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Wang D, Xiang J, He Y, Yuan M, Dong L, Ye Z, Mao W. The Mechanism and Clinical Application of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in Stroke Rehabilitation. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:828599. [PMID: 35801093 PMCID: PMC9253547 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.828599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has been widely applied in stroke rehabilitation, and most relevant studies have shown that CIMT helps improve patients' motor function. In practice, however, principal issues include inconsistent immobilization durations and methods, while incidental issues include a narrow application scope and an emotional impact. Although many studies have explored the possible internal mechanisms of CIMT, a mainstream understanding has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junlu Xiang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying He
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Dong
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenli Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medical Hospital, Chengdu, China
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2
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Zhao C, Zhao S, Guan M, Cheng X, Wang H, Liu C, Zhong S, Zhou Z, Liang Y. Forced forelimb use following stroke enhances oligodendrogenesis and functional recovery in the rat. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147016. [PMID: 32679116 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Forced limb use, which forces the use of the impaired arm following stroke, improves functional recovery. The study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of recovery underlying forced impaired limbuse. Furthermore, forced unimpaired arm use was also performed in order to explore its effect on functional behavior. We hypothesized that forced forelimb use could improve functional recovery in rats that have had an experimentally induced ischemic stroke, through promoting the recruitment and differentiation of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Indeed the proliferation of Olig2 and NG2 positive cells, as well as the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP)were increased in the perilesional striatum, whereas quantitative changes of Olig2+ and NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells was not observed in the subventricular zone. Through comparing rats forced to rely on affected or unaffected forelimb, the results demonstrated that forced impaired limb use boosted functional recovery. At the same time forced unimpaired limb use deteriorated limb movement of injured side. In addition, the expression of NogoA is reduced, when the injured limb was used more, suggesting that it played a role in the repair of white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Zhao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Meiting Guan
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xi Cheng
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Huibin Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Zhike Zhou
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yifan Liang
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Adams KV, Mahmud N, Green-Holland M, Vonderwalde I, Umebayashi D, Sachewsky N, Coles BL, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM. Constraint-induced movement therapy promotes motor recovery after neonatal stroke in the absence of neural precursor activation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1334-1349. [PMID: 33010080 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and currently available rehabilitation treatments are insufficient to promote recovery. Activating neural precursor cells (NPCs) in adult rodents, in combination with rehabilitation, can accelerate functional recovery following stroke. Here, we describe a novel method of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in a rodent model of neonatal stroke that leads to improved functional outcomes, and we asked whether the recovery was correlated with expansion of NPCs. A hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) injury was induced on postnatal day 8 (PND8) via unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by systemic hypoxia. One week and two weeks post-H/I, CIMT was administered in the form of 3 botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, which induced temporary paralysis in the unaffected limb. Functional recovery was assessed using the foot fault task. NPC proliferation was assessed using the neurosphere assay and EdU immunohistochemistry. We found that neonatal H/I injury alone expands the NPC pool by >2.5-fold relative to controls. We determined that using Botox injections as a method to provide CIMT results in significant functional motor recovery after H/I. However, CIMT does not lead to enhanced NPC activation or migration into the injured parenchyma in vivo. At the time of functional recovery, increased numbers of proliferating inflammatory cells were found within the injured motor cortex. Together, these findings suggest that NPC activation following CIMT does not account for the observed functional improvement and suggests that CIMT-mediated modification of the CNS inflammatory response may play a role in the motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neemat Mahmud
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ilan Vonderwalde
