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Lin J, Peng Y, Zhang J, Cheng J, Chen Q, Wang B, Liu Y, Niu S, Yan J. Interfering with reconsolidation by rimonabant results in blockade of heroin-associated memory. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1361838. [PMID: 38576487 PMCID: PMC10991728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1361838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-associated pathological memory remains a critical factor contributing to the persistence of substance use disorder. Pharmacological amnestic manipulation to interfere with drug memory reconsolidation has shown promise for the prevention of relapse. In a rat heroin self-administration model, we examined the impact of rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid receptor indirect agonist, on the reconsolidation process of heroin-associated memory. The study showed that immediately administering rimonabant after conditioned stimuli (CS) exposure reduced the cue- and herion + cue-induced heroin-seeking behavior. The inhibitory effects lasted for a minimum of 28 days. The effect of Rimonabant on reduced drug-seeking was not shown when treated without CS exposure or 6 hours after CS exposure. These results demonstrate a disruptive role of rimonabant on the reconsolidation of heroin-associated memory and the therapeutic potential in relapse control concerning substance use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Lin
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilin Peng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junzhe Cheng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuliang Niu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Nazari M, Rashidy-Pour A, Ali Vafaei A, Raise-Abdullahi P. Systemic corticosterone administration impairs the late fear memory reconsolidation via basolateral amygdala glucocorticoid receptors: dependence on the time window and memory age. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023:107797. [PMID: 37385522 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) play an important role in memory reconsolidation. The present study investigated the role of the BLA GRs in the late reconsolidation of fear memory using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task in male Wistar rats. Stainless steel cannulae were implanted bilaterally into the BLA of the rats. After 7 days of recovery, the animals were trained in a one-trial IA task (1mA, 3s). In Experiment one, 48h after the training session, the animals received 3 systemic doses of corticosterone (CORT; 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by an intra-BLA microinjection of the vehicle (0.3µl/side) at different time points (immediately, 12, or 24h) after memory reactivation. Memory reactivation was performed by returning the animals to the light compartment while the sliding door was open. No shock was delivered during memory reactivation. CORT (10 mg/kg) injection 12h after memory reactivation most effectively impaired the late memory reconsolidation (LMR). In the second part of Experiment one, immediately, 12, or 24h after memory reactivation, GR antagonist RU38486 (RU; 1ng/0.3µl/side) was injected into BLA following a systemic injection of CORT (10 mg/kg) to examine whether it would block the CORT effect. RU inhibited the impairing effects of CORT on LMR. In Experiment two, the animals received CORT (10 mg/kg) with time windows immediately, 3, 6, 12, and 24h after memory reactivation. Again, CORT (10 mg/kg) injection 12h after MR impaired LMR. Memory reactivation was performed in the third Experiment, 7, 14, 28, or 56 days after the training session. Injection of CORT (10 mg/kg) 12h later had no significant effect on the LMR. The impairing effect of CORT was seen only in 2-day-old but not 7, 14, 28, and 56-day-old memories. GRs located in BLA seem to play an important role in the LMR of young memory, as with increasing the age of memories, they become less sensitive to manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazari
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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3
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Jami SA, Wilkinson BJ, Guglietta R, Hartel N, Babiec WE, Graham NA, Coba MP, O'Dell TJ. Functional and phosphoproteomic analysis of β-adrenergic receptor signaling at excitatory synapses in the CA1 region of the ventral hippocampus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7493. [PMID: 37161045 PMCID: PMC10170123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) not only enhances learning and memory but also facilitates the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity involved in memory formation. To identify the mechanisms underlying β-AR-dependent forms of LTP we examined the effects of the β-AR agonist isoproterenol on LTP induction at excitatory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cells in the ventral hippocampus. LTP induction at these synapses is inhibited by activation of SK-type K+ channels, suggesting that β-AR activation might facilitate LTP induction by inhibiting SK channels. However, although the SK channel blocker apamin enhanced LTP induction, it did not fully mimic the effects of isoproterenol. We therefore searched for potential alternative mechanisms using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine how β-AR activation regulates phosphorylation of postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins. Strikingly, β-AR activation regulated hundreds of phosphorylation sites in PSD proteins that have diverse roles in dendritic spine structure and function. Moreover, within the core scaffold machinery of the PSD, β-AR activation increased phosphorylation at several sites previously shown to be phosphorylated after LTP induction. Together, our results suggest that β-AR activation recruits a diverse set of signaling pathways that likely act in a concerted fashion to regulate LTP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekib A Jami
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryan Guglietta
- Interdepartmental PhD Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Hartel
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter E Babiec
- Undergraduate Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo P Coba
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J O'Dell
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Noradrenergic consolidation of social recognition memory is mediated by β-arrestin-biased signaling in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1097. [PMID: 36253525 PMCID: PMC9576713 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Social recognition memory (SRM) is critical for maintaining social relationships and increasing the survival rate. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is an important brain area associated with SRM storage. Norepinephrine (NE) release regulates mPFC neuronal intrinsic excitability and excitatory synaptic transmission, however, the roles of NE signaling in the circuitry of the locus coeruleus (LC) pathway to the mPFC during SRM storage are unknown. Here we found that LC-mPFC NE projections bidirectionally regulated SRM consolidation. Propranolol infusion and β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) or β-arrestin2 knockout in the mPFC disrupted SRM consolidation. When carvedilol, a β-blocker that can mildly activate β-arrestin-biased signaling, was injected, the mice showed no significant suppression of SRM consolidation. The impaired SRM consolidation caused by β1-AR or β-arrestin2 knockout in the mPFC was not rescued by activating LC-mPFC NE projections; however, the impaired SRM by inhibition of LC-mPFC NE projections or β1-AR knockout in the mPFC was restored by activating the β-arrestin signaling pathway in the mPFC. Furthermore, the activation of β-arrestin signaling improved SRM consolidation in aged mice. Our study suggests that LC-mPFC NE projections regulate SRM consolidation through β-arrestin-biased β-AR signaling. Social memory consolidation requires norepinephrine release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and enhancing beta-arrestin signaling in the mPFC restores social recognition memory that is normally impaired by age in mice.
