2 tissues exhibited many degenerative mitochondria. MitoTracker and cytochrome c staining demonstrated increased mitochondrial activity in mutated cells at early passages. Decreases in depolarized mitochondria, cellular proliferation, and expression of complexes I to V and increases in apoptotic change were observed in late-passage mutant fibroblasts. PGC-1α, ANT-1, p-Akt, and p-mTOR but not NF-κB expression demonstrated a passage-dependent decrease in all cells. Increased passage- or mutation-related intracellular reactive oxygen species and delayed proliferation of methanethiosulfonate (MTS) were recovered using application of antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole. Mitochondrial features and function were altered in mutated GCD2 keratocytes, in particular in older cells. Alteration of mitochondrial function is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-im Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, the Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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VDAC, a multi-functional mitochondrial protein regulating cell life and death. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:227-85. [PMID: 20346371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past decade has extended the prevailing view of the mitochondrion to include functions well beyond the generation of cellular energy. It is now recognized that mitochondria play a crucial role in cell signaling events, inter-organellar communication, aging, cell proliferation, diseases and cell death. Thus, mitochondria play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) and serve as the venue for cellular decisions leading to cell life or death. One of the mitochondrial proteins controlling cell life and death is the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), also known as mitochondrial porin. VDAC, located in the mitochondrial outer membrane, functions as gatekeeper for the entry and exit of mitochondrial metabolites, thereby controlling cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell. VDAC is also a key player in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Thus, in addition to regulating the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria, VDAC appears to be a convergence point for a variety of cell survival and cell death signals mediated by its association with various ligands and proteins. In this article, we review what is known about the VDAC channel in terms of its structure, relevance to ATP rationing, Ca(2+) homeostasis, protection against oxidative stress, regulation of apoptosis, involvement in several diseases and its role in the action of different drugs. In light of our recent findings and the recently solved NMR- and crystallography-based 3D structures of VDAC1, the focus of this review will be on the central role of VDAC in cell life and death, addressing VDAC function in the regulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis with an emphasis on structure-function relations. Understanding structure-function relationships of VDAC is critical for deciphering how this channel can perform such a variety of functions, all important for cell life and death. This review also provides insight into the potential of VDAC1 as a rational target for new therapeutics.
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Theodossiou TA, Hothersall JS, De Witte PA, Pantos A, Agostinis P. The Multifaceted Photocytotoxic Profile of Hypericin. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1775-89. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900166q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - John S. Hothersall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter A. De Witte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandros Pantos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, BHF Laboratories, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K., Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Mitochondrial kinases and their molecular interaction with cardiolipin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2032-47. [PMID: 19409873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial isoforms of creatine kinase (MtCK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK-D) are not phylogenetically related but share functionally important properties. They both use mitochondrially generated ATP with the ultimate goal of maintaining proper nucleotide pools, are located in the intermembrane/cristae space, have symmetrical oligomeric structures, and show high affinity binding to anionic phospholipids, in particular cardiolipin. The structural basis and functional consequences of the cardiolipin interaction have been studied and are discussed in detail in this review. They mainly result in a functional interaction of MtCK and NDPK-D with inner membrane adenylate translocator, probably by forming proteolipid complexes. These interactions allow for privileged exchange of metabolites (channeling) that ultimately regulate mitochondrial respiration. Further functions of the MtCK/membrane interaction include formation of cardiolipin membrane patches, stabilization of mitochondria and a role in apoptotic signaling, as well as in case of both kinases, a role in facilitating lipid transfer between two membranes. Finally, disturbed cardiolipin interactions of MtCK, NDPK-D and other proteins like cytochrome c and truncated Bid are discussed more generally in the context of apoptosis and necrosis.
