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de Oliveira RP, Yokoyama T, Cardoso Thomaz LDS, de Andrade JS, Santos ADA, de Carvalho Mendonça V, Rosentock T, Carrera M, Medeiros P, Cruz FC, Coimbra NC, Silva RCB. Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex impairment by 5-HT2A receptor activation in the inferior colliculusis prevented by GABAA receptor blockade in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114436. [PMID: 37061200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between serotonin dysfunction and schizophrenia commenced with the discovery of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) that has high affinity for 5-HT2A receptors. Activation of these receptors produces perceptual and behavioural changes such as illusions, visual hallucinations and locomotor hyperactivity. Using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle, which is impaired in schizophrenia,we aimed to investigate:i) the existence of a direct and potentially inhibitory neural pathway between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) involved in the mediation of PPI responses by a neural tract tracing procedure;ii) if the microinjection of the 5-HT2A receptors agonist DOI in IC would activate neurons in this structure and in the PPTg by a c-Fos protein immunohistochemistry study;iii) whether the deficits in PPI responses, observed after the administration of DOI in the IC, could be prevented by the concomitant microinjection of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline in the PPTg.Male Wistar rats were used in this study. An IC-PPTg reciprocated neuronal pathway was identified by neurotracing. The number of c-Fos labelled cells was lower in the DOI group in IC and PPTg, suggesting that this decrease could be due to the high levels of GABA in both structures. The concomitant microinjections of bicuculline in PPTg and DOI in IC prevented the PPI deficit observed after the IC microinjection of DOI. Ourfindings suggest that IC 5-HT2A receptors may be at least partially involved in the regulation of inhibitory pathways mediating PPI response in IC and PPTg structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolpho Pereira de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Psychobiology of Schizophrenia, Departmentof Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street 136, Santos, 11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, - Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Santana Cardoso Thomaz
- Laboratory of Psychobiology of Schizophrenia, Departmentof Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street 136, Santos, 11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Simões de Andrade
- Laboratory of Psychobiology of Schizophrenia, Departmentof Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street 136, Santos, 11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexia Dos Anjos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, - Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Carvalho Mendonça
- Laboratory of Psychobiology of Schizophrenia, Departmentof Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street 136, Santos, 11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rosentock
- Sygnature Discovery, Department of Bioscience, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, NG1 1GR, United Kingdom
| | - Marinete Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, RibeirãoPreto Medical School of the Univertsity of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 30900, RibeirãoPreto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotion, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; InstituteofNeuroscienceandBehavior (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14050-220, São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Center for PainCare, Federal Universityof São Carlos (UFSCar), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil; Department of General and Specialized Nursing - EERP/USP RibeirãoPreto College of Nursing - USP
| | - Fábio Cardoso Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, - Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, RibeirãoPreto Medical School of the Univertsity of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 30900, RibeirãoPreto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotion, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; InstituteofNeuroscienceandBehavior (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14050-220, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Cláudia Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Psychobiology of Schizophrenia, Departmentof Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street 136, Santos, 11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil; InstituteofNeuroscienceandBehavior (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14050-220, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fedotova IB, Surina NM, Nikolaev GM, Revishchin AV, Poletaeva II. Rodent Brain Pathology, Audiogenic Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111641. [PMID: 34829870 PMCID: PMC8615954 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data which provides evidence for the internal relationship between the stages of rodent audiogenic seizures and post-ictal catalepsy with the general pattern of animal reaction to the dangerous stimuli and/or situation. The wild run stage of audiogenic seizure fit could be regarded as an intense panic reaction, and this view found support in numerous experimental data. The phenomenon of audiogenic epilepsy probably attracted the attention of physiologists as rodents are extremely sensitive to dangerous sound stimuli. The seizure proneness in this group shares common physiological characteristics and depends on animal genotype. This concept could be the new platform for the study of epileptogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina B. Fedotova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Natalia M. Surina
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Georgy M. Nikolaev
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
| | | | - Inga I. Poletaeva