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Chen L, Huang S, Yang C, Wu F, Zheng Q, Yan H, Yan J, Luo Y, Galaj E. Blockade of β-Adrenergic Receptors by Propranolol Disrupts Reconsolidation of Drug Memory and Attenuates Heroin Seeking. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:686845. [PMID: 34113256 PMCID: PMC8185332 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.686845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent traces of drug reward memories contribute to intense craving and often trigger relapse. A number of pharmacological interventions on drug-associated memories have shown significant benefits in relapse prevention at a preclinical level but their translational potential is limited due to deleterious side effects. Propranolol, a non-specific β-adrenergic receptors antagonist, is known for its ability to erase maladaptive memories associated with nicotine or cocaine in rodents and humans. However, little is known about its effect on reconsolidation of heroin memory and heroin seeking. In the present study, rats with a history of intravenous heroin self-administration received the propranolol treatment (10 mg/kg; i.p.) at different time windows with or without CS (conditioned stimulus) exposure. Our results showed that propranolol, when administered immediately after CS exposure but not 6 h later, can significantly attenuate cue-induced and drug-primed reinstatement of heroin seeking, suggesting that propranolol has the ability to disrupt heroin memory and reduce relapse. The propranolol treatment without retrieval of drug memory had no effect on subsequent reinstatement of heroin seeking, suggesting that its interfering effects are retrieval-dependent. Importantly, the effects of propranolol were long lasting as rats showed diminished drug seeking even 28 days after the treatment. Altogether, our study suggests that propranolol can interfere with reconsolidation of heroin memory and reduce subsequent drug seeking, making it an attractive therapeutic candidate for the treatment of opioid addiction and relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangpei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shihao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Feilong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuyao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yixiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ewa Galaj
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Baltimore, MD, United States
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6
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Zorzo C, Arias JL, Méndez M. Recovering Spatial Information through Reactivation: Brain Oxidative Metabolism Involvement in Males and Females. Neuroscience 2021; 459:1-15. [PMID: 33571597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory involves a complex network system of interconnected brain areas in which labile trace memories are transformed into enduring ones and reorganized in a time-dependant manner. Although it has been observed that remote memories are less prone to destabilizing, they can become fragile and lead to behavioural decline. We explored the behavioural outcomes of male and female rats in response to the reactivation of a previously acquired allocentric spatial reference memory, under conditions in which animals have shown a retrieval decay. In addition, we assessed their brain metabolic activity through cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) histochemistry. Our results show that a spatial memory amnesia-like behaviour with a time interval of 45 days can be recovered after re-exposure to the environmental configuration with the reinforced contingencies. Moreover, we observed that, following reactivation, male rats reveal a decrease in metabolic activity in septal nuclei and thalamic structures, whereas female rats add a metabolic reduction in the hippocampus, amygdala, mPFC, and retrosplenial, parietal and rhinal cortices, suggesting that they efficiently employ these brain areas when reactivation a memory that has suffered a decay with time. Finally, although male and female rats perform the behavioural task equally, we found sex differences at the brain metabolism level, revealing the differential contribution of brain limbic system energy demands by sex, even when their performance is similar. In conclusion, our work provides behavioural and brain data about remote spatial retrieval and memory reactivation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Zorzo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), E-33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Jorge L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), E-33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Méndez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), E-33003 Oviedo, Spain
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7
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Effects of cycloheximide on recent and remote appetitive odor discrimination memory in rats. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Vaverková Z, Milton AL, Merlo E. Retrieval-Dependent Mechanisms Affecting Emotional Memory Persistence: Reconsolidation, Extinction, and the Space in Between. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:574358. [PMID: 33132861 PMCID: PMC7550798 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.574358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive emotional memories contribute to the persistence of many mental health disorders, and therefore the prospect of disrupting these memories to produce long-term reductions in relapse is of great clinical appeal. Reducing the impact of maladaptive emotional memories on behaviour could be achieved by two retrieval-dependent manipulations that engage separate mnemonic processes: "reconsolidation disruption" and "extinction enhancement." Extinction occurs during a prolonged re-exposure session in the absence of the expected emotional outcome and is widely accepted as reflecting the formation of a new, inhibitory memory that prevents behavioural expression of the original trace. Reconsolidation, by contrast, involves the destabilisation of the original memory, allowing for subsequent updating and restabilisation in specific brain regions, unless the re-stabilization process is prevented through specific pharmacological or behavioural interventions. Both destabilisation of the original memory and memory extinction require that re-exposure induces prediction error-a mismatch between what is expected and what actually occurs-but the parameters that allow reconsolidation and extinction to occur, and control the transition between them, have not been well-characterised. Here, we review what is known about the induction of memory destabilisation and extinction, and the transition period that separates these mnemonic processes, drawing on preclinical and clinical examples. A deeper understanding of the processes that determine the alternative routes to memory persistence or inhibition is critical for designing new and more reliable clinical treatments targeting maladaptive emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Vaverková
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L Milton
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Merlo
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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9
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Dinter C, Hermann D, Heckmann J, Hill H, Reinhard I, Vollstädt‐Klein S, Kirsch P, Kiefer F. Reconsolidation impairment of reward memory by stimulating stress response. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12712. [PMID: 30672054 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research in memory reconsolidation has raised hope for new treatment options of persistent psychiatric disorders like substance dependence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While animal research showed successful memory modification by interfering with reconsolidation, human research requires less invasive techniques. In our pilot study, we aimed to reduce appetitive memory reconsolidation of a newly acquired reward memory by exerting a stressor. Thirty healthy participants were randomly assigned to two groups performing a monetary reward paradigm at a personal computer. Day 1 was considered to allow for memory acquisition; on day 2, the experimental group was exposed to a frightening stimulus in the reconsolidation window; and day 3 again served to determine reward memory effects. Measures of reward memory were reaction times to reward announcing stimuli (ie, showing instrumental behavior), actual reward gained, and electrodermal response as a measure for reward anticipation. We found significantly smaller reaction time improvements to reward stimuli over time in the experimental group, as well as reduced achievements in monetary reward. Electrodermal response to reward announcing stimuli was lower in the experimental group after intervention, whereas it was higher in the untreated group. Thus, we argue in favor of the reconsolidation hypothesis, assuming our intervention had successfully interfered with the reconsolidation process. This points towards future treatment options that interfere with an addiction memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derik Hermann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
| | | | - Holger Hill
- Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaft (IfSS)Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt‐Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Germany
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AlOkda AM, Nasr MM, Amin SN. Between an ugly truth and a perfect lie: Wiping off fearful memories using beta-adrenergic receptors antagonists. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5722-5727. [PMID: 30417468 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder are considered of high global prevalence. Currently, a therapeutic approach to treat these disorders using beta-blockers, which antagonize the beta-adrenergic receptors (B1, B2, and B3) is being studied. This approach claims that beta-blockers, such as propranolol, inhibit fear memory reconsolidation. However, there are several studies refuting such claims by discrediting their experimental design and pointing out both the drugs pharmacokinetic properties and confounding factors. In this review, we explore the different effects of central beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the fear memory consolidation providing mixed-evidence, limitations, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa M Nasr
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa N Amin
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Capelo AM, Albuquerque PB, Cadavid S. Exploring the role of context on the existing evidence for reconsolidation of episodic memory. Memory 2018; 27:280-294. [PMID: 30084743 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1507040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has provided evidence for memory modifications when a post-reactivation treatment (e.g., drugs, new learning) interferes with the memory re-stabilisation (reconsolidation) process. This finding contradicts the long-standing consolidation theory and has high practical and theoretical implications. With an object-learning paradigm, it was shown that episodic memory is highly susceptible to interfering material presented after its reactivation [Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Hardt, O., & Nadel, L. (2007). Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learning & Memory, 14, 47-53. doi: 10.1101/lm.365707 ]. The reactivation of a learned list (List 1) before a second learned list (List 2) led to intrusion errors from List 2 when trying to recall List 1, but not vice-versa. Their work has been widely cited and their findings have been explained according to reconsolidation theory. For the first time, we systematically explored the role of retrieval context as an alternative explanation for Hupbach's results. Our results showed that the intrusion effect occurs independently of the retrieval context (Experiment 1). Additionally, even when the intrusion rate probability is increased (i.e., List 1 memory test is performed in the List 2 learning context), the groups that did not reactivate the original list did not commit intrusion errors (Experiment 2). In sum, we found that the intrusion effect critically depends on the presence of reactivation, discarding alternative interpretations of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Capelo