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15
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Zakar M, Rosenthal K, Abu-Hamad S. Key regions of VDAC1 functioning in apoptosis induction and regulation by hexokinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1787:421-30. [PMID: 19094960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), located in the mitochondrial outer membrane, functions as gatekeeper for the entry and exit of mitochondrial metabolites, and thus controls cross-talk between mitochondria and the cytosol. VDAC also serves as a site for the docking of cytosolic proteins, such as hexokinase, and is recognized as a key protein in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The role of VDAC in apoptosis has emerged from various studies showing its involvement in cytochrome c release and apoptotic cell death as well as its interaction with proteins regulating apoptosis, including the mitochondria-bound isoforms of hexokinase (HK-I, HK-II). Recently, the functional HK-VDAC association has shifted from being considered in a predominantly metabolic light to the recognition of its major impact on the regulation of apoptotic responsiveness of the cell. Here, we demonstrate that the HK-VDAC1 interaction can be disrupted by mutating VDAC1 and by VDAC1-based peptides, consequently leading to diminished HK anti-apoptotic activity, suggesting that disruption of HK binding to VDAC1 can decrease tumor cell survival. Indeed, understanding structure-function relationships of VDAC is critical for deciphering how this channel can perform such a variety of differing functions, all important for cell life and death. By expressing VDAC1 mutants and VDAC1-based peptides, we have identified VDAC1 amino acid residues and domains important for interaction with HK and protection against apoptosis. These include negatively- and positively-charged residues, some of which are located within beta-strands of the protein. The N-terminal region of VDAC1 binds HK-I and prevents HK-mediated protection against apoptosis induced by STS, while expression of a VDAC N-terminal peptide detaches HK-I-GFP from mitochondria. These findings indicate that the interaction of HK with VDAC1 involves charged residues in several beta-strands and in the N-terminal domain. Displacing HK, serving as the 'guardian of the mitochondrion', from its binding site on VDAC1 may thus be exploited as an approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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16
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Benard G, Rossignol R. Ultrastructure of the mitochondrion and its bearing on function and bioenergetics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1313-42. [PMID: 18435594 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The recently ascertained network and dynamic organization of the mitochondrion, as well as the demonstration of energy proteins and metabolites subcompartmentalization, have led to a reconsideration of the relationships between organellar form and function. In particular, the impact of mitochondrial morphological changes on bioenergetics is inseparable. Several observations indicate that mitochondrial energy production may be controlled by structural rearrangements of the organelle both interiorly and globally, including the remodeling of cristae morphology and elongation or fragmentation of the tubular network organization, respectively. These changes are mediated by fusion or fission reactions in response to physiological signals that remain unidentified. They lead to important changes in the internal diffusion of energy metabolites, the sequestration and conduction of the electric membrane potential (Delta Psi), and possibly the delivery of newly synthesized ATP to various cellular areas. Moreover, the physiological or even pathological context also determines the morphology of the mitochondrion, suggesting a tight and mutual control between mitochondrial form and bioenergetics. In this review, we delve into the link between mitochondrial structure and energy metabolism.
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17
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Hlavatá L, Nachin L, Jezek P, Nyström T. Elevated Ras/protein kinase A activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces proliferation rate and lifespan by two different reactive oxygen species-dependent routes. Aging Cell 2008; 7:148-57. [PMID: 18081742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells with overactive RAS/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, such as RAS2(Val19) cells, exhibit reduced proliferation rates and accelerated replicative senescence. We show here that the extended generation time of RAS2(Val19)cells is the result of abrogated ATP/ADP carrier activity of the mitochondria. Both PKA-dependent and independent routes are responsible for inhibiting ATP/ADP exchange in the RAS-overactive cells. The reduced carrier activity is due, at least in part, to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which also cause a proteolysis-dependent fragmentation of the Aac2p carrier both in vivo and on isolated mitochondria. Attenuated carrier activity is suppressed by overproducing the superoxide dismutase, Sod1p, and this enhances both the proliferation rate and the replicative longevity of RAS2(Val19) cells. In contrast, overproducing functional Aac2p restored proliferation but not longevity of RAS2(Val19) cells. Thus, Ras signaling affects proliferation rate and replicative lifespan by two different, ROS-dependent, routes. While the reduction in generation time is linked to the inactivation, specifically, of the mitochondrial nucleotide carrier, longevity is affected by other, and hitherto unknown, target(s) of ROS attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Hlavatá
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Rasola A, Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its involvement in cell death and in disease pathogenesis. Apoptosis 2008; 12:815-33. [PMID: 17294078 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current research on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) and its role in cell death faces a paradox. Initially considered as an in vitro artifact of little pathophysiological relevance, in recent years the PTP has received considerable attention as a potential mechanism for the execution of cell death. The recent successful use of PTP desensitizers in several disease paradigms leaves little doubt about its relevance in pathophysiology; and emerging findings that link the PTP to key cellular signalling pathways are increasing the interest on the pore as a pharmacological target. Yet, recent genetic data have challenged popular views on the molecular nature of the PTP, and called into question many early conclusions about its structure. Here we review basic concepts about PTP structure, function and regulation within the framework of intracellular death signalling, and its role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