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daisuke Umebayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadia Sachewsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hume AW, Tasker RA. Endothelin-1-Induced Ischemic Damage and Functional Impairment Is Mediated Primarily by NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:349-355. [PMID: 31797304 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke accounts for 70-80% of stroke cases worldwide and survivors are frequently left with compromising sensorimotor deficits localized to one or more body regions. Most animal models of stroke involve transient or permanent occlusion of one or more major vessels such as the middle cerebral artery and are characterized by widespread damage to cortical and subcortical structures that result in deficits that can confound studies of neuroprotection and neurorehabilitation. Localized microinjections of the vasoconstricting peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) into specific brain regions are becoming increasingly popular for such studies, but the pharmacology of endothelin-induced ischemic damage is poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that NMDA receptors, and particularly those containing the NR2B subunit, are involved in ET-1-mediated excitotoxicity and functional impairment, male CD1 rats (N = 32) were pre-treated with either the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 or the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981 (or vehicle) prior to unilateral microinjections of endothelin-1 into the somatosensory cortex and striatum. Rats were then tested using 4 established tests of sensory and/or motor function over 14 days. Lesion volumes were quantified post-mortem using standard histology and image analysis. Results confirmed reproducible lesions and significant deficits in all tests in vehicle-treated rats that were significantly reduced in both drug groups but were not different between drugs, providing evidence that endothelin-induced ischemic damage is mediated almost exclusively by NR2B-containing NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hume
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - R Andrew Tasker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada. .,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Constraint induced movement therapy promotes contralesional-oriented structural and bihemispheric functional neuroplasticity after stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:201-206. [PMID: 31181321 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism behind constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in promoting motor recovery after stroke remains unclear. We explored the bilateral structural and functional reorganization of the brain induced by CIMT after left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. CIMT started on the 8th day (D8) after MCAO surgery and lasted for 3 weeks. Skilled walking was assessed by Foot-Fault tests. The efferent neuron network innervating the paralyzed forelimb was labeled by pseudorabies virus (PRV) to explore neuron recruitment. Synapsin Ⅰ was used as an indicator of the number of synapses. Additionally, C-fos expression 1 h after walking was detected to explore the activation of the brain. As a result, CIMT significantly improved skilled walking and elicited more neuron recruitment into the innervating network of a paralyzed forelimb in the contralesional rather than the ipsilesional motor cortex and red nucleus. CIMT also increased the synapse number in the contralesional cortex but there was no corresponding effect in the intact ipsilesional cortex. Furthermore, MCAO decreased ipsilesional motor cortex activation, but CIMT partially compensated for this by increasing the number of activated neurons (c-fos+) in both the left and right motor cortex. In conclusion, the contralesional motor cortex and red nucleus might play more important roles than corresponding ipsilesional regions in structural reorganization during CIMT-induced motor recovery after stroke. However, CIMT promotes bilateral motor cortex activity without a side preference.
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Liu XH, Bi HY, Cao J, Ren S, Yue SW. Early constraint-induced movement therapy affects behavior and neuronal plasticity in ischemia-injured rat brains. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:775-782. [PMID: 30688263 PMCID: PMC6375040 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy is an effective rehabilitative training technique used to improve the restoration of impaired upper extremity movement after stroke. However, whether constraint-induced movement therapy is more effective than conventional rehabilitation in acute or sub-acute stroke remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to identify the optimal time to start constraint-induced movement therapy after ischemic stroke and to explore the mechanisms by which constraint-induced movement therapy leads to post-stroke recovery. Sixty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-surgery group, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, early constraint-induced movement therapy group, and late constraint-induced movement therapy group. Rat models of left middle cerebral artery occlusion were established according to the Zea Longa line embolism method. Constraint-induced movement therapy was conducted starting on day 1 or day 14 in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups, respectively. To explore the effect of each intervention time on neuromotor function, behavioral function was assessed using a balance beam walking test before surgery and at 8 and 21 days after surgery. The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and Nogo receptor were evaluated using real time-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay to assess the effect of each intervention time. The results showed that the behavioral score was significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. At 21 days, the scores had significantly decreased in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. At 8 days, only mild pyknosis appeared in neurons of the ischemic penumbra in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was distinctly better than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group. At 21 days, only a few vacuolated cells were observed