- a Psychology Department , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | | | - Sara Cadavid
- b School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universidad del Rosario , Bogota , Colombia
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12
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Peng SY, Li B, Xi K, Wang JJ, Zhu JN. Presynaptic α 2-adrenoceptor modulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission in rat nucleus accumbens in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2018; 665:117-122. [PMID: 29195907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc), integrating information from the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures, plays a critical role in reward and emotion regulation. Previous studies have reported that the NAc shell receives direct noradrenergic projections, and activation of α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) in the NAc shell decreases the fear or anxiety level of rats. However, the underlying mechanism is still little known. Intriguingly, glutamatergic neurotransmission in the NAc shell is closely related to reward and emotion. Here, using brain slice preparations and whole-cell patch clamp recordings, we examined the effect of activation of α2-AR on glutamatergic neurotransmission in the NAc shell. Perfusing slice with α2-AR selective agonist clonidine (CLON) reduced the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) on the NAc shell neurons. This inhibitory effect on AMPA-mediated glutamatergic EPSCs was blocked by the α2-AR selective antagonist yohimbine (YOH). Notably, CLON reduced the frequency but not the amplitude of miniature EPSCs. Furthermore, CLON decreased the first EPSC amplitude but increased the paired-pulse facilitation on the NAc shell neurons, and it did not affect postsynaptic AMPA/NMDA ratio, revealing a presynaptic mechanism of α2-AR-mediated inhibition on glutamatergic transmission. In addition, the modulation on glutamatergic transmission by α2-AR was independent of presynaptic NMDA receptor. These results suggest that noradrenergic afferent inputs may suppress glutamatergic synaptic transmission via presynaptic α2-AR in the NAc shell, and actively participate in rewarding and emotional processes via the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kang Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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13
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Psychedelics and reconsolidation of traumatic and appetitive maladaptive memories: focus on cannabinoids and ketamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:433-445. [PMID: 29178010 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clinical data with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients recently stimulated interest on the potential therapeutic use of psychedelics in disorders characterized by maladaptive memories, including substance use disorders (SUD). The rationale for the use of MDMA in PTSD and SUD is being extended to a broader beneficial "psychedelic effect," which is supporting further clinical investigations, in spite of the lack of mechanistic hypothesis. Considering that the retrieval of emotional memories reactivates specific brain mechanisms vulnerable to inhibition, interference, or strengthening (i.e., the reconsolidation process), it was proposed that the ability to retrieve and change these maladaptive memories might be a novel intervention for PTSD and SUD. The mechanisms underlying MDMA effects indicate memory reconsolidation modulation as a hypothetical process underlying its efficacy. OBJECTIVE Mechanistic and clinical studies with other two classes of psychedelic substances, namely cannabinoids and ketamine, are providing data in support of a potential use in PTSD and SUD based on the modulation of traumatic and appetitive memory reconsolidation, respectively. Here, we review preclinical and clinical data on cannabinoids and ketamine effects on biobehavioral processes related to the reconsolidation of maladaptive memories. RESULTS We report the findings supporting (or not) the working hypothesis linking the potential therapeutic effect of these substances to the underlying reconsolidation process. We also proposed possible approaches for testing the use of these two classes of drugs within the current paradigm of reconsolidation memory inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Metaplasticity may be the process in common between cannabinoids and ketamine/ketamine-like substance effects on the mediation and potential manipulation of maladaptive memories.
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Villain H, Benkahoul A, Birmes P, Ferry B, Roullet P. Influence of early stress on memory reconsolidation: Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191563. [PMID: 29352277 PMCID: PMC5774817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common consequence of exposure to a life-threatening event. Currently, pharmacological treatments are limited by high rates of relapse, and novel treatment approaches are needed. We have recently demonstrated that propranolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, inhibited aversive memory reconsolidation in animals. Following this, in an open-label study 70% of patients with PTSD treated with propranolol during reactivation of traumatic memory exhibited full remission. However, the reason why 30% of these patients did not respond positively to propranolol treatment is still unclear. One of the major candidates as factor of treatment resistance is the patient's early-life traumatic history. To test the role of this factor, mice with pre- or postnatal stress are being tested in fear conditioning and in a new behavioral task, the "city-like", specifically designed as a mouse model of PTSD. After reactivation of the traumatic event, mice received propranolol injection to block the noradrenergic system during memory reconsolidation. Results show that, in the “city-like” test, control mice strongly avoided the shock compartment but also the compartments containing cues associated with the electric shocks. Injection of propranolol after reactivation greatly reduced the memory of the traumatic event, but this effect was not present when mice had received pre- or postnatal stress. Moreover, propranolol produced only a very weak effect in the fear conditioning test, and never changed the corticosterone level whatever the behavioral experiment. Taken together our results suggest that our new behavioural paradigm is well adapted to PTSD study in mice, and that early stress exposure may have an impact on propranolol PTSD treatment outcome. These data are critical to understanding the effect of propranolol treatment, in order to improve the therapeutic protocol currently used in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Villain
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Aïcha Benkahoul
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Birmes
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS,Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Ferry
- Centre of Research in Neuroscience Lyon—UMR CNRS 5292—INSERM U 1028—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1,Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Roullet
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Scientific advances in the last decades uncovered that memory is not a stable, fixed entity. Apparently stable memories may become transiently labile and susceptible to modifications when retrieved due to the process of reconsolidation. Here, we review the initial evidence and the logic on which reconsolidation theory is based, the wide range of conditions in which it has been reported and recent findings further revealing the fascinating nature of this process. Special focus is given to conceptual issues of when and why reconsolidation happen and its possible outcomes. Last, we discuss the potential clinical implications of memory modifications by reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Haubrich
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Fattore L, Piva A, Zanda MT, Fumagalli G, Chiamulera C. Psychedelics and reconsolidation of traumatic and appetitive maladaptive memories: focus on cannabinoids and ketamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017. [PMID: 29178010 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4793-4.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clinical data with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients recently stimulated interest on the potential therapeutic use of psychedelics in disorders characterized by maladaptive memories, including substance use disorders (SUD). The rationale for the use of MDMA in PTSD and SUD is being extended to a broader beneficial "psychedelic effect," which is supporting further clinical investigations, in spite of the lack of mechanistic hypothesis. Considering that the retrieval of emotional memories reactivates specific brain mechanisms vulnerable to inhibition, interference, or strengthening (i.e., the reconsolidation process), it was proposed that the ability to retrieve and change these maladaptive memories might be a novel intervention for PTSD and SUD. The mechanisms underlying MDMA effects indicate memory reconsolidation modulation as a hypothetical process underlying its efficacy. OBJECTIVE Mechanistic and clinical studies with other two classes of psychedelic substances, namely cannabinoids and ketamine, are providing data in support of a potential use in PTSD and SUD based on the modulation of traumatic and appetitive memory reconsolidation, respectively. Here, we review preclinical and clinical data on cannabinoids and ketamine effects on biobehavioral processes related to the reconsolidation of maladaptive memories. RESULTS We report the findings supporting (or not) the working hypothesis linking the potential therapeutic effect of these substances to the underlying reconsolidation process. We also proposed possible approaches for testing the use of these two classes of drugs within the current paradigm of reconsolidation memory inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Metaplasticity may be the process in common between cannabinoids and ketamine/ketamine-like substance effects on the mediation and potential manipulation of maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piva
- Sezione Farmacologia, Dipt. Diagnostica e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Policlinico Borgo Roma, P.le Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mary Tresa Zanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Sezione Farmacologia, Dipt. Diagnostica e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Policlinico Borgo Roma, P.le Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Chiamulera