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19
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Zorov DB, Isaev NK, Plotnikov EY, Zorova LD, Stelmashook EV, Vasileva AK, Arkhangelskaya AA, Khrjapenkova TG. The mitochondrion as janus bifrons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 72:1115-26. [PMID: 18021069 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The signaling function of mitochondria is considered with a special emphasis on their role in the regulation of redox status of the cell, possibly determining a number of pathologies including cancer and aging. The review summarizes the transport role of mitochondria in energy supply to all cellular compartments (mitochondria as an electric cable in the cell), the role of mitochondria in plastic metabolism of the cell including synthesis of heme, steroids, iron-sulfur clusters, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Mitochondria also play an important role in the Ca(2+)-signaling and the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Knowledge of mechanisms responsible for apoptotic cell death is important for the strategy for prevention of unwanted degradation of postmitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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20
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Plotnikov EY, Kazachenko AV, Vyssokikh MY, Vasileva AK, Tcvirkun DV, Isaev NK, Kirpatovsky VI, Zorov DB. The role of mitochondria in oxidative and nitrosative stress during ischemia/reperfusion in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 2007; 72:1493-502. [PMID: 17914353 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reoxygenation following ischemia causes tissue oxidative stress. We studied the role of oxidative stress caused by kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) on the mitochondria of renal tissue slices. I/R caused the mitochondria to be swollen, fragmented, and have lower membrane potential. The mitochondria generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in situ as measured by fluorescence of ROS- and NO-sensitive probes. Infusion of lithium ion, an inhibitor of glycogen kinase synthase-3, caused phosphorylation of its Ser-9 and restored the membrane potential and decreased ROS production of the mitochondrial fraction. Ischemic kidney and hypoxic rat preconditioning improved mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered ROS production caused by subsequent I/R similar to lithium ion infusion. Preconditioning normalized NO production in mitochondria as well. The drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential was prevented by NO synthase inhibition, demonstrating a strong contribution of NO to changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism during the I/R transition. Mitochondria in the I/R-stressed kidney contained less cytochrome c and more pro-apoptotic Bax, consistent with apoptotic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Plotnikov
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Structure and Functions, AN Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Abstract
The permeability transition pore (PT-pore) is a multi-component protein aggregate in mitochondria that comprises factors in the inner as well as in the outer mitochondrial membrane. This complex has two functions: firstly, it regulates the integration of oxidative phosphorylation into the cellular energy household and secondly, it induces cell death when converted into an unspecific channel. The latter causes a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activates a chain of events that culminate in the demise of the cell. It has been controversial for some time whether the PT-pore is causative for or only amplifies a signal of cell death but novel results confirm a central role of this protein complex for cell death induction. While a considerable body of data exist on its subunit composition, recent genetic knock-out experiments suggest that the identity of the core factors of the PT-pore is still unresolved. Moreover, accumulating evidence point to a much more complex composition of this protein complex than anticipated. Here, we review the current knowledge of its subunit composition, the evidence of a role in cell death, and we propose a model for the activation of the PT-pore for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Grimm
- Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.
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22
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Neuzil J, Dong LF, Ramanathapuram L, Hahn T, Chladova M, Wang XF, Zobalova R, Prochazka L, Gold M, Freeman R, Turanek J, Akporiaye ET, Dyason JC, Ralph SJ. Vitamin E analogues as a novel group of mitocans: anti-cancer agents that act by targeting mitochondria. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:607-45. [PMID: 17499351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have recently emerged as new and promising targets for cancer prevention and therapy. One of the reasons for this is that mitochondria are instrumental to many types of cell death and often lie downstream from the initial actions of anti-cancer drugs. Unlike the tumour suppressor gene encoding p53 that is notoriously prone to inactivating mutations but whose function is essential for induction of apoptosis by DNA-targeting agents (such as doxorubicin or 5-fluorouracil), mitochondria present targets that are not so compromised by genetic mutation and whose targeting overcomes problems with mutations of upstream targets such as p53. We have recently proposed a novel class of anti-cancer agents, mitocans that exert their anti-cancer activity by destabilising mitochondria, promoting the selective induction of apoptotic death in tumour cells. In this communication, we review recent findings on mitocans and propose a common basis for their mode of action in inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. We use as an example the analogues of vitamin E that are proving to be cancer cell-specific and may soon be developed into efficient anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Neuzil
- Apoptosis Research Group, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia.
