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Gasparello J, d'Aversa E, Breveglieri G, Borgatti M, Finotti A, Gambari R. In vitro induction of interleukin-8 by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is inhibited in bronchial epithelial IB3-1 cells by a miR-93-5p agomiR. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108201. [PMID: 34653729 PMCID: PMC8492649 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the major clinical features of COVID-19 is a hyperinflammatory state, which is characterized by high expression of cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNF-α), chemokines (such as IL-8) and growth factors and is associated with severe forms of COVID-19. For this reason, the control of the “cytokine storm” represents a key issue in the management of COVID-19 patients. In this study we report evidence that the release of key proteins of the COVID-19 “cytokine storm” can be inhibited by mimicking the biological activity of microRNAs. The major focus of this report is on IL-8, whose expression can be modified by the employment of a molecule mimicking miR-93-5p, which is able to target the IL-8 RNA transcript and modulate its activity. The results obtained demonstrate that the production of IL-8 protein is enhanced in bronchial epithelial IB3-1 cells by treatment with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and that IL-8 synthesis and extracellular release can be strongly reduced using an agomiR molecule mimicking miR-93-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta d'Aversa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Breveglieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Research Center for Innovative Therapies of Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Research Center for Innovative Therapies of Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Research Center for Innovative Therapies of Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Italy; Italian Consortium for Biotechnologies (C.I.B.), Italy.
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Thomassen JC, Trojan T, Walz M, Vohlen C, Fink G, Rietschel E, Alejandre Alcazar MA, van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel S. Reduced neutrophil elastase inhibitor elafin and elevated transforming growth factor-β 1 are linked to inflammatory response in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00636-2020. [PMID: 34291109 PMCID: PMC8287132 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00636-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Research question Pulmonary disease progression in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by inflammation and fibrosis and aggravated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). We investigated the impact of Pa specifically on: 1) protease/antiprotease balance; 2) inflammation; and 3) the link of both parameters to clinical parameters of CF patients. Methods Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, neutrophil elastase (NE) and elastase inhibitor elafin were measured (ELISA assays), and gene expression of the NF-κB pathway was assessed (reverse transcriptase PCR) in the sputum of 60 CF patients with a minimum age of 5 years. Spirometry was assessed according to American Thoracic Society guidelines. Results Our results demonstrated the following: 1) NE was markedly increased in Pa-positive sputum, whereas elafin was significantly decreased; 2) increased IL-1β/IL-8 levels were associated with both Pa infection and reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and sputum TGF-β1 was elevated in Pa-infected CF patients and linked to an impaired lung function; and 3) gene expression of NF-κB signalling components was increased in sputum of Pa-infected patients, and these findings were positively correlated with IL-8. Conclusion Our study links Pa infection to an imbalance of NE and NE inhibitor elafin and increased inflammatory mediators. Moreover, our data demonstrate an association between high TGF-β1 sputum levels and a progress in chronic lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in CF. Controlling the excessive airway inflammation by inhibition of NE and TGF-β1 might be promising therapeutic strategies in future CF therapy and a possible complement to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Thomassen
- CF Center, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Translational Experimental Pediatrics - Experimental Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Trojan
- CF Center, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maxine Walz
- CF Center, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Vohlen
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics - Experimental Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Fink
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics - Experimental Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ernst Rietschel
- CF Center, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miguel A Alejandre Alcazar
- CF Center, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Translational Experimental Pediatrics - Experimental Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Jin Z, Zhou S, Ye H, Jiang S, Yu K, Ma Y. The mechanism of SP1/p300 complex promotes proliferation of multiple myeloma cells through regulating IQGAP1 transcription. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109434. [PMID: 31536933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research had firstly shown that MM cells overexpressed IQGAP1 gene and activated Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. But the mechanism of IQGAP1 overexpression and IQGAP1 gene transcription regulation remains uncertain. The mechanism of IQGAP1 overexpression and transcriptional regulation of IQGAP1 gene in myeloma cells was explored in the study. Through bioinformatics analysis and prediction we predicted and screened transcription factor Sp1 as a possible upstream regulator of IQGAP1.The proliferation, cell cycle and downstream ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 proteins were detected after siRNA-IQGAP1 was transfected to myeloma cells. The expression of Sp1, p300, IQGAP1, p-ERK1/2 and ERK1/2 were detected after Sp1 and p300 were inhibited or overexpressed respectively. The dual-luciferase reporter system