- Sezione Farmacologia, Dipt. Diagnostica e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Policlinico Borgo Roma, P.le Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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Xue YX, Deng JH, Chen YY, Zhang LB, Wu P, Huang GD, Luo YX, Bao YP, Wang YM, Shaham Y, Shi J, Lu L. Effect of Selective Inhibition of Reactivated Nicotine-Associated Memories With Propranolol on Nicotine Craving. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:224-232. [PMID: 28146250 PMCID: PMC6201291 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A relapse into nicotine addiction during abstinence often occurs after the reactivation of nicotine reward memories, either by acute exposure to nicotine (a smoking episode) or by smoking-associated conditioned stimuli (CS). Preclinical studies suggest that drug reward memories can undergo memory reconsolidation after being reactivated, during which they can be weakened or erased by pharmacological or behavioral manipulations. However, translational clinical studies using CS-induced memory retrieval-reconsolidation procedures to decrease drug craving reported inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE To develop and test an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)-induced retrieval-reconsolidation procedure to decrease nicotine craving among people who smoke. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A translational rat study and human study in an academic outpatient medical center among 96 male smokers (aged 18- 45 years) to determine the association of propranolol administration within the time window of memory reconsolidation (after retrieval of the nicotine-associated memories by nicotine UCS exposure) with relapse to nicotine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and operant nicotine seeking in rats, and measures of preference to nicotine-associated CS and nicotine craving among people who smoke. INTERVENTION The study rats were injected noncontingently with the UCS (nicotine 0.15 mg/kg, subcutaneous) in their home cage, and the human study participants administered a dose of propranolol (40 mg, per os; Zhongnuo Pharma). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Nicotine CPP and operant nicotine seeking in rats, and preference and craving ratings for newly learned and preexisting real-life nicotine-associated CS among people who smoke. RESULTS Sixty-nine male smokers completed the experiment and were included for statistical analysis: 24 in the group that received placebo plus 1 hour plus UCS, 23 who received propranolol plus 1 hour plus UCS, and 22 who received UCS plus 6 hours plus propranolol. In rat relapse models, propranolol injections administered immediately after nicotine UCS-induced memory retrieval inhibited subsequent nicotine CPP and operant nicotine seeking after short (CPP, d = 1.72, 95% CI, 0.63-2.77; operant seeking, d = 1.61, 95% CI, 0.59-2.60) or prolonged abstinence (CPP, d = 1.46, 95% CI, 0.42-2.47; operant seeking: d = 1.69, 95% CI, 0.66-2.69), as well as nicotine priming-induced reinstatement of nicotine CPP (d = 1.28, 95% CI, 0.27-2.26) and operant nicotine seeking (d = 1.61, 95% CI, 0.59-2.60) after extinction. Among the smokers, oral propranolol administered prior to nicotine UCS-induced memory retrieval decreased subsequent nicotine preference induced by newly learned nicotine CS (CS1, Cohen d = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.02-1.19 and CS2, d = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.10-1.28, respectively), preexisting nicotine CS (d = 0.57, 95% CI, -0.02 to 1.15), and nicotine priming (CS1, d = 0.82, 95% CI, 0.22-1.41 and CS2, d = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.18-1.37, respectively; preexisting nicotine CS, d = 0.92, 95% CI, 0.31-1.52), as well as nicotine craving induced by the preexisting nicotine CS (d = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.05-1.22), and nicotine priming (d = 1.15, 95% CI, 0.52-1.76). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In rat-to-human translational study, a novel UCS-induced memory retrieval-reconsolidation interference procedure inhibited nicotine craving induced by exposure to diverse nicotine-associated CS and nicotine itself. This procedure should be studied further in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hui Deng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China2Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Yun Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China2Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bo Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng-Di Huang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Luo
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China2Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China2Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Peking University, Beijing, China3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China5Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Cocaine Seeking During Initial Abstinence Is Driven by Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Signaling in Hippocampus in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:408-418. [PMID: 27515792 PMCID: PMC5399231 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence for sex differences in cocaine addiction from both clinical and preclinical studies. In particular, preclinical studies indicate that females may be more sensitive than males to stress-induced drug seeking. The dorsal hippocampus (DH) is prominently involved in the stress response, as are the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) and dorsal raphe serotonin (DR 5-HT) systems. Moreover, DH receives strong inputs from LC-NE and DR 5-HT neurons. We hypothesized that the stress associated with non-reinforced drug seeking during early abstinence (on extinction day 1 (ED1)) may contribute to drug seeking via β-adrenergic and 5-HT neurotransmission in DH. We observed decreased drug-seeking behavior on ED1 following 10 mg/kg S-propranolol (β-adrenergic and 5-HT1A/1B receptor antagonist), R-propranolol (5-HT1A/1B receptor antagonist), or racemic propranolol in both male and female rats. ED1 increased Fos expression in DH, LC, and DR, and DH Fos was decreased by systemic S-propranolol. Based on these results, we investigated the effects of blocking 5-HT and β-adrenoceptor transmission in DH on drug seeking during ED1 by infusing a cocktail of WAY100635 plus GR127935 (5-HT1A/1B receptor antagonists), betaxolol plus ICI-118 551 (β1 and β2 antagonists), or S-propranolol alone. In males, WAY100635/GR127935 was most effective in reducing drug-seeking on ED1, whereas betaxolol/ICI-118 551 was ineffective. In contrast, S-propranolol was most effective in females in reducing drug seeking on ED1, and WAY100635/GR127935 and betaxolol/ICI-118 551 were each partially effective. Our results indicate that drug seeking during initial abstinence involves 5-HT and β-adrenergic signaling in female DH, but only 5-HT signaling in male DH.
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Kroes MCW, Schiller D, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA. Translational Approaches Targeting Reconsolidation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 28:197-230. [PMID: 27240676 PMCID: PMC5646834 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive learned responses and memories contribute to psychiatric disorders that constitute a significant socio-economic burden. Primary treatment methods teach patients to inhibit maladaptive responses, but do not get rid of the memory itself, which explains why many patients experience a return of symptoms even after initially successful treatment. This highlights the need to discover more persistent and robust techniques to diminish maladaptive learned behaviours. One potentially promising approach is to alter the original memory, as opposed to inhibiting it, by targeting memory reconsolidation. Recent research shows that reactivating an old memory results in a period of memory flexibility and requires restorage, or reconsolidation, for the memory to persist. This reconsolidation period allows a window for modification of a specific old memory. Renewal of memory flexibility following reactivation holds great clinical potential as it enables targeting reconsolidation and changing of specific learned responses and memories that contribute to maladaptive mental states and behaviours. Here, we will review translational research on non-human animals, healthy human subjects, and clinical populations aimed at altering memories by targeting reconsolidation using biological treatments (electrical stimulation, noradrenergic antagonists) or behavioural interference (reactivation-extinction paradigm). Both approaches have been used successfully to modify aversive and appetitive memories, yet effectiveness in treating clinical populations has been limited. We will discuss that memory flexibility depends on the type of memory tested and the brain regions that underlie specific types of memory. Further, when and how we can most effectively reactivate a memory and induce flexibility is largely unclear. Finally, the development of drugs that can target reconsolidation and are safe for use in humans would optimize cross-species translations. Increasing the understanding of the mechanism and limitations of memory flexibility upon reactivation should help optimize efficacy of treatments for psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn C W Kroes
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Daniela Schiller
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Joseph E LeDoux
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Phelps
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
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Chopin MV, Peretti CS, Gisquet-Verrier P, Hoffmann C, Belaïd A, Chouinard G. Cocaine Use Disorder Treated with Specific Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Adjunctive Propranolol. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2016; 85:61-3. [PMID: 26610313 DOI: 10.1159/000441036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effects of Prereactivation Propranolol on Cocaine Craving Elicited by Imagery Script/Cue Sets in Opioid-dependent Polydrug Users: A Randomized Study. J Addict Med 2016; 9:491-8. [PMID: 26501788 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relapse to drug misuse may follow exposure to drug cues that elicit craving. The learned associations, or "emotional memories," that underlie responses to cues may be attenuated or erased by the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol during a "reconsolidation window" shortly after the memories are reactivated by cues. METHODS We evaluated the effects of propranolol on cue-induced drug cravings in healthy opioid-dependent individuals who used cocaine while receiving methadone maintenance (n = 33). Participants were asked to recall specific cocaine use and neutral events in an interview; these events were used to develop personalized auditory script/cue sets. Approximately 1 week later, propranolol (40 mg) or placebo (random assignment, double blind) was administered orally before presentation of the script/cue sets; the presentation of the script/cue sets were tested 1 week and 5 weeks after the propranolol/placebo session. Ongoing drug use was monitored via urine screens and self-report in twice-weekly visits. RESULTS Cue reactivity, as assessed by craving scales and physiological responses, was unexpectedly greater in the propranolol group than in the placebo group. This counterhypothesized group difference was present acutely during propranolol administration and seemed to persist (without reaching statistical significance) during the subsequent test sessions. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the use of propranolol for cue-induced cocaine craving in opioid-maintained patients.