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23
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Epand RF, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Epand RM. Cardiolipin clusters and membrane domain formation induced by mitochondrial proteins. J Mol Biol 2006; 365:968-80. [PMID: 17097675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We show in this study that mitochondrial creatine kinase promotes segregation and clustering of cardiolipin in mixed membranes, a phenomenon that has been proposed to occur at contact sites in the mitochondria. This property of mitochondrial creatine kinase is dependent on the native octameric structure of the protein and does not occur after heat-denaturation or with the native dimeric form of the protein. Cardiolipin segregation was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry using membranes containing cardiolipin and either dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine. Addition of the ubiquitous form of mitochondrial creatine kinase leads to the formation of a phosphatidylethanolamine-rich domain as a result of the protein binding preferentially to the cardiolipin. Such phase separation does not occur if cardiolipin is replaced with dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol. Lipid phase separation is observed with other cardiolipin-binding proteins, including cytochrome c and, to a very small extent, with truncated Bid (t-Bid), as well as with the cationic polypeptide poly-L-lysine, but among these proteins the octameric form of mitochondrial creatine kinase is by far the most effective in causing segregation and clustering of cardiolipin. The proteins included in this study are found at mitochondrial contact sites where they are known to associate with cardiolipin. Domains in mitochondria enriched in cardiolipin play an important role in apoptosis and in energy flux processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel F Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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24
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Lee K, Wang T, Paszczynski AJ, Daoud SS. Expression proteomics to p53 mutation reactivation with PRIMA-1 in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:1117-24. [PMID: 16970918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PRIMA-1 has emerged as a small molecule that restores the wild type function to mutant p53. To identify molecular targets that are involved in PRIMA-1-induced apoptosis, we used a proteomics approach with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for protein identification. By comparing the proteome of the PRIMA-1-treated MDA-231 breast carcinoma cells with that of MCF-7 cells, we have identified seven proteins that upregulated only in MDA-231 cells as a result of PRIMA-1-induced apoptosis. The identified proteins are involved in anaerobic glycolysis and in mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis. Treatment of MDA-231 cells with PRIMA-1 resulted in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c as well as the activation of caspase-3, which are essential for the execution of apoptosis. We present evidence to suggest that PRIMA-1-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells with mutated p53 function involved the expression of proteins required for the activation of mitochondrial intrinsic pathway that is glycolysis-relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 259 Wegner Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, USA
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25
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Benard G, Faustin B, Passerieux E, Galinier A, Rocher C, Bellance N, Delage JP, Casteilla L, Letellier T, Rossignol R. Physiological diversity of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1172-82. [PMID: 16807301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00195.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the physiological diversity in the regulation and control of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, we determined the composition and functional features of the respiratory chain in muscle, heart, liver, kidney, and brain. First, we observed important variations in mitochondrial content and infrastructure via electron micrographs of the different tissue sections. Analyses of respiratory chain enzyme content by Western blot also showed large differences between tissues, in good correlation with the expression level of mitochondrial transcription factor A and the activity of citrate synthase. On the isolated mitochondria, we observed a conserved molar ratio between the respiratory chain complexes and a variable stoichiometry for coenzyme Q and cytochrome c, with typical values of [1-1.5]:[30-135]:[3]:[9-35]:[6.5-7.5] for complex II:coenzyme Q:complex III:cytochrome c:complex IV in the different tissues. The functional analysis revealed important differences in maximal velocities of respiratory chain complexes, with higher values in heart. However, calculation of the catalytic constants showed that brain contained the more active enzyme complexes. Hence, our study demonstrates that, in tissues, oxidative phosphorylation capacity is highly variable and diverse, as determined by different combinations of 1) the mitochondrial content, 2) the amount of respiratory chain complexes, and 3) their intrinsic activity. In all tissues, there was a large excess of enzyme capacity and intermediate substrate concentration, compared with what is required for state 3 respiration. To conclude, we submitted our data to a principal component analysis that revealed three groups of tissues: muscle and heart, brain, and liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benard