was used to detect the activity of IQGAP1 gene promoter. CHIP was used to detect the binding of the Sp1 and IQGAP1 promoter regions.CO-IP was used to explore the interaction between Sp1 and p300.The mRNA expression levels of Sp1,p300 and IQGAP1 of the myeloma patients were detected, and the correlation analysis of their mRNA expression levels were carried out. The results showed IQGAP1-siRNA inhibits cell proliferation, cell cycle, IQGAP1 expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 protein. Inhibition of Sp1 or p300 down-regulated ERK1/2 and IQGAP1 expression; overexpression of Sp1 or p300 up-regulated ERK1/2 and IQGAP1 expression; Sp1 and p300 had a positive regulation effect on IQGAP1.Over expression of Sp1 or p300 significantly increased activity of IQGAP1 gene promoter. The transcription factor Sp1 plays a regulatory role in the IQGAP1 promoter region. There is an interaction between Sp1 and p300 in myeloma cells. The mRNA expression levels of Sp1, IQGAP1 and p300 in MM samples showed a positive correlation. In summary IQGAP1 is required for cell proliferation in MM cells, and the transcription of Sp1/p300 complex regulates expression of IQGAP1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxiang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Gastric Cancer Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xue Yuan Western Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shujuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, NanBai Xiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Haige Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, NanBai Xiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, NanBai Xiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, NanBai Xiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Yongyong Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, NanBai Xiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Bezzerri V, Piacenza F, Caporelli N, Malavolta M, Provinciali M, Cipolli M. Is cellular senescence involved in cystic fibrosis? Respir Res 2019; 20:32. [PMID: 30764828 PMCID: PMC6376730 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary disease is the main cause of the morbidity and mortality of patients affected by cystic fibrosis (CF). The lung pathology is dominated by excessive recruitment of neutrophils followed by an exaggerated inflammatory process that has also been reported to occur in the absence of apparent pathogenic infections. Airway surface dehydration and mucus accumulation are the driving forces of this process. The continuous release of reactive oxygen species and proteases by neutrophils contributes to tissue damage, which eventually leads to respiratory insufficiency. CF has been considered a paediatric problem for several decades. Nevertheless, during the last 40 years, therapeutic options for CF have been greatly improved, turning CF into a chronic disease and extending the life expectancy of patients. Unfortunately, chronic inflammatory processes, which are characterized by a substantial release of cytokines and chemokines, along with ROS and proteases, can accelerate cellular senescence, leading to further complications in adulthood. The alterations and mechanisms downstream of CFTR functional defects that can stimulate cellular senescence remain unclear. However, while there are correlative data suggesting that cellular senescence may be implicated in CF, a causal or consequential relationship between cellular senescence and CF is still far from being established. Senescence can be both beneficial and detrimental. Senescence may suppress bacterial infections and cooperate with tissue repair. Additionally, it may act as an effective anticancer mechanism. However, it may also promote a pro-inflammatory environment, thereby damaging tissues and leading to chronic age-related diseases. In this review, we present the most current knowledge on cellular senescence and contextualize its possible involvement in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Bezzerri
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nicole Caporelli
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Cipolli
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
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Farahmand L, Darvishi B, Majidzadeh-A K. Suppression of chronic inflammation with engineered nanomaterials delivering nuclear factor κB transcription factor decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1249-1261. [PMID: 28870118 PMCID: PMC8240980 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1370511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prototypical pro-inflammatory transcription factor, constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling pathway has been reported in several chronic inflammatory disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Application of decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) against NF-κB, as an effective molecular therapy approach, has brought about several promising outcomes in treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders. However, systematic administration of these genetic constructs is mostly hampered due to their instability, rapid degradation by nucleases and poor cellular uptake. Both chemical modification and application of delivery systems have shown to effectively overcome some of these limitations. Among different administered delivery systems, nanomaterials have gained much attention for delivering NF-κB decoy ODNs owing to their high loading capacity, targeted delivery and ease of synthesis. In this review, we highlight some of the most recently developed nanomaterial-based delivery systems for overcoming limitations associated with clinical application of these genetic constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farahmand
- a Recombinant Proteins Department , Motamed Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Behrad Darvishi