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Silva C, McNaughton N. Are periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe the foundation of appetitive and aversive control? A comprehensive review. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 177:33-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Expression of aggressiveness modulates mesencephalic c-fos activation during a social interaction test in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:221-229. [PMID: 30951752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that during a social conflict, interactions are dependent on the animal's propensity to behave aggressively as well as the behavior of the opponent. However, discriminating between these two confounding factors was difficult. Recently, a Social Interaction (SI) test using photocastrated males as non-aggressive stimuli was proposed as a useful tool to evaluate aggressiveness. The avian Intercollicular- Griseum centralis complex (comparable to mammalian periaqueductal gray) has been reported as a crucial node in the descending pathways that organize behavioral and autonomic aspects of defensive responses and aggressiveness. Herein, using the SI test, we evaluated whether mesencephalic areas are activated (expressed c-fos) when photostimulated adult males are confronted with non-responsive (non-aggressive) opponents. Furthermore, we also examined whether mesencephalic activation is related to male performance during the SI test (i.e., aggressive vs. non-aggressive males) in birds reared in enriched or in standard environments. Five mesencephalic areas at two anatomic levels (intermediate and rostral) and locomotion during SI testing were studied. Aggressive males showed increased c-fos expression in all areas studied, and moved at faster speeds in comparison to their non-aggressive and control counterparts. Non-aggressive males and the test controls showed similar c-fos labeling. In general, rearing condition did not appear to influence c-fos expression nor behavior during the SI test. Findings suggest that mesencephalic activation is involved when males are actively expressing aggressive behaviors. This overall phenomenon is shown regardless of both the environmental stimuli provided during the birds´ rearing and the potentially stressful stimuli during the SI trial.
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Melleu FF, Lino-de-Oliveira C, Marino-Neto J. The mesencephalic GCt-ICo complex and tonic immobility in pigeons (Columba livia): a c-Fos study. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1253-1265. [PMID: 27447458 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tonic immobility (TI) is a response to a predator attack, or other inescapable danger, characterized by immobility, analgesia and unresponsiveness to external stimuli. In mammals, the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and deep tectal regions control the expression of TI as well as other defensive behaviors. In birds, little is known about the mesencephalic circuitry involved in the control of TI. Here, adult pigeons (both sex, n = 4/group), randomly assigned to non-handled, handled or TI groups, were killed 90 min after manipulations and the brains processed for detection of c-Fos immunoreactive cells (c-Fos-ir, marker for neural activity) in the mesencephalic central gray (GCt) and the adjacent nucleus intercollicularis (ICo). The NADPH-diaphorase staining delineated the boundaries of the sub nuclei in the ICo-GCt complex. Compared to non-handled, TI (but not handling) induced c-Fos-ir in NADPH-diaphorase-rich and -poor regions. After TI, the number of c-Fos-ir increased in the caudal and intermediate areas of the ICo (but not in the GCt), throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the dorsal stratum griseum periventriculare (SGPd) of the optic tectum and in the n. mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis (MLd), which is part of the ascending auditory pathway. These data suggest that inescapable threatening stimuli such as TI may recruit neurons in discrete areas of ICo-GCt complex, deep tectal layer and in ascending auditory circuits that may control the expression of defensive behaviors in pigeons. Additionally, data indicate that the contiguous deep tectal SCPd (but not GCt) in birds may be functionally comparable to the mammalian dorsal PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Falkenburger Melleu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - C Lino-de-Oliveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - J Marino-Neto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, EEL-CTC, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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µ- and κ-Opioid receptor activation in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter differentially modulates panic-like behaviours induced by electrical and chemical stimulation of the inferior colliculus. Brain Res 2015; 1597:168-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saito VM, Brandão ML. The benzodiazepine midazolam acts on the expression of the defensive behavior, but not on the processing of aversive information, produced by exposure to the elevated plus maze and electrical stimulations applied to the inferior colliculus of rats. Neuropharmacology 2015; 88:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sun J, Lu B, Yao J, Lei W, Huang Y, Zhang H, Xiao C. Intra-periaqueductal gray infusion of zeta inhibitory peptide attenuates pain-conditioned place avoidance in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1582:55-63. [PMID: 25065981 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a complex experience that made up of sensory, emotional and cognitive dimensions, and the emotional factors have an important influence on intensity of pain perception. The role of periaqueductal gray (PAG) in sensory component of pain has been extensively studied, while data about pain affect are quite limited. Using formalin-induced conditioned place avoidance (F-CPA) test and inflammatory pain model, present study investigated the effect of intra-PAG infusion of zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) on noxious stimulation induced aversion, and the sensory component of pain. Intra-PAG injection of ZIP is sufficient to disrupt pain-induced aversion, but the ZIP infusion did not change inflammation induced pain hypersensitivity in rats. These findings suggest that PAG contributes to pain-related aversion in rats, and the mechanism of pain emotion encoding in PAG may attribute to the activation of targets of ZIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People׳s Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo Second Hospital, Ningbo 315000, PR China
| | - Juan Yao
- Department of Anesthesia, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Weiping Lei
- Department of Anesthesia, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Yaqin Huang
- Department of Anesthesia, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People׳s Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Department of Anesthesia, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People׳s Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, PR China; Department of Anesthesia, Jiaxing First Hospital, Jiaxing 314000, PR China.