and no obvious inflammatory cells were visible in late constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was much better than at 8 days. The mRNA and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor were significantly higher, but expression levels of Nogo receptor were significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. The changes in expression levels at 21 days were larger but similar in both the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. Besides, the protein nerve growth factor level was higher in the late constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group at 21 days. These results suggest that both early (1 day) and late (14 days) constraint-induced movement therapy induces molecular plasticity and facilitates functional recovery after ischemic stroke, as illustrated by the histology. The mechanism may be associated with downregulation of Nogo receptor expression and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hua Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuo Ren
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shou-Wei Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Hu J, Li C, Hua Y, Zhang B, Gao BY, Liu PL, Sun LM, Lu RR, Wang YY, Bai YL. Constrained-induced movement therapy promotes motor function recovery by enhancing the remodeling of ipsilesional corticospinal tract in rats after stroke. Brain Res 2018; 1708:27-35. [PMID: 30471245 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), which forces the use of the impaired limb by restraining the unaffected limb, has been used extensively for the recovery of limb motor function after stroke. However, the underlying mechanism of CIMT remains unclear. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a well-known neuroimaging technique that reflects the microstructure of white matter tracts and potential changes associated with different treatments. The aim of this study is to use DTI imaging to determine how corticospinal tract (CST) fibers remodel in ischemic rats with CIMT. In the present study, rats were randomly divided into three groups: a middle cerebral artery occlusion group (MCAO), a therapeutic group (MCAO + CIMT), and a sham-operated group (sham). A plaster cast was used to restrict the unaffected limb of the rats in the MCAO + CIMT group for 14 days. The Catwalk system was used to assess the limb motor function of rats. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and the average diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the CST were quantified through DTI. The expression of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase signaling pathway (JNK) was examined after 14 days of CIMT. We found that CIMT could accelerate and enhance motor function recovery, and the MCAO + CIMT group showed significantly increased FA values in the ipsilesional posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) compared with the MCAO group. In addition, we found no significant difference in the ratio of phosphorylated-JNK/total-JNK among the three groups, whereas the expression of P-JNK decreased significantly in the chronic phase of stroke. In conclusion, CIMT-induced functional recovery following ischemic stroke through facilitation of the remodeling of ipsilesional CST, and restoration after ischemic stroke may be associated with the declining value of the ratio of P-JNK/JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Yao Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Le Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Min Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Rong Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu-Long Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Whitford M, Schearer E, Rowlett M. Effects of in home high dose accelerometer-based feedback on perceived and actual use in participants chronic post-stroke. Physiother Theory Pract 2018; 36:799-809. [DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Whitford
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric Schearer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Rowlett
- Psychology Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke patients often suffer from delayed disturbances of mood and cognition. In rodents, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in both higher order cognition and emotion. Our objective was to determine if bilateral focal ischaemic lesions restricted to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) could be used to model post-stroke anxiety and/or cognitive deficits. METHODS Groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=9) received bilateral injections of either endothelin-1 (ET-1) (400 pmol) or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) into the mPFC and were tested at various times using both a test of temporal order memory and in an elevated plus maze. Lesions were verified histologically. RESULTS ET-1 lesioned rats had reduced mobility on post-surgery day 8 that had resolved by day 29 at which time they spent significantly more time in the closed arm of the plus maze CONCLUSION: We conclude that ischaemic lesions localised to the mPFC can be used to model post-stroke anxiety in rats.
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Modo MM, Jolkkonen J, Zille M, Boltze J. Future of Animal Modeling for Poststroke Tissue Repair. Stroke 2018; 49:1099-1106. [PMID: 29669872 PMCID: PMC6013070 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.018293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Modo
- From the Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA (M.M.M.)
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (J.J.)
- Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (J.J.)
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Mönkhofer Weg, Germany (M.Z., J.B.)
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Germany (M.Z.)
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Mönkhofer Weg, Germany (M.Z., J.B.)