- INSERM U688, Physiopathologie mitochondriale, Université Victor Segalen-Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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26
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Morrish F, Buroker NE, Ge M, Ning XH, Lopez-Guisa J, Hockenbery D, Portman MA. Thyroid hormone receptor isoforms localize to cardiac mitochondrial matrix with potential for binding to receptor elements on mtDNA. Mitochondrion 2006; 6:143-8. [PMID: 16730242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T(3)) rapidly promotes both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA transcription in cardiomyocytes, suggesting that T3 directly binds and activates mitochondrial genes. We showed for the first time mitochondrial localization for multiple TRalpha isoforms in heart, including truncated versions. Additionally, we demonstrated novel mitochondrial localization for versions of TRalpha(2), the dominant negative isoform lacking a functional ligand-binding domain. We also confirmed by electromobility shift assays, that TRalpha(2) in mitochondrial extracts binds to thyroid receptor response elements present in the 12S rRNA (DRO) and D-loop region (DR2) of mitochondrial DNA. Thus, TRalpha isoforms may directly regulate T(3) responses at mtDNA in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala Morrish
- Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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27
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Machida K, Ohta Y, Osada H. Suppression of apoptosis by cyclophilin D via stabilization of hexokinase II mitochondrial binding in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14314-20. [PMID: 16551620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513297200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability transition pore is involved in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Cyclophilin D, a pore component, has catalytic activity as a peptidyl prolyl cis, trans-isomerase (PPIase), which is essential to the pore opening. It has been reported that cyclophilin D overexpression suppresses apoptosis in cancer cells. To clarify the mechanism of this effect, we generated glioma cells overexpressing wild-type or a PPIase-deficient mutant of cyclophilin D. Interestingly, we found that the PPIase-dependent apoptosis suppression by cyclophilin D correlated with the amounts of mitochondrial-bound hexokinase II, which has anti-apoptotic activity. Inactivation of endogenous cyclophilin D by small interference RNA or a cyclophilin inhibitor was found to release hexokinase II from mitochondria and to enhance Bax-mediated apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic effects of cyclophilin D were canceled out by the detachment of hexokinase II from mitochondria, demonstrating that mitochondrial binding of hexokinase II is essential to the apoptosis suppression by cyclophilin D. Furthermore, cyclophilin D dysfunction appears to abrogate hexokinase II-mediated apoptosis suppression, indicating that cyclophilin D is required for the anti-apoptotic activity of hexokinase II. Based on the above, we propose here that cyclophilin D suppresses apoptotic cell death via a mitochondrial hexokinase II-dependent mechanism in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Machida
- Antibiotics Laboratory, Discovery Research Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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28
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Shinjyo N, Kita K. Up-Regulation of Heme Biosynthesis during Differentiation of Neuro2a Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:373-81. [PMID: 16567402 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing tetrapyrrole molecule that functions as a prosthetic group for proteins such as mitochondrial respiratory enzymes. Several studies have suggested that heme has essential functions in the construction and maintenance of the nervous system. In this study, the contents of three biologically important forms of heme (types a, b, and c) and the expression of heme biosynthetic enzymes were examined in differentiating Neuro2a cells. During neuronal differentiation, there were increases in the cellular heme levels and increases in the mRNA levels for the rate-limiting enzymes of heme biosynthesis, such as aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS; EC 2.3.1.37) and coproporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.3). With respect to heme contents, heme b increased in the late phase of differentiation, but no apparent increase in heme a or b was observed in the early phase. In contrast, heme c (cytochrome c) markedly increased during the early phase of differentiation. This change preceded the increase in heme b and the up-regulation of the mRNA levels for heme biosynthetic enzymes. This study suggests the up-regulation of heme biosynthesis and differential regulation of the heme a, b, and c levels during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
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29