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Distinct effects of haloperidol in the mediation of conditioned fear in the mesolimbic system and processing of unconditioned aversive information in the inferior colliculus. Neuroscience 2014; 261:195-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nobre MJ. Changes on auditory physiology in response to the inactivation of amygdala nuclei in high anxiety rats expressing learned fear. Physiol Behav 2013; 118:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Rostral ventromedial medulla connections in Cavia porcellus and their relation with tonic immobility defensive behavior: A biotinylated dextran amine neurotracing study. Neurosci Lett 2013; 535:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Homberg JR. Serotonergic modulation of conditioned fear. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:821549. [PMID: 24278743 PMCID: PMC3820492 DOI: 10.6064/2012/821549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conditioned fear plays a key role in anxiety disorders as well as depression and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Understanding how neuromodulators drive the associated learning and memory processes, including memory consolidation, retrieval/expression, and extinction (recall), is essential in the understanding of (individual differences in vulnerability to) these disorders and their treatment. The human and rodent studies I review here together reveal, amongst others, that acute selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment facilitates fear conditioning, reduces contextual fear, and increases cued fear, chronic SSRI treatment reduces both contextual and cued fear, 5-HT1A receptors inhibit the acquisition and expression of contextual fear, 5-HT2A receptors facilitates the consolidation of cued and contextual fear, inactivation of 5-HT2C receptors facilitate the retrieval of cued fear memory, the 5-HT3 receptor mediates contextual fear, genetically induced increases in serotonin levels are associated with increased fear conditioning, impaired cued fear extinction, or impaired extinction recall, and that genetically induced 5-HT depletion increases fear conditioning and contextual fear. Several explanations are presented to reconcile seemingly paradoxical relationships between serotonin levels and conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R. Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, Route 126, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Mickley GA, Wilson GN, Remus JL, Ramos L, Ketchesin KD, Biesan OR, Luchsinger JR, Prodan S. Periaqueductal gray c-Fos expression varies relative to the method of conditioned taste aversion extinction employed. Brain Res 2011; 1423:17-29. [PMID: 22000083 PMCID: PMC3207248 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is acquired when an animal consumes a novel taste (CS) and then experiences the symptoms of poisoning (US). Following CTA training, animals will avoid the taste that was previously associated with malaise. This defensive reaction to a learned fear can be extinguished by repeated exposure to the CS alone (CS-only; CSO-EXT). However, following a latency period in which the CS is not presented, the CTA will spontaneously recover (SR). Through the use of an explicitly unpaired extinction procedure (EU-EXT) we have shown that we can speed up extinction and attenuate SR of the CTA. Here we compared and contrasted the ability of CSO and EU extinction procedures to affect c-Fos expression in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Fluid-deprived Sprague-Dawley rats acquired a strong CTA [via 3 pairings of 0.3% oral saccharin (SAC; the CS) and 81mg/kg i.p. lithium chloride (LiCl; the US)] followed by extinction trials consisting of multiple exposures to either, (a) the CS every-other day (CSO-EXT), or (b) CS and US on alternate days (EU-EXT). A different group of rats did not receive multiple CS exposures and served as a "no extinction" (NE) control. Both extinction procedures resulted in ≥90% reacceptance of SAC (achieving asymptotic extinction). Some of the animals were sacrificed for c-Fos immunohistochemical analysis following asymptotic extinction. Other rats entered a 30-day latency period where they drank water only. These remaining animals were then tested for SR with a final exposure to SAC before being sacrificed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. As reported previously, rats in the CS-only group exhibited a significant SR of the CTA. However, animals in the EU extinction group reached asymptotic extinction more rapidly than did CSO rats and they did not show SR of the CTA. As compared to rats that retained their CTA, both groups of extinguished rats showed suppression in the number of c-Fos-labeled neurons in all 4 longitudinal columns of the PAG. The number of c-Fos-labeled cells in the PAG was generally low but there was a reliable increase in c-Fos expression in dorsolateral PAG (dlPAG) following the SR test in the brains of rats that went through the EU-EXT procedure as compared with those that either went through the more-traditional CSO extinction procedure or experienced no extinction at all. The number of c-Fos-labeled neurons in the dlPAG was significantly correlated with the amount of SAC consumed at the SR test. Surprisingly, the brains of EU-extinguished rats and CSO extinguished rats did not differ in the number of c-Fos-labeled neurons in gustatory neocortex, medial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, or the central nucleus of the amygdala. Thus, behavioral differences in SR between the EU and CSO extinction animals were not represented by corresponding changes in the neural activity of several brain nuclei classically associated with extinction learning. However a detailed analysis of PAG c-Fos expression provided hints about some of the physiological changes evoked by these 2 extinction paradigms that produce very different behavioral outcomes. The findings are clinically relevant as we seek the development of treatments for deficits in fear extinction (e.g. PTSD, phobias).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Andrew Mickley
