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Shkundin A, Halaris A. IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions. J Pers Med 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38793070 PMCID: PMC11122344 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), an essential CXC chemokine, significantly influences psychoneuroimmunological processes and affects neurological and psychiatric health. It exerts a profound effect on immune cell activation and brain function, suggesting potential roles in both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. IL-8 production is stimulated by several factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to promote inflammation and disease progression. Additionally, CXCL8 gene polymorphisms can alter IL-8 production, leading to potential differences in disease susceptibility, progression, and severity across populations. IL-8 levels vary among neuropsychiatric conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to psychosocial stressors and disease severity. IL-8 can be detected in blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, making it a promising candidate for a broad-spectrum biomarker. This review highlights the need for further research on the diverse effects of IL-8 and the associated implications for personalized medicine. A thorough understanding of its complex role could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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Vaghef-Mehrabani E, Bell RC, Field CJ, Jarman M, Evanchuk JL, Letourneau N, Dewey D, Giesbrecht GF. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and gestational weight gain in association with child behavior: The mediating role of prenatal systemic inflammation. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 59:249-256. [PMID: 38220383 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) may predispose children to behavioral problems through increased prenatal inflammation. We investigated the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG), and child behavioral problems (primary aim), and the mediating role of prenatal inflammation (secondary aim). METHODS We used self-reported pre-pregnancy BMI and estimated-GWG data (N = 1137) from a longitudinal cohort study. Maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in the 3rd-trimester. Parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to assess child internalizing and externalizing behaviors at 3-years-of-age. We used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), multiple linear regression, and mediation analyses for data analysis. RESULTS Maternal obesity (F = 21.98, df 3836), EGWG (F = 6.53, df 2764), and their combination (F = 18.51, df 3764) were associated with the 3rd trimester CRP, but not child behavior in the whole sample. Maternal underweight was associated with withdrawal problems in all children (β = 0.56, 95%CI, 0.11,1.00) and aggressive behaviors in female children (β = 2.59, 95%CI, 0.28,4.91). Obesity had a significant association with externalizing behaviors in female children after controlling for maternal CRP (β = 3.72, 95%CI, 0.12,7.32). Both inadequate and EGWG were associated with somatic complaints in male children (β = 0.50, 95%CI, 0.05,0.95; β = 0.36, 95%CI, 0.01,0.71, respectively). Combined obesity/EGWG was associated with externalizing (β = 6.12, 95%CI, 0.53,11.70) and aggressive (β = 4.23, 95%CI, 0.90,7.56) behaviors in female children. We found no significant effects through CRP. CONCLUSIONS Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG showed sex-specific associations with child behavioral problems. Prenatal CRP, although increased in obesity and EGWG, did not mediate these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabani
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rhonda C Bell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan Jarman
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jenna L Evanchuk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Dewey
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Zhou J, Tong J, Ru X, Teng Y, Geng M, Yan S, Tao F, Huang K. Placental inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression and preschool children's cognitive performance: a birth cohort study in China. BMC Med 2023; 21:449. [PMID: 37981714 PMCID: PMC10658981 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunologic milieu at the maternal-fetal interface has profound effects on propelling the development of the fetal brain. However, accessible epidemiological studies concerning the association between placental inflammatory cytokines and the intellectual development of offspring in humans are limited. Therefore, we explored the possible link between mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in placenta and preschoolers' cognitive performance. METHODS Study subjects were obtained from the Ma'anshan birth cohort (MABC). Placental samples were collected after delivery, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was utilized to measure the mRNA expression levels of IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-4. Children's intellectual development was assessed at preschool age by using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV). Multiple linear regression and restricted cubic spline models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 1665 pairs of mother and child were included in the analysis. After adjusting for confounders and after correction for multiple comparisons, we observed that mRNA expression of IL-8 (β = - 0.53; 95% CI, - 0.92 to - 0.15), IL-6 (β = - 0.58; 95% CI, - 0.97 to - 0.19), TNF-α (β = - 0.37; 95% CI, - 0.71 to - 0.02), and IFN-γ (β = - 0.31; 95% CI, - 0.61 to - 0.03) in the placenta was negatively associated with preschoolers' full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ). Both higher IL-8 and IL-6 were associated with lower children's low fluid reasoning index (FRI), and higher IFN-γ was associated with lower children's working memory index (WMI). After further adjusting for confounders and children's age at cognitive testing, the integrated index of six pro-inflammatory cytokines (index 2) was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with both the FSIQ and each sub-dimension (verbal comprehension index (VCI), visual spatial index (VSI), FRI, WMI, processing speed index (PSI)). Sex-stratified analyses showed that the association of IL-8, IFN-γ, and index 2 with children's cognitive development was mainly concentrated in boys. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of an association between low cognitive performance and high expression of placental inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) was found, highlighting the potential importance of intrauterine placental immune status in dissecting offspring cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Zhou