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Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T. Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:164-80. [PMID: 16236486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK), together with cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes and the highly diffusible CK reaction product, phosphocreatine, provide a temporal and spatial energy buffer to maintain cellular energy homeostasis. Mitochondrial proteolipid complexes containing MtCK form microcompartments that are involved in channeling energy in form of phosphocreatine rather than ATP into the cytosol. Under situations of compromised cellular energy state, which are often linked to ischemia, oxidative stress and calcium overload, two characteristics of mitochondrial creatine kinase are particularly relevant: its exquisite susceptibility to oxidative modifications and the compensatory up-regulation of its gene expression, in some cases leading to accumulation of crystalline MtCK inclusion bodies in mitochondria that are the clinical hallmarks for mitochondrial cytopathies. Both of these events may either impair or reinforce, respectively, the functions of mitochondrial MtCK complexes in cellular energy supply and protection of mitochondria form the so-called permeability transition leading to apoptosis or necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schlattner
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Hönggerberg HPM, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Brdiczka DG, Zorov DB, Sheu SS. Mitochondrial contact sites: Their role in energy metabolism and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:148-63. [PMID: 16324828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The energy metabolism of the failing heart is characterised by a 30% decrease of the total adenine nucleotides content and what may be more important by a 60% loss of creatine and creatine phosphate [J.S. Ingwall, R.G. Weiss, Is the failing heart energy starved? On using chemical energy to support cardiac function, Circ. Res. 95 (2004) 35-145]. Besides the effect of these changes on the energy supply, failing heart is known to be more vulnerable to Ca2+ overload and apoptosis-inducing processes. Recent studies have pointed to the critical role of mitochondrial contact sites in controlling both the mitochondrial energy metabolism and Ca2+ homeostasis. This review focuses on the structure and function of protein complexes in mitochondrial contact sites and their regulatory role in the cellular bioenergetics, intra- and extra-mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, and release of apoptosis-inducing factors. Firstly, we review the compositions of different contact sites following by the discussion of experimental data obtained with isolated and reconstituted voltage-dependent anion channel-adenine nucleotide translocase complexes and consequences of the complex disassembling. Furthermore, we describe experiments involving the complex-stabilizing conditions in vitro and in intact cells. At the end, we discuss unsolved problems and opportunities for clinical application of the complex-stabilizing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter G Brdiczka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Box 711, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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31
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Wang Y, Perchellet EM, Ward MM, Lou K, Hua DH, Perchellet JPH. Rapid collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in HL-60 cells and isolated mitochondria treated with anti-tumor 1,4-anthracenediones. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:953-67. [PMID: 16162972 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000180123.24031.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since synthetic analogs of 1,4-anthraquinone (AQ code number), such as AQ8, AQ9 and AQ10, can trigger cytochrome c release without caspase activation and retain their ability to induce apoptosis in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cells, fluorescent probes of transmembrane potential have been used to determine whether these anti-tumor compounds might directly target mitochondria in cell and cell-free systems to cause the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (/Deltapsim) that is linked to permeability transition pore (PTP) opening. Using JC-1 dye, the abilities of various AQ analogs to induce the /Deltapsim in wild-type and MDR HL-60 cells are rapid (within 2.5-10 min), irreversible after drug removal, concentration dependent in the 0.256-10 micromol/l range and generally related to their anti-tumor activities in vitro. The /Deltapsim caused by AQ9 and AQ10, which are more potent than mitoxantrone, staurosporine and the reference depolarizing agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) in HL-60 cells, are not prevented by caspase-2 or -8 inhibitors, suggesting that activations of these apical caspases upstream of mitochondria are not involved in this process. Antitumor AQ analogs (0.256-10 micromol/l) also mimic the abilities of the known depolarizing agents CCCP, alamethicin, gramicidin A and 100 micromol/l CaCl2 to directly induce within 15 min the /Deltapsim in isolated mitochondria prepared from mouse liver and loaded with rhodamine 123 dye. The fact that 20 micromol/l Ca2+, which is insufficient to trigger depolarization on its own, is required to reveal the depolarizing effect of AQ9 in isolated mitochondria suggests that anti-tumor AQ analogs might interact with the PTP to alter its conformation and increase its Ca2+ sensitivity. Indeed, such Ca2+-dependent /Deltapsim of isolated mitochondria treated with 1.6 micromol/l AQ9 or 100 micromol/l Ca2+ are blocked by ruthenium red. Daunorubicin (DAU) is unable to mimic the rapid /Deltapsim caused by anti-tumor AQ analogs within 2.5-40 min of treatment in HL-60 cells or isolated mitochondria. Moreover, the /Deltapsim caused by 1.6 micromol/l AQ9 or 100 micromol/l Ca2+ in isolated mitochondria are similarly blocked by cyclosporin A (CsA), bongkrekic acid and decylubiquinone, which prevent PTP opening, suggesting that, in contrast to DAU, anti-tumor AQ analogs that directly target mitochondria to trigger the Ca2+-dependent and CsA-sensitive /Deltapsim, might induce PTP opening and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis even in the absence of nuclear signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901, USA