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Gina N. Wilson
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Remus
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Linnet Ramos
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Orion R. Biesan
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Joseph R. Luchsinger
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Suzanna Prodan
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
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Nobre MJ, Brandão ML. Modulation of auditory-evoked potentials recorded in the inferior colliculus by GABAergic mechanisms in the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala in high- and low-anxiety rats. Brain Res 2011; 1421:20-9. [PMID: 21963315 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Jorge Nobre
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil.
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Fontes MAP, Xavier CH, de Menezes RCA, Dimicco JA. The dorsomedial hypothalamus and the central pathways involved in the cardiovascular response to emotional stress. Neuroscience 2011; 184:64-74. [PMID: 21435377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress elicits increases in sympathetic activity accompanied by a marked cardiovascular response. Revealing the relevant central mechanisms involved in this phenomenon could contribute significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis of stress-related cardiovascular diseases, and the key to this understanding is the identification of the nuclei, pathways and neurotransmitters involved in the organization of the cardiovascular response to stress. The present review will focus specifically on the dorsomedial hypothalamus, a brain region now known to play a primary role in the synaptic integration underlying the cardiovascular response to emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A P Fontes
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Mercader J, Iffiú-Soltész Z, Bour S, Carpéné C. Oral Administration of Semicarbazide Limits Weight Gain together with Inhibition of Fat Deposition and of Primary Amine Oxidase Activity in Adipose Tissue. J Obes 2011; 2011:475786. [PMID: 21331292 PMCID: PMC3038600 DOI: 10.1155/2011/475786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme hitherto named semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), involved in the oxidation of primary amines, is abundantly expressed in adipocytes. Although SSAO physiological functions remain unclear, several molecules inhibiting its activity have been described to limit fat accumulation in preadipocyte cultures or to reduce body weight gain in obese rodents. Here, we studied whether oral administration of semicarbazide, a prototypical SSAO inhibitor, limits fat deposition in mice. Prolonged treatment with semicarbazide at 0.125% in drinking water limited food and water consumption, hampered weight gain, and deeply impaired fat deposition. The adiposomatic index was reduced by 31%, while body mass was reduced by 15%. Such treatment completely inhibited SSAO, but did not alter MAO activity in white adipose tissue. Consequently, the insulin-like action of the SSAO substrate benzylamine on glucose transport was abolished in adipocytes from semicarbazide-drinking mice, while their insulin sensitivity was not altered. Although semicarbazide is currently considered as a food contaminant with deleterious effects, the SSAO inhibition it induces appears as a novel concept to modulate adipose tissue development, which is promising for antiobesity drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mercader
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1048, Equipe 3, 12MC, IFR 150, Bat. L4, CHU Rangueil, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Zsuzsa Iffiú-Soltész
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1048, Equipe 3, 12MC, IFR 150, Bat. L4, CHU Rangueil, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandy Bour
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Carpéné
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1048, Equipe 3, 12MC, IFR 150, Bat. L4, CHU Rangueil, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
- *Christian Carpéné:
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17