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Dunbar AB, Taylor JR. Inhibition of protein synthesis but not β-adrenergic receptors blocks reconsolidation of a cocaine-associated cue memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:391-8. [PMID: 27421890 PMCID: PMC4947232 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042838.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously consolidated memories have the potential to enter a state of lability upon memory recall, during which time the memory can be altered before undergoing an additional consolidation-like process and being stored again as a long-term memory. Blocking reconsolidation of aberrant memories has been proposed as a potential treatment for psychiatric disorders including addiction. Here we investigated of the effect of systemically administering the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol on reconsolidation. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, during which each lever press resulted in the presentation of a cue paired with an intravenous infusion of cocaine. After undergoing lever press extinction to reduce operant responding, the cue memory was reactivated and rats were administered systemic injections of propranolol, cycloheximide, or vehicle. Post-reactivation cycloheximide, but not propranolol, resulted in a reactivation-dependent decrease in cue-induced reinstatement, indicative of reconsolidation blockade by protein synthesis inhibition. The present data indicate that systemically targeting protein synthesis as opposed to the β-adrenergic system may more effectively attenuate the reconsolidation of a drug-related memory and decrease drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Dunbar
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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23
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Different components of conditioned food aversion memory. Brain Res 2016; 1642:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Villain H, Benkahoul A, Drougard A, Lafragette M, Muzotte E, Pech S, Bui E, Brunet A, Birmes P, Roullet P. Effects of Propranolol, a β-noradrenergic Antagonist, on Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:49. [PMID: 27014009 PMCID: PMC4789536 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory reconsolidation impairment using the β-noradrenergic receptor blocker propranolol is a promising novel treatment avenue for patients suffering from pathogenic memories, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, in order to better inform targeted treatment development, the effects of this compound on memory need to be better characterized via translational research. We examined the effects of systemic propranolol administration in mice undergoing a wide range of behavioral tests to determine more specifically which aspects of the memory consolidation and reconsolidation are impaired by propranolol. We found that propranolol (10 mg/kg) affected memory consolidation in non-aversive tasks (object recognition and object location) but not in moderately (Morris water maze (MWM) to highly (passive avoidance, conditioned taste aversion) aversive tasks. Further, propranolol impaired memory reconsolidation in the most and in the least aversive tasks, but not in the moderately aversive task, suggesting its amnesic effect was not related to task aversion. Moreover, in aquatic object recognition and location tasks in which animals were forced to behave (contrary to the classic versions of the tasks); propranolol did not impair memory reconsolidation. Taken together our results suggest that the memory impairment observed after propranolol administration may result from a modification of the emotional valence of the memory rather than a disruption of the contextual component of the memory trace. This is relevant to the use of propranolol to block memory reconsolidation in individuals with PTSD, as such a treatment would not erase the traumatic memory but only reduce the emotional valence associated with this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Villain
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
| | - Aïcha Benkahoul
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Drougard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Lafragette
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Muzotte
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Pech
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Bui
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alain Brunet
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Birmes
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Roullet
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse, France
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Biased signalling: the instinctive skill of the cell in the selection of appropriate signalling pathways. Biochem J 2015; 470:155-67. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) are members of a family of proteins which are generally regarded as the largest group of therapeutic drug targets. Ligands of GPCRs do not usually activate all cellular signalling pathways linked to a particular seven-transmembrane receptor in a uniform manner. The fundamental idea behind this concept is that each ligand has its own ability, while interacting with the receptor, to activate different signalling pathways (or a particular set of signalling pathways) and it is this concept which is known as biased signalling. The importance of biased signalling is that it may selectively activate biological responses to favour therapeutically beneficial signalling pathways and to avoid adverse effects. There are two levels of biased signalling. First, bias can arise from the ability of GPCRs to couple to a subset of the available G-protein subtypes: Gαs, Gαq/11, Gαi/o or Gα12/13. These subtypes produce the diverse effects of GPCRs by targeting different effectors. Secondly, biased GPCRs may differentially activate G-proteins or β-arrestins. β-Arrestins are ubiquitously expressed and function to terminate or inhibit classic G-protein signalling and initiate distinct β-arrestin-mediated signalling processes. The interplay of G-protein and β-arrestin signalling largely determines the cellular consequences of the administration of GPCR-targeted drugs. In the present review, we highlight the particular functionalities of biased signalling and discuss its biological effects subsequent to GPCR activation. We consider that biased signalling is potentially allowing a choice between signalling through ‘beneficial’ pathways and the avoidance of ‘harmful’ ones.
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Pachas GN, Gilman J, Orr SP, Hoeppner B, Carlini SV, Loebl T, Nino J, Pitman RK, Evins AE. Single dose propranolol does not affect physiologic or emotional reactivity to smoking cues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1619-28. [PMID: 25413896 PMCID: PMC4404704 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking cue exposure reactivates salient smoking-related memories, triggering craving to smoke, a phenomenon associated with maintenance of smoking behavior and relapse after periods of abstinence. Acute β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol reduces physiologic reactivity during subsequent recollection of traumatic events by inhibiting reconsolidation of reactivated memories in a process called memory reconsolidation blockade. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine whether a single dose of propranolol prior to retrieval of smoking-related memories reduces subsequent physiologic reactivity to personally salient smoking imagery scripts in current smokers. METHODS Fifty-four overnight-abstinent, adult smokers received a single-dose propranolol or placebo prior to reactivation of smoking-related memories in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and resumed smoking afterward. One week later, skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), left corrugator electromyogram (EMG), self-reported emotional state, and craving were assessed following script-driven imagery with neutral and personalized smoking-related scripts. RESULTS Smoking scripts were associated with increased physiologic activation (SC, HR, EMG), craving, and negative emotional state compared with neutral scripts. Propranolol did not moderate the effect of script type on any outcome. CONCLUSION Personalized smoking script-driven imagery robustly increased physiologic activation, negative emotional state, and craving, and a single dose of propranolol prior to memory reactivation did not moderate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys N. Pachas
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jodi Gilman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Scott P. Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Bettina Hoeppner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sara V. Carlini
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Tsafrir Loebl
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Johanna Nino
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Roger K. Pitman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - A. Eden Evins
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
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Stress-induced increases in depression-like and cocaine place-conditioned behaviors are reversed by disruption of memories during reconsolidation. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 25:599-608. [PMID: 25083575 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive behavioral responses characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorders are notably resistant to treatment. We hypothesized that the pharmacological disruption of memories activated during reconsolidation might reverse established stress-induced increases in depression-like behaviors and cocaine reward. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to repeated social defeat stress (SDS), and examined for time spent immobile in a subsequent forced swim test (FST). An additional set of SDS-exposed mice were place-conditioned with cocaine, and tested for cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP). All stress-exposed mice were then subjected to a single additional trial of SDS while under the influence of propranolol or cycloheximide to disrupt memory reconsolidation, then given one additional FST or CPP test the next day. Mice subjected to repeated SDS subsequently demonstrated increases in time spent immobile in the FST or in the cocaine-paired chamber. Vehicle-treatment followed by additional SDS exposure did not alter these behaviors, but propranolol or cycloheximide treatment reversed each of the potentiated responses in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these results demonstrate that while repeated exposure to a social defeat stressor subsequently increased depression-like behavior and cocaine-CPP, disruption of traumatic memories made labile by re-exposure to SDS during reconsolidation may have therapeutic value in the treatment of established post-traumatic stress disorder-related behaviors.