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Kim WH, Lee JW, Suh YH, Hong SH, Choi JS, Lim JH, Song JH, Gao B, Jung MH. Exposure to chronic high glucose induces beta-cell apoptosis through decreased interaction of glucokinase with mitochondria: downregulation of glucokinase in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 2005; 54:2602-11. [PMID: 16123348 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.9.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is toxic to pancreatic beta-cells, impairing cellular functioning as observed in type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanism underlying beta-cell dysfunction and the resulting apoptosis via glucose toxicity are not fully characterized. Here, using MIN6N8 cells, a mouse pancreatic beta-cell line, we show that chronic exposure to high glucose increases cell death mediated by Bax oligomerization, cytochrome C release, and caspase-3 activation. During apoptosis, glucokinase (GCK) expression decreases in high-glucose-treated cells, concomitant with a decrease in cellular ATP production and insulin secretion. Moreover, exposure to a chronically high dose of glucose decreases interactions between GCK and mitochondria with an increase in Bax binding to mitochondria and cytochrome C release. These events are prevented by GCK overexpression, and phosphorylation of proapoptotic Bad proteins in GCK-overexpressing cells is prolonged compared with Neo-transfected cells. Similar results are obtained using primary islet cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that beta-cell apoptosis from exposure to chronic high glucose occurs in relation to lowered GCK expression and reduced association with mitochondria. Our results show that this may be one mechanism by which glucose is toxic to beta-cells and suggests a novel approach to prevent and treat diabetes by manipulating Bax- and GCK-controlled signaling to promote apoptosis or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ho Kim
- Division of Metabolic Disease, Department of Biomedical Science, National Institutes of Health, #5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, South Korea
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Zalk R, Israelson A, Garty E, Azoulay-Zohar H, Shoshan-Barmatz V. Oligomeric states of the voltage-dependent anion channel and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Biochem J 2005; 386:73-83. [PMID: 15456403 PMCID: PMC1134768 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel) plays a central role in apoptosis, participating in the release of apoptogenic factors including cytochrome c. The mechanisms by which VDAC forms a protein-conducting channel for the passage of cytochrome c are not clear. The present study approaches this problem by addressing the oligomeric status of VDAC and its role in the induction of the permeability transition pore and cytochrome c release. Chemical cross-linking of isolated mitochondria or purified VDAC with five different reagents proved that VDAC exists as dimers, trimers or tetramers. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorescently labelled VDACs supports the concept of dynamic VDAC oligomerization. Mitochondrial cross-linking prevented both permeability transition pore opening and release of cytochrome c, yet had no effect on electron transport or Ca2+ uptake. Bilayer-reconstituted purified cross-linked VDAC showed decreased conductance and voltage-independent channel activity. In the dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate)-cross-linked VDAC, these channel properties could be reverted to those of the native VDAC by cleavage of the cross-linking. Cross-linking of VDAC reconstituted into liposomes inhibited the release of the proteoliposome-encapsulated cytochrome c. Moreover, encapsulated, but not soluble cytochrome c induced oligomerization of liposome-reconstituted VDAC. Thus the results indicate that VDAC exists in a dynamic equilibrium between dimers and tetramers and suggest that oligomeric VDAC may be involved in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zalk
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Adrian Israelson
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Erez S. Garty
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Heftsi Azoulay-Zohar
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Kolesnichenko AV, Grabelnych OI, Pobezhimova TP, Voinikov VK. Non-phosphorylating bypass of the plant mitochondrial respiratory chain by stress protein CSP 310. PLANTA 2005; 221:113-122. [PMID: 15668769 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that the cold-stress protein CSP 310, discovered in the cytoplasm of cold-resistant winter cereals, causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation during cold stress. To understand how the uncoupling mechanism of CSP differs from that of cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase and plant mitochondrial uncoupling protein, we determined the effect of respiratory-chain inhibition on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zalarinka) mitochondria. Our data show a possible involvement of stress protein CSP 310 in mitochondrial electron transport in winter wheat. CSP 310 shunts electrons around the main cytochrome pathway of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, i.e. electron flow bypasses ubiquinone and complex III via CSP 310 to complex IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kolesnichenko
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk-33, P.O. Box 1243, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia.