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Nobre M, Cabral A, Brandão M. GABAergic regulation of auditory sensory gating in low- and high-anxiety rats submitted to a fear conditioning procedure. Neuroscience 2010; 171:1152-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Recent findings obtained in patients with phobias or trauma-related anxiety disorders raise doubts concerning the interrelation between acute fear relief during an exposure-based therapeutic session and beneficial treatment progress. In a mouse model explicit for exposure therapy, we challenge the view that within-session fear reduction is the turning point for relearning of a stimulus-threat association. Even though within-session extinction of auditory-cued fear memory was identical for prolonged and spaced tone presentations, only the latter caused between-session extinction. Furthermore, spaced tone presentations led to between-session extinction even in the complete absence of within-session extinction, as observed for remote fear memories and in case of abolished cannabinoid receptor type 1 signaling. Induction of between-session extinction was accompanied by an increase in the number of c-Fos-positive neurons within the basolateral amygdala, the cingulate cortex, and the dentate gyrus, independent of the level of within-session extinction. Together, our findings demonstrate that within-session extinction is neither sufficient nor essential for between-session extinction, thus calling for a reconsideration of current concepts underlying exposure-based therapies.
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19
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Albrechet-Souza L, Borelli K, Carvalho M, Brandão M. The anterior cingulate cortex is a target structure for the anxiolytic-like effects of benzodiazepines assessed by repeated exposure to the elevated plus maze and Fos immunoreactivity. Neuroscience 2009; 164:387-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Almada RC, Borelli KG, Albrechet-Souza L, Brandão ML. Serotonergic mechanisms of the median raphe nucleus–dorsal hippocampus in conditioned fear: Output circuit involves the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2009; 203:279-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Macedo CE, Angst MJ, Guiberteau T, Brasse D, O'Brien TJ, Sandner G. Acoustic hypersensitivity in adult rats after neonatal ventral hippocampus lesions. Behav Brain Res 2009; 207:161-8. [PMID: 19818810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rats with a bilateral neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (NVHL) are used as models of neurobiological aspects of schizophrenia. In view of their decreased number of GABAergic interneurons, we hypothesized that they would show increased reactivity to acoustic stimuli. We systematically characterized the acoustic reactivity of NVHL rats and sham operated controls. They were behaviourally observed during a loud white noise. A first cohort of 7 months' old rats was studied. Then the observations were reproduced in a second cohort of the same age after characterizing the reactivity of the same rats to dopaminergic drugs. A third cohort of rats was studied at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. In subsets of lesioned and control rats, inferior colliculus auditory evoked potentials were recorded. A significant proportion of rats (50-62%) showed aberrant audiogenic responses with explosive wild running resembling the initial phase of audiogenic seizures. This was not correlated with their well-known enhanced reactivity to dopaminergic drugs. The proportion of rats showing this strong reaction increased with rats' age. After the cessation of the noise, NVHL rats showed a long freezing period that did neither depend on the size of the lesion nor on the rats' age. The initial negative deflection of the auditory evoked potential was enhanced in the inferior colliculus of only NVHL rats that displayed wild running. Complementary anatomical investigations using X-ray scans in the living animal, and alizarin red staining of brain slices, revealed a thin layer of calcium deposit close to the medial geniculate nuclei in post-NVHL rats, raising the possibility that this may contribute to the hyper-reactivity to sounds seen in these animals. The findings of this study provide complementary information with potential relevance for the hyper-reactivity noted in patients with schizophrenia, and therefore a tool to investigate the underlying biology of this endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Macedo
- Laboratorio de Psicobiologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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22
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Cunha JM, Zanoveli JM, Ledvinka-Filho E, Brandão ML. L-allylglycine dissociates the neural substrates of fear in the periaqueductal gray of rats. Brain Res Bull 2009; 81:416-23. [PMID: 19800953 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal (dPAG) and ventral (vPAG) regions of the periaqueductal gray are well known to contain the neural substrates of fear and anxiety. Chemical or electrical stimulation of the dPAG induces freezing, followed by a robust behavioral reaction that has been considered an animal model of panic attack. In contrast, the vPAG is part of a neural system, in which immobility is the usual response to its stimulation. The defense reaction induced by the stimulation of either region is accompanied by antinociception. Although GABAergic mechanisms are known to exert tonic inhibitory control on the neural substrates of fear in the dPAG, the role of these mechanisms in the vPAG is still unclear. The present study examined defensive behaviors