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (AHMU), MOE, Hefei, 230032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Juan Tong
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (AHMU), MOE, Hefei, 230032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xue Ru
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (AHMU), MOE, Hefei, 230032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuzhu Teng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (AHMU), MOE, Hefei, 230032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Menglong Geng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (AHMU), MOE, Hefei, 230032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shuangqin Yan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Maternal and Child Health Care Center of Ma'anshan, No 24 Jiashan Road, Ma'anshan 243011, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (AHMU), MOE, Hefei, 230032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (AHMU), MOE, Hefei, 230032, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study On Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Scientific Research Center in Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, China.
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Clayborne ZM, Zou R, Gilman SE, Khandaker GM, Fell DB, Colman I, El Marroun H. Associations between prenatal maternal stress, maternal inflammation during pregnancy, and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms throughout childhood. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:165-172. [PMID: 37607663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal immune activation is a potential mechanism underlying associations between maternal stress during pregnancy and offspring mental health problems. This study examined associations between prenatal maternal stress, maternal inflammation during pregnancy, and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms from 3 to 10 years of age, and whether maternal inflammation mediated the associations between prenatal maternal stress and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. METHODS This study comprised 4,902 mother-child dyads in the Generation R study. Prenatal maternal stress was assessed using self-reported data collected during pregnancy and analyzed as a latent variable consisting of four stress domains. Maternal inflammation during pregnancy was assessed using serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) measured at a median of 13.5 weeks' gestation. Child internalizing and externalizing symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by maternal report at ages 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years; paternal-reported CBCL data were also available at 3 years and 10 years. RESULTS Prenatal maternal stress was associated with maternal-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms of the child at 3, 5, and 10 years of age, and with paternal-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 3 and 10 years. Prenatal maternal stress was associated with maternal CRP concentrations prior to, but not after, covariate adjustment. Maternal CRP concentrations during pregnancy were associated with paternal-reported internalizing symptoms of offspring at 10 years of age prior to, but not after, covariate adjustment. There was no evidence that CRP concentrations mediated the associations between prenatal maternal stress and children's internalizing or externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Maternal stress during pregnancy is associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children, but this association is not because of differences in maternal immune activation linked to maternal stress. Replication of these findings in other cohorts is required; examination of other biomarkers or variation in immune activity during pregnancy would also benefit from further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra M Clayborne
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Runyu Zou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen E Gilman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Golam M Khandaker
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Deshayne B Fell
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Colman
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Guillen-Burgos HF, Galvez-Florez JF, Miranda J, Hincapie-Porras C, Perez-Olivo JL, Piraquive-Caicedo JP, Becerra-Mojica CH, Parra-Ardila SX, Parra-Saavedra MA. Pregnancy and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia: A nationwide cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2023; 12:100488. [PMID: 36718157 PMCID: PMC9877320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Felipe Guillen-Burgos
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, La Misericordia Clínica Internacional, Barranquilla, Colombia.,School of Health Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Instituto Cardiovascular del Cesar, Valledupar, Atlántico
| | - Juan Francisco Galvez-Florez