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de la Tremblaye PB, Benoit SM, Schock S, Plamondon H. CRHR1 exacerbates the glial inflammatory response and alters BDNF/TrkB/pCREB signaling in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia: implications for neuroprotection and cognitive recovery. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28647536 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1) blockade using Antalarmin (ANT) on the expression of markers of neuroplasticity and inflammation, as well as neuroprotection and behavioral recovery following global cerebral ischemia. Male Wistar rats (N=50) were treated with ANT (2μg/2μl; icv) or a vehicle solution prior to a sham or four vessel (4VO) occlusion. Seven days post ischemia, anxiety was assessed in the Elevated Plus Maze and Open Field tests, and fear and spatial learning in a Y-Maze Passive Avoidance Task and the Barnes Maze. Thirty days post ischemia, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor expression, hippocampal neuronal death and inflammation were determined by analyzing immunoreactivity (ir) of neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), microglia (IBA1, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1), astrocytes (GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Our findings revealed that ANT improved behavioral impairments, while conferring neuroprotection and blunting neuroinflammation in all hippocampal sub-regions post ischemia. We also observed reduced BDNF and TrkB mRNA and protein levels at the hippocampus, and increased expression at the hypothalamus and amygdala post ischemia, site-specific alterations which were regularized by pre-ischemic CRHR1 blockade. These findings support that CRHR1 actively contributes to altered brain plasticity, neuronal inflammation and injury and recovery of function following ischemic brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B de la Tremblaye
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Simon M Benoit
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sarah Schock
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8N5, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Seo H, Park CH, Choi S, Kim W, Jeon BD, Ryu S. Effects of voluntary exercise on apoptosis and cortisol after chronic restraint stress in mice. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:16-23. [PMID: 27757383 PMCID: PMC5067423 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.09.20.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To determine whether voluntary exercise (wheel running) has the potential of relieving stress. [Methods] In this study, restraint stress with or without voluntary wheel running was performed for mice housed in individual cages. A total of 21 ICR male mice were assigned into control (CON), restraint stress with voluntary exercise (RSVE), or restraint stress (RS) without voluntary exercise groups (n = 7 each). [Results] No significant difference in body weight increase was found among the three groups, although CON and RS groups had a tendency of having smaller body weight increase compared to the RSVE group. No significant difference in the expression level of liver heat shock protein 70, Bcl-2, or p53 was found among the three groups. However, caspase-3 protein level in RS group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups. Blood cortisol concentration in RS was higher (p < 0.05) than that in RSVE or CON group. It was the lowest (p < 0.05) in the RSVE group. [Conclusion] Our findings suggest that apoptosis caused by chronic restraint stress might be suppressed by voluntary exercise in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyobin Seo
- Department of Leisure Sports, Kyungpook National University, Sangju Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Hyung Park
- Department of Leisure Sports, Kyungpook National University, Sangju Republic of Korea
| | - Seokrip Choi
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Daegu Health College, Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Woocheol Kim
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Daegu Health College, Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Duk Jeon
- Department of Physical Education Leisure, Suseong College, Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Seungpil Ryu
- Department of Leisure Sports, Kyungpook National University, Sangju Republic of Korea
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13
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Chang WH, Kim H, Sun W, Kim JY, Shin YI, Kim YH. Effects of extradural cortical stimulation on motor recovery in a rat model of subacute stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:589-96. [PMID: 25735240 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrated that administering extradural cortical stimulation (ECS) to rats during the acute phase of a photothrombotic infarct enhances motor recovery. However, the effect of ECS during the subacute phase was unknown. We aimed to evaluate the effects of ECS on motor recovery in a rat model of subacute photothrombotic stroke. METHODS Photothrombotic ischemic injury to the left sensorimotor cortex (SMC) was induced in 41 male Sprague-Dawley rats using Rose-bengal dye (20 mg/kg) and cold light. The rats were randomly divided into two groups: ECS on infarcted SMC (ECS group) and no ECS on infarcted SMC (non-stimulated group). The ECS group received continuous ECS for 14 days starting from day 5 after the stroke onset. Behavioral training with the single-pellet reaching task (SPRT) was performed daily for all of the rats from the fifth day after stroke onset. After 19 days, brain sections were immunostained to allow the quantification of infarct volumes and the evaluation of the neuronal markers. RESULTS The SPRT scores showed significantly faster and greater improvement in the ECS group than in the non-stimulated group. There were no significant differences in infarct size. However, in the ECS group, significantly more doublecortin-labeled cells were identified close to the penumbra region of the cerebral cortex. CONCLUSIONS ECS in the subacute phase improved the behavior motor function in the stroke rat model, and induced a significant axonal sprouting in the peri-infarct area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hyuk Chang