and antinociception induced by microinjections of an inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis, L-allylglycine (l-AG; 1, 3, and 5 microg/0.2 microl), into either the dPAG or vPAG of rats subjected to the open field and tail-flick tests. Passive or tense immobility was the predominant behavior after L-AG (1 or 3 microg) microinjection into the vPAG and dPAG, respectively, which was replaced with intense hyperactivity, including jumps or rearings, after injections of a higher dose (5 microg/0.2 microl) into the dPAG or vPAG. Moreover, whereas intra-dPAG injection of 3 microg L-AG produced intense antinociception, only weak antinociception was induced by intra-vPAG injections of 5 microg L-AG. These findings suggest that GABA mechanisms are involved in the mediation of antinociception and behavioral inhibition to aversive stimulation of the vPAG and exert powerful control over the neural substrates of fear in the dPAG to prevent a full-blown defense reaction possibly associated with panic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Maria Cunha
- Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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23
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Borelli KG, Blanchard DC, Javier LK, Defensor EB, Brandão ML, Blanchard RJ. Neural correlates of scent marking behavior in C57BL/6J mice: detection and recognition of a social stimulus. Neuroscience 2009; 162:914-23. [PMID: 19477236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mice show urinary scent marking behavior as a form of social communication. Marking to a conspecific stimulus mouse or odor varies with stimulus familiarity, indicating discrimination of novel and familiar animals. This study investigated Fos immunoreactivity in inbred C57BL/6J (C57) males following scent marking behavior in response to detection of a social stimulus, or discrimination between a familiar and an unfamiliar conspecific. In Experiment 1 C57 mice were exposed for four daily trials to an empty chamber; on a test day they were exposed to the same chamber or to a male CD-1 mouse in that chamber. Increased scent marking to the CD-1 mouse was associated with increased Fos-immunoreactive cells in the basolateral amygdala, medial amygdala, and dorsal and ventral premammillary nuclei. In Experiment 2 C57 mice were habituated to a CD-1 male for 4 consecutive days and, on the 5th day, exposed to the same CD-1 male, or to a novel CD-1 male. Mice exposed to a novel CD-1 displayed a significant increase in scent marking compared to their last exposure to the familiar stimulus, indicating discrimination of the novelty of this social stimulus. Marking to the novel stimulus was associated with enhanced activation of several telencephalic, as well as hypothalamic and midbrain, structures in which activation had not been seen in the detection paradigm (Experiment 1). These included medial prefrontal and piriform cortices, and lateral septum; the paraventricular nuclei, ventromedial nuclei, and lateral area of the hypothalamus, and the ventrolateral column of the periaqueductal gray. These data suggest that a circumscribed group of structures largely concerned with olfaction is involved in detection of a conspecific olfactory stimulus, whereas discrimination of a novel vs. a familiar conspecific stimulus engages a wider range of forebrain structures encompassing higher-order processes and potentially providing an interface between cognitions and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Borelli
- Pacific Bioscience Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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24
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Zanoveli JM, Brandão ML. The dorsal periaqueductal and basolateral amygdala are necessary for the expression of conditioned place avoidance induced by semicarbazide stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal region. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1715-21. [PMID: 18687375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is critically involved in the regulation of unconditioned and conditioned reactions to threatening stimuli. It has been suggested that a neural circuit responsible for the production of defensive behavior elicited by the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) stimulation may project through ascending fibers to forebrain structures such as the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA). The present study evaluates the involvement of the dPAG and BLA in the mediation of unconditioned and conditioned responses organized in the dPAG using the open field and the conditioned place aversion (CPA) tests. In both tests, the intra-dPAG injections of semicarbazide (SEM), an inhibitor of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, was used as unconditioned stimulus (US). Using the open field test, we examine the effects of BLA inactivation with the GABA-(A) receptor agonist muscimol (MUS) on the unconditioned fear. We also investigated, through the CPA test, the effects of BLA and/or dPAG inactivation with MUS on the acquisition and the expression of the fear conditioned response. Our results showed that intra-BLA injections of MUS did not change the unconditioned fear elicited by dPAG injections of SEM. As for the CPA test, intra-BLA and intra-dPAG injections of MUS impaired the expression of CPA behavior induced by SEM injections into the dPAG. However, this inactivation of BLA did not impair the acquisition of the CPA behavior induced by injections of SEM into the dPAG. Altogether, these findings suggest that BLA does not participate in the mediation of unconditioned fear induced by dPAG chemical stimulation or in the acquisition of CPA in which aversive stimulation of the dPAG was used as US. In contrast, our results indicate that the activation of the dPAG and BLA is essential to the expression of the conditioned aversive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina M Zanoveli