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Lawen A, Ly JD, Lane DJR, Zarschler K, Messina A, De Pinto V. Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC1)—a mitochondrial protein, rediscovered as a novel enzyme in the plasma membrane. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:277-82. [PMID: 15474974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic porin or voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC1) is a pore-forming protein discovered twenty five years ago in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Its gene in eukaryotes is known, but its tertiary structure has never been solved. Structure predictions highlight the presence of several amphipathic beta-strands possibly organised in a beta-barrel. VDAC1 has recently been described as being a NADH:ferricyanide reductase in the plasma membrane. There it affects the regulation of cell growth and death. Physiological cell death (apoptosis) has become a major research focus of biomedical research. Regulation of the enzyme will have impacts on cancer and autoimmune diseases (insufficient apoptosis) as well as neurodegenerative diseases (excessive apoptosis). VDAC1 in the plasma membrane establishes a novel level of apoptosis regulation putatively via its redox activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Lawen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Building 13D, 100 Wellington Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia.
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Zoratti M, Szabò I, De Marchi U. Mitochondrial permeability transitions: how many doors to the house? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2005; 1706:40-52. [PMID: 15620364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inner mitochondrial membrane is famously impermeable to solutes not provided with a specific carrier. When this impermeability is lost, either in a developmental context or under stress, the consequences for the cell can be far-reaching. Permeabilization of isolated mitochondria, studied since the early days of the field, is often discussed as if it were a biochemically well-defined phenomenon, occurring by a unique mechanism. On the contrary, evidence has been accumulating that it may be the common outcome of several distinct processes, involving different proteins or protein complexes, depending on circumstances. A clear definition of this putative variety is a prerequisite for an understanding of mitochondrial permeabilization within cells, of its roles in the life of organisms, and of the possibilities for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zoratti
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Biomembranes Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Li Y, Johnson N, Capano M, Edwards M, Crompton M. Cyclophilin-D promotes the mitochondrial permeability transition but has opposite effects on apoptosis and necrosis. Biochem J 2004; 383:101-9. [PMID: 15233627 PMCID: PMC1134048 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin-D is a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase of the mitochondrial matrix. It is involved in mitochondrial permeability transition, in which the adenine nucleotide translocase of the inner membrane is transformed from an antiporter to a non-selective pore. The permeability transition has been widely considered as a mechanism in both apoptosis and necrosis. The present study examines the effects of cyclophilin-D on the permeability transition and lethal cell injury, using a neuronal (B50) cell line stably overexpressing cyclophilin-D in mitochondria. Cyclophilin-D overexpression rendered isolated mitochondria far more susceptible to the permeability transition induced by Ca2+ and oxidative stress. Similarly, cyclophilin-D overexpression brought forward the onset of the permeability transition in intact cells subjected to oxidative stress. In addition, in the absence of stress, the mitochondria of cells overexpressing cyclophilin-D maintained a lower inner-membrane potential than those of normal cells. All these effects of cyclophilin-D overexpression were abolished by cyclosporin A. It is concluded that cyclophilin-D promotes the permeability transition in B50 cells. However, cyclophilin-D overexpression had opposite effects on apoptosis and necrosis; whereas NO-induced necrosis was promoted, NO- and staurosporine-induced apoptosis were inhibited. These findings indicate that the permeability transition leads to cell necrosis, but argue against its involvement in apoptosis.
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Key Words
- apoptosis
- cyclophilin-d
- mitochondria
- necrosis
- permeability transition
- afc, 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin
- ant, adenine nucleotide translocase
- cccp, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone
- csa, cyclosporin a
- cyp, cyclophilin
- cyp-d(+) cells, stable cell line overexpressing cyp-d
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- mcyp-d, mature cyp-d
- pcyp-d, precursor cyp-d
- ppiase, peptidylprolyl cis–trans isomerase
- pt, permeability transition
- tmre, tetramethylrhodamine ethylester
- tpp+, tetraphenylphosphonium ion
- vdac, voltage-dependent anion channel
- δψm, mitochondrial inner-membrane potential
- h95q etc., his95→gln substitution etc
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Michela Capano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Mina Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Martin Crompton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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