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Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis posits that a G protein-coupled signaling pathway mediates β-adrenergic nervous system functions, including learning and memory. Here we report that memory retrieval (reactivation) induces the activation of β1-adrenergic β-arrestin signaling in the brain, which stimulates ERK signaling and protein synthesis, leading to postreactivation memory restabilization. β-Arrestin2-deficient mice exhibit impaired memory reconsolidation in object recognition, Morris water maze, and cocaine-conditioned place preference paradigms. Postreactivation blockade of both brain β-adrenergic Gs protein- and β-arrestin-dependent pathways disrupts memory reconsolidation. Unexpectedly, selective blockade of the Gs/cAMP/PKA signaling but not the β-arrestin/ERK signaling by the biased β-adrenergic ligands does not inhibit reconsolidation. Moreover, the expression of β-arrestin2 in the entorhinal cortex of β-arrestin 2-deficient mice rescues β1-adrenergic ERK signaling and reconsolidation in a G protein pathway-independent manner. We demonstrate that β-arrestin-biased signaling regulates memory reconsolidation and reveal the potential for β-arrestin-biased ligands in the treatment of memory-related disorders.
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Noradrenergic regulation of fear and drug-associated memory reconsolidation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:793-803. [PMID: 25315025 PMCID: PMC4330497 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotional and traumatic experiences lead to the development of particularly strong memories that can drive neuropsychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and drug addiction. Disruption of these memories would therefore serve as a powerful treatment option, and targeting the pathologic emotional, but not declarative, component of a memory would be ideal for clinical intervention. Research reveals that after retrieval of a consolidated memory, the memory can be destabilized, and must then be reconsolidated through synaptic plasticity to allow subsequent retrieval. Disruption of reconsolidation-related plasticity would therefore impair specific, reactivated memories. Noradrenergic signaling strengthens synaptic plasticity and is essential for encoding the emotional components of memory. Consistent with this, investigations have now revealed that noradrenergic signaling is a critical mechanism for reconsolidation of emotional memories in rodent and human models. Here, we discuss these investigations and promising clinical trials indicating that disruption of noradrenergic signaling during reconsolidation may abolish the pathologic emotional, but not declarative, component of memories allowing alleviation of neuropsychiatric disorders including PTSD and drug addiction.
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Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by intrusive, distracting, and disturbing memories that either perpetuate the illness or hinder successful treatment. For example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves such strong reemergence of memories associated with a traumatic event that the individual feels like the event is happening again. Furthermore, drug addiction is characterized by compulsive use and repeated relapse that is often driven by internal memories of drug use and/or by exposure to external stimuli that were associated with drug use. Therefore, identifying pharmacological methods to weaken the strength of maladaptive memories is a major goal of research efforts aimed at finding new treatments for these disorders. The primary mechanism by which memories could be pharmacologically disrupted or altered is through manipulation of memory reconsolidation. Reconsolidation occurs when an established memory is remembered or reactivated, reentering a labile state before again being consolidated into long-term memory storage. Memories are subject to disruption during this labile state. In this chapter we will discuss the preclinical and clinical studies identifying potential pharmacological methods for disrupting the integrity of maladaptive memory to treat mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kim JH, Lawrence AJ. Drugs currently in Phase II clinical trials for cocaine addiction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1105-22. [PMID: 24773297 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.915312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for treating cocaine addiction; thus, developing drugs to treat cocaine dependence is an unmet critical need. Fortunately, there are a number of drugs that are currently in Phase II clinical trial/s. This is due in part to the advances from in vivo imaging in humans which provided a roadmap of the neurochemistry of the cocaine-dependent brain. Most drugs currently in Phase II clinical trials attempt to modulate the disturbed neurochemistry in cocaine dependents to resemble those of healthy individuals. These predominantly modulate dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA or noradrenaline signalling. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the therapeutic potential of each drug as evidenced by clinical and preclinical studies. It also discusses their utility in terms of bioavailability and half-life. EXPERT OPINION Amphetamine salts and topiramate clearly stand out in terms of their potential efficacy in treating cocaine addiction. The efficacy of topiramate was closely associated with regular cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), which highlights the importance of a combined effort to promote abstinence and enhance retention via CBT. Cognitive/psychological screening appears necessary for a more symptom-based approach with more reasonable outcomes other than abstinence (e.g., improved quality of life) in treating cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Kim
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Behavioural Neuroscience Division , Parkville, VIC 3052 , Australia
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Agren T. Human reconsolidation: a reactivation and update. Brain Res Bull 2014; 105:70-82. [PMID: 24397965 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The reconsolidation hypothesis states that memories, when reactivated, enter a transient, labile state followed by a re-stabilization termed reconsolidation. By affecting the reconsolidation process, memory persistence can be influenced, leading to memory enhancement or decrement. This is a time-dependent process and the result of modulating reconsolidation is present only after the reconsolidation process is completed. Historically, reconsolidation research has been performed on non-human animals, since the methods originally used for reconsolidation disruption are not safe. However, there now exist several techniques safe for humans, and consequently, in recent years, papers on human reconsolidation have emerged. Here, the existing literature on human reconsolidation is reviewed and discussed, including studies on fear memories, appetitive memories, procedural memories, and declarative memories. Methods of memory reactivation are compared between studies, and the consistency and lack of consistency in results over reactivation methods and memory types are discussed. These results provide future challenges, both experimental and clinical, in defining the boundary conditions and mechanisms governing the reconsolidation phenomenon. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Memory Enhancement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Agren
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wu Y, Li Y, Yang X, Sui N. Differential effect of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism in basolateral amygdala on reconsolidation of aversive and appetitive memories associated with morphine in rats. Addict Biol 2014; 19:5-15. [PMID: 22458530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative emotional experiences induced by addictive drugs play an important role in the development of dysfunctional drug-related memory, which becomes resistant to extinction and contributes to high rate of relapse. Those memories may undergo a process called reconsolidation that in some cases can be disrupted by pharmacological treatment. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has been shown to mediate the reconsolidation of drug-related appetitive memory, but its role in withdrawal-related aversive memory remains elusive. The present study used conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigms to investigate the role of BLA and its noradrenergic receptors in reconsolidation of morphine-associated emotional memory in rats. We found that inhibition of protein synthesis in BLA disrupted the reconsolidation of morphine CPP (m-CPP) and CPA related to morphine withdrawal (m-CPA). A high dose of the β-noradrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (3 µg) in BLA-impaired reconsolidation of m-CPA but not m-CPP, whereas a low dose (0.3 µg) was ineffective. In contrast, neither low nor high doses of the α-noradrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (1 or 10 µg) blocked the reconsolidation of m-CPP and m-CPA. In addition, infusion of propranolol (3 µg) into nucleus accumbens after retrieval of either m-CPP or m-CPA did not affect its reconsolidation. The findings indicate that appetitive and aversive addictive memories share common neural substrates in BLA, but the specific neurotransmitter mechanism on reconsolidation of morphine-associated negative and positive memories can be dissociable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Science, China
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Reichelt AC, Lee JLC. Memory reconsolidation in aversive and appetitive settings. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:118. [PMID: 24058336 PMCID: PMC3766793 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory reconsolidation has been observed across species and in a number of behavioral paradigms. The majority of memory reconsolidation studies have been carried out in Pavlovian fear conditioning and other aversive memory settings, with potential implications for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. However, there is a growing literature on memory reconsolidation in appetitive reward-related memory paradigms, including translational models of drug addiction. While there appears to be substantial similarity in the basic phenomenon and underlying mechanisms of memory reconsolidation across unconditioned stimulus valence, there are also notable discrepancies. These arise both when comparing aversive to appetitive paradigms and also across different paradigms within the same valence of memory. We review the demonstration of memory reconsolidation across different aversive and appetitive memory paradigms, the commonalities and differences in underlying mechanisms and the conditions under which each memory undergoes reconsolidation. We focus particularly on whether principles derived from the aversive literature are applicable to appetitive settings, and also whether the expanding literature in appetitive paradigms is informative for fear memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reichelt