- Instituto de Neurociências & Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) 14049-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Borelli KG, Brandão ML. Effects of ovine CRF injections into the dorsomedial, dorsolateral and lateral columns of the periaqueductal gray: a functional role for the dorsomedial column. Horm Behav 2008; 53:40-50. [PMID: 17920596 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its receptor subtypes have been implicated in the regulation of endocrine, behavioral and autonomic responses to stress, fear and anxiety. Ovine CRF (oCRF) is a nonspecific CRF receptor agonist that produces anxiogenic-like effects when injected locally into the dorsal aspects of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). This structure is subdivided into four distinct longitudinal columns but their exact functional role is not fully understood. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the effects of oCRF (0.25, 0.5 and 1 microg/0.2 microL) injections into the dorsomedial (dmPAG), dorsolateral (dlPAG) and lateral (lPAG) columns of the PAG using an analysis of the exploratory behavior of rats in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. The results showed that microinjections of oCRF intra-dmPAG reduced entries and time spent in the open arms and decreased end-arm exploration and head-dipping. In contrast, oCRF intra-dlPAG or lPAG did not affect the exploratory behavior of the animals in the EPM. These findings point to a columnar specificity for the oCRF effects in the PAG, that is, it increased spatial avoidance measures of the EPM test only in the dmPAG. The proaversive effects of oCRF in the dmPAG gain further relevance when combined with previous immunohistochemical studies showing that CRF-containing projections from the periventricular hypothalamic system arch dorsomedially to the PAG, which could function as an important relay station in the midbrain tectum for avoidance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina G Borelli
- Instituto de Neurociências & Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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26
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Albrechet-Souza L, Borelli KG, Brandão ML. Activity of the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala underlies one-trial tolerance of rats in the elevated plus-maze. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 169:109-18. [PMID: 18190969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines are reduced after a single exposure of rats to elevated plus-maze test (EPM). Midazolam showed an anxioselective profile in animals submitted to one session (T1) but did not change the usual exploratory behavior of rats exposed twice (T2) to the EPM. In this study we examined further the one-trial tolerance by performing a factor analysis of the exploratory behavior of rats injected with saline before both trials as well as an immunohistochemistry study for quantification of Fos expression in encephalic structures after these sessions. Factor analysis of all behavioral categories revealed that factor 1 consisted of anxiety-related categories in T1 whereas these same behavioral categories loaded on factor 2 in T2. Risk assessment was also dissociated as it loaded stronger on T2 (factor 3) than on T1 (factor 4). Locomotor activity in T1 loaded on factor 5. Immunohistochemistry analyses showed that Fos expression predominated in limbic structures in T1 group. The medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala were the main areas activated in T2 group. These data suggest that anxiety and risk assessment behaviors change their valence across the EPM sessions. T2 is characterized by the emergence of a fear factor, more powerful risk assessment and medial prefrontal cortex activation. The amygdala functions as a switch between the anxiety-like patterns of T1 to the cognitive control of fear prevalent in T2. The EPM retest session is proposed as a tool for assessing the cognitive activity of rodents in the control of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Albrechet-Souza