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Shin
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Déziel RA, Ryan CL, Tasker RA. Ischemic lesions localized to the medial prefrontal cortex produce selective deficits in measures of executive function in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 293:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tovar-y-Romo LB, Penagos-Puig A, Ramírez-Jarquín JO. Endogenous recovery after brain damage: molecular mechanisms that balance neuronal life/death fate. J Neurochem 2015; 136:13-27. [PMID: 26376102 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal survival depends on multiple factors that comprise a well-fueled energy metabolism, trophic input, clearance of toxic substances, appropriate redox environment, integrity of blood-brain barrier, suppression of programmed cell death pathways and cell cycle arrest. Disturbances of brain homeostasis lead to acute or chronic alterations that might ultimately cause neuronal death with consequent impairment of neurological function. Although we understand most of these processes well when they occur independently from one another, we still lack a clear grasp of the concerted cellular and molecular mechanisms activated upon neuronal damage that intervene in protecting damaged neurons from death. In this review, we summarize a handful of endogenously activated mechanisms that balance molecular cues so as to determine whether neurons recover from injury or die. We center our discussion on mechanisms that have been identified to participate in stroke, although we consider different scenarios of chronic neurodegeneration as well. We discuss two central processes that are involved in endogenous repair and that, when not regulated, could lead to tissue damage, namely, trophic support and neuroinflammation. We emphasize the need to construct integrated models of neuronal degeneration and survival that, in the end, converge in neuronal fate after injury. Under neurodegenerative conditions, endogenously activated mechanisms balance out molecular cues that determine whether neurons contend toxicity or die. Many processes involved in endogenous repair may as well lead to tissue damage depending on the strength of stimuli. Signaling mediated by trophic factors and neuroinflammation are examples of these processes as they regulate different mechanisms that mediate neuronal demise including necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. In this review, we discuss recent findings on balanced regulation and their involvement in neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Tovar-y-Romo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F., México
| | - Andrés Penagos-Puig
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F., México
| | - Josué O Ramírez-Jarquín
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F., México
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Ishida A, Misumi S, Ueda Y, Shimizu Y, Cha-Gyun J, Tamakoshi K, Ishida K, Hida H. Early constraint-induced movement therapy promotes functional recovery and neuronal plasticity in a subcortical hemorrhage model rat. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:158-66. [PMID: 25700666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) promotes functional recovery of impaired forelimbs after hemiplegic strokes, including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We used a rat model of subcortical hemorrhage to compare the effects of delivering early or late CIMT after ICH. The rat model was made by injecting collagenase into the globus pallidus near the internal capsule, and then forcing rats to use the affected forelimb for 7 days starting either 1 day (early CIMT) or 17 days (late CIMT) after the lesion. Recovery of forelimb function in the skilled reaching test and the ladder stepping test was found after early-CIMT, while no significant recovery was shown after late CIMT or in the non-CIMT controls. Early CIMT was associated with greater numbers of ΔFosB-positive cells in the ipsi-lesional sensorimotor cortex layers II-III and V. Additionally, we found expression of the growth-related genes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and growth-related protein 43 (GAP-43), and abundant dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons in the sensorimotor area. Similar results were not detected in the contra-lesional cortex. In contrast to early CIMT, late CIMT failed to induce any changes in plasticity. We conclude that CIMT induces molecular and morphological plasticity in the ipsi-lesional sensorimotor cortex and facilitates better functional recovery when initiated immediately after hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Ishida
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Misumi
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Ueda
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jung Cha-Gyun
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Keigo Tamakoshi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ishida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Hideki Hida
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan.
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Kolb B, Muhammad A. Harnessing the power of neuroplasticity for intervention. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:377. [PMID: 25018713 PMCID: PMC4072970 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of the brain is its capacity to change with a wide variety of experiences, including injury. Although there are spontaneous reparative changes following injury, these changes are rarely sufficient to support significant functional recovery. Research on the basic principles of brain plasticity is leading to new approaches to treating the injured brain. We review factors that affect synaptic organization in the normal brain, evidence of spontaneous neuroplasticity after injury, and the evidence that factors including postinjury experience, pharmacotherapy, and cell-based therapies, can form the basis of rehabilitation strategies after brain injuries early in life and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Arif Muhammad
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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