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, La Misericordia Clínica Internacional, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Latin American Society of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jezid Miranda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Grupo de Investigación en Cuidado Intensivo y Obstetricia (GRICIO), Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar, Colombia.,Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Centro Hospitalario Serena del Mar, Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar, Colombia
| | - Cristian Hincapie-Porras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario San Jorge, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Jose L Perez-Olivo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clínica La Ermita, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos H Becerra-Mojica
- Centro de Atención Maternofetal INUTERO, Clínica Carlos Ardila Lulle, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander. Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Sonia X Parra-Ardila
- Instituto de Cirugía y Terapia Fetal del Caribe, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Miguel A Parra-Saavedra
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Instituto de Cirugía y Terapia Fetal del Caribe, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
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Looman KIM, Cecil CAM, Grosserichter‐Wagener C, Kiefte‐de Jong JC, Zelm MC, Moll HA. Associations between T cells and attention problems in the general pediatric population: The Generation R study. JCPP ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I. M. Looman
- Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A. M. Cecil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Molecular Epidemiology Department of Biomedical Data Sciences Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Jessica C. Kiefte‐de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care/LUMC Campus The Hague Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Menno C. Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University and Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Henriëtte A. Moll
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Han VX, Patel S, Jones HF, Dale RC. Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:564-579. [PMID: 34341569 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal health during pregnancy plays a major role in shaping health and disease risks in the offspring. The maternal immune activation hypothesis proposes that inflammatory perturbations in utero can affect fetal neurodevelopment, and evidence from human epidemiological studies supports an association between maternal inflammation during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Diverse maternal inflammatory factors, including obesity, asthma, autoimmune disease, infection and psychosocial stress, are associated with an increased risk of NDDs in the offspring. In addition to inflammation, epigenetic factors are increasingly recognized to operate at the gene-environment interface during NDD pathogenesis. For example, integrated brain transcriptome and epigenetic analyses of individuals with NDDs demonstrate convergent dysregulated immune pathways. In this Review, we focus on the emerging human evidence for an association between maternal immune activation and childhood NDDs, including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Tourette syndrome. We refer to established pathophysiological concepts in animal models, including immune signalling across the placenta, epigenetic 'priming' of offspring microglia and postnatal immune-brain crosstalk. The increasing incidence of NDDs has created an urgent need to mitigate the risk and severity of these conditions through both preventive strategies in pregnancy and novel postnatal therapies targeting disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velda X Han
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shrujna Patel
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannah F Jones
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neuroservices, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Russell C Dale
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Childhood disadvantage, neurocognitive development and neuropsychiatric disorders: Evidence of mechanisms. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2021; 34:306-323. [PMID: 33587493 PMCID: PMC9458466 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged households have excess risks of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems. The purpose of this review is to synthesize evidence for mechanisms that may contribute to these excess risks. RECENT FINDINGS The majority of the 60 studies included in our review focused on children's neurocognitive development and behavioural problems. About half conducted mediation analyses of factors in the family and neighbourhood environments, including access to resources (e.g. cognitive inputs within the home environment) and exposure to stressors (e.g. negative parenting practices), as well as neurobiological embedding of childhood disadvantage. In addition, many studies conducted moderation analyses of factors that were hypothesized to interact with (i.e. exacerbate or mitigate) the harmful effects of childhood disadvantage. SUMMARY Many of the factors that contribute to the excess risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems among children in disadvantaged households are potentially modifiable (e.g. cognitively stimulating materials, parental language input, cultural resources, parental stress and psychopathology, negative parenting, neighbourhood violence). If their causality is ultimately established, they could be targets for the prevention and reduction of disparities. The continued search for mechanisms should not detract from work to reduce and hopefully eliminate children's exposure to disadvantage.
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