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
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Luo YX, Xue YX, Shen HW, Lu L. Role of amygdala in drug memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:159-73. [PMID: 23831499 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic brain disorder with the hallmark of a high rate of relapse to compulsive drug seeking and drug taking even after long-term abstinence. Addiction has been considered as an aberrant memory that has been termed "addiction memory." Drug-related memory plays a critical role in the maintenance of learned addictive behaviors and emergence of relapse. Disrupting these long-lasting memories by administering amnestic agents or other manipulations during specific phases of drug memory is a promising strategy for relapse prevention. Recent studies on the processes of drug addiction and relapse have demonstrated that the amygdala is involved in associative drug addiction learning processes. In this review, we focus on preclinical studies that used conditioned place preference and self-administration models to investigate the differential roles of the amygdala in each phase of drug-related memory, including acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation, and extinction. These studies indicate that the amygdala plays a critical role in both cue-associative learning and the expression of cue-induced relapse to drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiao Luo
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Peculiarities of Amnesia Development during Memory Reconsolidation Impairment Induced by Isolated or Combined Treatment with Neurotransmitter Receptor Antagonists. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 155:6-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Auber A, Tedesco V, Jones CE, Monfils MH, Chiamulera C. Post-retrieval extinction as reconsolidation interference: methodological issues or boundary conditions? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:631-47. [PMID: 23404065 PMCID: PMC3682675 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Memories that are emotionally arousing generally promote the survival of species; however, the systems that modulate emotional learning can go awry, resulting in pathological conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorders, phobias, and addiction. Understanding the conditions under which emotional memories can be targeted is a major research focus as the potential to translate these methods into clinical populations carries important implications. It has been demonstrated that both fear and drug-related memories can be destabilised at their retrieval and require reconsolidation to be maintained. Therefore, memory reconsolidation offers a potential target period during which the aberrant memories underlying psychiatric disorders can be disrupted. Monfils et al. (Science 324:951-955, 2009) have shown for the first time that safe information provided through an extinction session after retrieval (during the reconsolidation window) may update the original memory trace and prevent the return of fear in rats. In recent years, several authors have then tested the effect of post-retrieval extinction on reconsolidation of either fear or drug-related memories in both laboratory animals and humans. In this article, we review the literature on post-reactivation extinction, discuss the differences across studies on the methodological ground, and review the potential boundary conditions that may explain existing discrepancies and limit the potential application of post-reactivation extinction approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Auber
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab., Sect. Pharmacology, Department Public Health and Community Medicine, Univ. of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Tedesco
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab., Sect. Pharmacology, Dept. Public Health and Community Medicine, Univ. of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Christian Chiamulera
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab., Sect. Pharmacology, Dept. Public Health and Community Medicine, Univ. of Verona, Verona, Italy
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A double blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of post-retrieval propranolol on reconsolidation of memory for craving and cue reactivity in cocaine dependent humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:721-37. [PMID: 23460266 PMCID: PMC3637960 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE/OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of propranolol vs. placebo, administered immediately after a "retrieval" session of cocaine cue exposure (CCE), on craving and physiological responses occurring 24 h later during a subsequent "test" session of CCE. It was hypothesized that compared to placebo-treated cocaine-dependent (CD) individuals, propranolol-treated CD individuals would evidence attenuated craving and physiological reactivity during the test session. Secondarily, it was expected that group differences identified in the test session would be evident at a 1-week follow-up CCE session. Exploratory analyses of treatment effects on cocaine use were also performed at follow-up. METHODS CD participants received either 40 mg propranolol or placebo immediately following a "retrieval" CCE session. The next day, participants received a "test" session of CCE that was identical to the "retrieval" session except no medication was administered. Participants underwent a "follow-up" CCE session 1 week later. Craving and other reactivity measures were obtained at multiple time points during the CCE sessions. RESULTS Propranolol- vs. placebo-treated participants evidenced significantly greater attenuation of craving and cardiovascular reactivity during the test session. Analysis of the follow-up CCE session data did not reveal any group differences. Although there was no evidence of treatment effects on cocaine use during follow-up, this study was insufficiently powered to rigorously evaluate differential cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS This double-blind, placebo-controlled laboratory study provides the first evidence that propranolol administration following CCE may modulate memories for learning processes that subserve cocaine craving/cue reactivity in CD humans. Alternative interpretations of the findings were considered, and implications of the results for treatment were noted.
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The effects of N-methyl d-aspartate and B-adrenergic receptor antagonists on the reconsolidation of reward memory: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:240-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Reichelt AC, Lee JLC. Appetitive Pavlovian goal-tracking memories reconsolidate only under specific conditions. Learn Mem 2012; 20:51-60. [PMID: 23263844 DOI: 10.1101/lm.027482.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive evidence that appetitive memories undergo reconsolidation, two notable failures to observe reconsolidation have been reported: instrumental responding and goal-tracking. However, these studies do not provide conclusive evidence for a lack of memory reconsolidation due to the numerous boundary conditions that dictate whether a memory will undergo reconsolidation. In this study we sought to reexamine reconsolidation in an appetitive, Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure and the behavioral boundary conditions within which memories are destabilized and reconsolidated. This study demonstrated that a Pavlovian goal-tracking memory, previously thought to be resistant to destabilization, will undergo memory reconsolidation under discrete conditions that favor reconsolidation as opposed to extinction, and that this is dependent on the amount of training rats received. With restricted training, systemic administration of MK-801 impaired memory extinction. In contrast, with more extended training, MK-801 administration impaired memory reconsolidation. We also demonstrate that behavioral boundary conditions that exist for appetitive memory reconsolidation are much more complex than simple parametric calculations. Moreover, extinction per se is not a boundary on reconsolidation, in that MK-801 also has no behavioral effect under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reichelt
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Besnard A, Caboche J, Laroche S. Reconsolidation of memory: A decade of debate. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:61-80. [PMID: 22877586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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β-Adrenoreceptor stimulation mediates reconsolidation of social reward-related memories. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39639. [PMID: 22745800 PMCID: PMC3379988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the notion that consolidated memories become transiently unstable after retrieval and require reconsolidation to persist for later use has received strong experimental support. To date, the majority of studies on reconsolidation have focused on memories of negative emotions, while the dynamics of positive memories have been less well studied. Social play, the most characteristic social behavior displayed by young mammals, is important for social and cognitive development. It has strong rewarding properties, illustrated by the fact that it can induce conditioned place preference (CPP). In order to understand the dynamics of positive social memories, we evaluated the effect of propranolol, a β-adrenoreceptor antagonist known to influence a variety of memory processes, on acquisition, consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation of social play-induced CPP in adolescent rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Systemic treatment with propranolol, immediately before or after a CPP test (i.e. retrieval session), attenuated CPP 24 h later. Following extinction, CPP could be reinstated in saline- but not in propranolol-treated rats, indicating that propranolol treatment had persistently disrupted the CPP memory trace. Propranolol did not affect social play-induced CPP in the absence of memory retrieval or when administered 1 h or 6 h after retrieval. Furthermore, propranolol did not affect acquisition, consolidation or retrieval of social play-induced CPP. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that β-adrenergic neurotransmission selectively mediates the reconsolidation, but not other processes involved in the storage and stability of social reward-related memories in adolescent rats. These data support the notion that consolidation and reconsolidation of social reward-related memories in adolescent rats rely on distinct neural mechanisms.