- Instituto de Neurociências & Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-901 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Zanoveli JM, Ferreira-Netto C, Brandão ML. Conditioned place aversion organized in the dorsal periaqueductal gray recruits the laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the basolateral amygdala. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:127-36. [PMID: 17900567 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala-ventral periaqueductal gray circuit is crucial for the expression of contextual conditioned fear. However, little is known about the neural circuits activated when the stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) is used as unconditioned stimulus (US) in conditioned fear paradigms. The present paper examines the Fos-protein distribution in the brain of rats submitted to a conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm using the dPAG chemical stimulation with semicarbazide (SMC), an inhibitor of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, as US and the quadrant of an arena where the drug was injected as the paired neutral stimulus. Our results show that CPA associated with SMC injections caused a significant Fos labeling in the laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (LD), basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) and in the dorsomedial PAG (dmPAG). This pattern of brain activation is clearly different from the neural substrates of the classical fear conditioning reported in the literature. Moreover, this paper shows that CPA with the use of chemical stimulation of the dPAG could be used as an experimental model of panic disorder with agoraphobia in the extent that panic attacks repeatedly associated with specific contexts may turn in this condition in the clinics. This condition activates the BLA probably through the LD. Besides, it indicates that the dPAG can be the link between amygdala and the brainstem motor regions that controls CPA when dPAG stimulation is used as US instead of footshocks. From this evidence we suggest that a loop dPAG-LD-BLA-dPAG is activated during the panic disorder with agoraphobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina M Zanoveli
- Instituto de Neurociências & Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Governo RJM, Prior MJW, Morris PG, Marsden CA, Chapman V. Validation of an automated punctate mechanical stimuli delivery system designed for fMRI studies in rodents. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 163:31-7. [PMID: 17368787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly being used for animal studies studying the transmission of nociceptive information. Application of noxious mechanical stimuli is widely used for animal and human assessment of pain processing. Any accessory hardware used in animal imaging studies must, however, be sufficiently small to fit in the magnet bore diameter and be non-magnetic. We have developed a system that can apply mechanical stimuli simultaneously with fMRI. This system consists of a standardized instrument to deliver mechanical stimuli (VonFrey monofilament) and a gas-pressured mechanical transducer. These components were integrated with a computer console that controlled the period of stimuli to match acquisition scans. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that the force-stimulus transducer did not influence MRI signal to noise ratio. Mechanical stimulation of the hindpaw significantly increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal intensity in several midbrain regions involved in the processing of nociceptive information in the rat (p<0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). This system can be applied to both animal and human imaging studies and has a wide range of applications for studies of nociceptive processing.
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Ferreira-Netto C, Borelli KG, Brandão ML. Distinct Fos expression in the brain following freezing behavior elicited by stimulation with NMDA of the ventral or dorsal inferior colliculus. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:693-704. [PMID: 17289027 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) is an important relay station for ascending auditory information to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and temporal cortex. It has been reported that the ventral (ICv) and dorsal (ICd) regions of the IC are involved with the defensive reaction and audiogenic seizures, respectively. As freezing is the first response induced by stimulation of these IC nuclei with increasing doses of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), a question that arises is whether or not fear and audiogenic seizures generated at the IC level are interrelated processes. To address this issue, the Fos distribution in selected limbic structures following injections of NMDA into the ICv or ICd at freezing (7 nmol)- and escape (20 nmol)-producing doses was examined. Freezing behavior induced by intra-ICd NMDA caused an increase of Fos expression in the MGN, superior colliculus, dorsal columns of the periaqueductal gray and locus coeruleus while freezing induced by intra-ICv NMDA caused a significant Fos immunoreactivity in the prelimbic (PrL) and cingulate (Cg) cortices, basolateral and medial nuclei of the amygdala, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, cuneiform nucleus and locus coeruleus. Escape behavior induced by NMDA injections into both nuclei caused a widespread Fos labeling in all limbic structures examined in this study. These results suggest that distinct circuits underlie the freezing behavior generated at the level of ICd and ICv. This is the first study to map Fos distribution associated with the stimulation of the ICv and ICd, regions supposed to be involved with fear and audiogenic seizures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreira-Netto
- Instituto de Neurociências & Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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