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Induction of Amnesia Evoked by Impairment to Memory Reconsolidation by Glutamate or Serotonin Receptor Antagonists Is Suppressed by Protein Synthesis Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-012-9581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Sorg BA. Reconsolidation of drug memories. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1400-17. [PMID: 22342780 PMCID: PMC3526670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Persistent, unwanted memories are believed to be key contributors to drug addiction and the chronic relapse problem over the lifetime of the addict. Contrary to the long-held idea that memories are static and fixed, new studies in the last decade have shown that memories are dynamic and changeable. However, they are changeable only under specific conditions. When a memory is retrieved (reactivated), it becomes labile for a period of minutes to hours and then is reconsolidated to maintain long-term memory. Recent findings indicate that even well-established long-term memories may be susceptible to disruption by interfering with reconsolidation through delivery of certain amnestic agents during memory retrieval. Here I review the growing literature on memory reconsolidation in animal models of addiction, including sensitization, conditioned place preference and self-administration. I also discuss (a) several issues that need to be considered in interpreting the findings from reconsolidation studies and (b) future challenges and directions for memory reconsolidation studies in the field of addiction. The findings indicate promise for using this approach as a therapy for disrupting the long-lasting memories that can trigger relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Sorg
- Translational Addiction Research Center, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Program and Program in Neuroscience, Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA.
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The role of metaplasticity mechanisms in regulating memory destabilization and reconsolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1667-707. [PMID: 22484475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory allows organisms to predict future events based on prior experiences. This requires encoded information to persist once important predictors are extracted, while also being modifiable in response to changes within the environment. Memory reconsolidation may allow stored information to be modified in response to related experience. However, there are many boundary conditions beyond which reconsolidation may not occur. One interpretation of these findings is that the event triggering memory retrieval must contain new information about a familiar stimulus in order to induce reconsolidation. Presently, the mechanisms that affect the likelihood of reconsolidation occurring under these conditions are not well understood. Here we speculate on a number of systems that may play a role in protecting memory from being destabilized during retrieval. We conclude that few memories may enter a state in which they cannot be modified. Rather, metaplasticity mechanisms may serve to alter the specific reactivation cues necessary to destabilize a memory. This might imply that destabilization mechanisms can differ depending on learning conditions.
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Font L, Cunningham CL. Post-retrieval propranolol treatment does not modulate reconsolidation or extinction of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:222-30. [PMID: 22285323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The reconsolidation hypothesis posits that established emotional memories, when reactivated, become labile and susceptible to disruption. Post-retrieval injection of propranolol (PRO), a nonspecific β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, impairs subsequent retention performance of a cocaine- and a morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), implicating the noradrenergic system in the reconsolidation processes of drug-seeking behavior. An important question is whether post-retrieval PRO disrupts memory for the drug-cue associations, or instead interferes with extinction. In the present study, we evaluated the role of the β-adrenergic system on the reconsolidation and extinction of ethanol-induced CPP. Male DBA/2J mice were trained using a weak or a strong conditioning procedure, achieved by varying the ethanol conditioning dose (1 or 2 g/kg) and the number of ethanol trials (2 or 4). After acquisition of ethanol CPP, animals were given a single post-retrieval injection of PRO (0, 10 or 30 mg/kg) and tested for memory reconsolidation 24 h later. Also, after the first reconsolidation test, mice received 18 additional 15-min choice extinction tests in which PRO was injected immediately after every test. Contrary to the prediction of the reconsolidation hypothesis, a single PRO injection after the retrieval test did not modify subsequent memory retention. In addition, repeated post-retrieval administration of PRO did not interfere with extinction of CPP in mice. Overall, our data suggest that the β-adrenergic receptor does not modulate the associative processes underlying ethanol CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Font
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Gorman JM, Roose SP. The neurobiology of fear memory reconsolidation and psychoanalytic theory. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2011; 59:1201-20. [PMID: 22080504 DOI: 10.1177/0003065111427724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in both experimental neuroscience and psychoanalytic theory and technique have made it possible to consider mechanisms by which psychodynamic psychotherapies might have an impact at the cellular and molecular level. Here potential analogies are drawn between (1) the mechanisms and results of blocking the reconsolidation of conditioned fear memories in the laboratory and (2) several key aspects of psychoanalytic process. A review of the biology of conditioned fear memory, including differences between extinction and inhibition of reconsolidation, indicates that this biology may have relevance to various ways in which psychoanalytic therapy is effective. The ideas proposed here might lead to further experimental attempts to understand the molecular biology of psychoanalysis.
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Zhao X, Li Y, Peng T, Seese RR, Wang Z. Stress impairs consolidation of recognition memory after blocking drug memory reconsolidation. Neurosci Lett 2011; 501:50-4. [PMID: 21762761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When a consolidated memory is retrieved, it returns to a vulnerable state. To persist it must undergo another process, called memory reconsolidation. It has been demonstrated that disrupting the reconsolidation of a drug-specific memory is a powerful method for intervention in drug addiction. More specifically, previous studies suggested that certain types of stress can successfully disrupt reconsolidation of drug memories. While it is typically used for a single purpose, stress contributes to a myriad of different memory paradigms and processes. These additional effects of stress on unrelated memory processes are often overlooked. In this study, cold water stress was used to assess its effects on drug memory. Rats were trained to acquire methamphetamine (MA) conditioned place preference (CPP) by confining rats to a MA-paired chamber for 10min. The new object recognition task (NOR) was given before and after stress-interrupting reconsolidation of MA-induced memory. Our data demonstrate that stress impairs the consolidation process of NOR memory when it is used to block drug memory reconsolidation, while stress exhibits no effect on acquiring a new memory, suggesting potential strategies of stress for therapeutic invention in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhao
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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Alberini CM. The role of reconsolidation and the dynamic process of long-term memory formation and storage. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21436877 PMCID: PMC3056265 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the processes of memory formation and storage are exquisitely dynamic. Elucidating the nature and temporal evolution of the biological changes that accompany encoding, storage, and retrieval is key to understand memory formation. For explicit or medial temporal lobe-dependent memories that form after a discrete event and are stored for a long time, the physical changes underlying the encoding and processing of the information (memory trace or engram) remain in a fragile state for some time. However, over time, the new memory becomes increasingly resistant to disruption until it is consolidated. Retrieval or reactivation of an apparently consolidated memory can render the memory labile again, and reconsolidation is the process that occurs to mediate its restabilization. Reconsolidation also evolves with the age of the memory: Young memories are sensitive to post-reactivation disruption, but older memories are more resistant. Why does a memory become labile again if it is retrieved or reactivated? Here I suggest that the main function of reconsolidation is to contribute to the lingering consolidation process and mediate memory strengthening. I also discuss the literature and results regarding the influence of the passage of time on the reconsolidation of memory. These points have important implications for the use of reconsolidation in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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