- a Recombinant Proteins Department , Motamed Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- b Genetics Department , Motamed Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,c Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine , AJA University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Wardwell PR, Bader RA. Immunomodulation of cystic fibrosis epithelial cells via NF-κB decoy oligonucleotide-coated polysaccharide nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1622-31. [PMID: 25087735 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway is associated with enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and is thought to play a critical role in diseases hallmarked by inflammation, including cystic fibrosis (CF). Small nucleic acids that interfere with gene expression have been proposed as promising therapeutics for a number of diseases. However, applications have been limited by low cellular penetration and a lack of stability. Nano-sized carrier systems have been suggested as a means of improving the effectiveness of nucleic acid-based treatments. In this study, we successfully coated polysialic acid-N-trimethyl chitosan (PSA-TMC) nanoparticles with NF-κΒ decoy oligonucleotides (ODNs). To demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity, the decoy ODN-coated PSA-TMC nanoparticles were administered to an in vitro model of CF generated via interleukin-1β or P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides stimulation of IB3-1 bronchial epithelial cells. While free ODN and PSA-TMC nanoparticles coated with scrambled ODNs did not have substantial impacts on the inflammatory response, the decoy ODN-coated PSA-TMC nanoparticles were able to reduce the secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, pro-inflammatory mediators of CF, by the epithelial cells, particularly at longer time points. In general, the results suggest that NF-κB decoy ODN-coated TMC-PSA nanoparticles may serve as an effective method of altering the pro-inflammatory environment associated with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Wardwell
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York, 13244; Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 121 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York, 13244
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Disruption of interleukin-1β autocrine signaling rescues complex I activity and improves ROS levels in immortalized epithelial cells with impaired cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99257. [PMID: 24901709 PMCID: PMC4047112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have elevated concentration of cytokines in sputum and a general inflammatory condition. In addition, CF cells in culture produce diverse cytokines in excess, including IL-1β. We have previously shown that IL-1β, at low doses (∼30 pM), can stimulate the expression of CFTR in T84 colon carcinoma cells, through NF-κB signaling. However, at higher doses (>2.5 ng/ml, ∼150 pM), IL-1β inhibit CFTR mRNA expression. On the other hand, by using differential display, we found two genes with reduced expression in CF cells, corresponding to the mitochondrial proteins CISD1 and MTND4. The last is a key subunit for the activity of mitochondrial Complex I (mCx-I); accordingly, we later found a reduced mCx-I activity in CF cells. Here we found that IB3-1 cells (CF cells), cultured in serum-free media, secrete 323±5 pg/ml of IL-1β in 24 h vs 127±3 pg/ml for S9 cells (CFTR-corrected IB3-1 cells). Externally added IL-1β (5 ng/ml) reduces the mCx-I activity and increases the mitochondrial (MitoSOX probe) and cellular (DCFH-DA probe) ROS levels of S9 (CFTR-corrected IB3-1 CF cells) or Caco-2/pRSctrl cells (shRNA control cells) to values comparable to those of IB3-1 or Caco-2/pRS26 cells (shRNA specific for CFTR). Treatments of IB3-1 or Caco-2/pRS26 cells with either IL-1β blocking antibody, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IKK inhibitor III (NF-κB pathway) or SB203580 (p38 MAPK pathway), restored the mCx-I activity. In addition, in IB3-1 or Caco-2/pRS26 cells, IL-1β blocking antibody, IKK inhibitor III or SB203580 reduced the mitochondrial ROS levels by ∼50% and the cellular ROS levels near to basal values. The AP-1 inhibitors U0126 (MEK1/2) or SP600125 (JNK1/2/3 inhibitor) had no effects. The results suggest that in these cells IL-1β, through an autocrine effect, acts as a bridge connecting the CFTR with the mCx-I activity and the ROS levels.
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Hentschel J, Jäger M, Beiersdorf N, Fischer N, Doht F, Michl RK, Lehmann T, Markert UR, Böer K, Keller PM, Pletz MW, Mainz JG. Dynamics of soluble and cellular inflammatory markers in nasal lavage obtained from cystic fibrosis patients during intravenous antibiotic treatment. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:82. [PMID: 24885494 PMCID: PMC4024110 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, the upper airways display the same ion channel defect as evident in the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation and infection. Recognition of the sinonasal area as a site of first and persistent infection with pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, reinforces the "one-airway" hypothesis. Therefore, we assessed the effect of systemic antibiotics against pulmonary pathogens on sinonasal inflammation. METHODS Nasal lavage fluid (NLF) from 17 CF patients was longitudinally collected prior to and during elective intravenous (i.v.) antibiotic treatment to reduce pathogen burden and resulting inflammation (median treatment time at time of analysis: 6 days). Samples were assessed microbiologically and cytologically. Cytokine and chemokine expression was measured by Cytometric Bead Array and ELISA (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MPO, MMP9, RANTES and NE). Findings were compared with inflammatory markers from NLF obtained from 52 healthy controls. RESULTS Initially, the total cell count of the NLF was significantly higher in CF patients than in controls. However after i.v. antibiotic treatment it decreased to a normal level. Compared with controls, detection frequencies and absolute concentrations of MPO, IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1β were also significantly higher in CF patients. The detection frequency of TNF was also higher. Furthermore, during i.v. therapy sinonasal concentrations of IL-6 decreased significantly (P = 0.0059), while RANTES and MMP9 levels decreased 10-fold and two-fold, respectively. PMN-Elastase, assessed for the first time in NFL, did not change during therapy. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of NLF inflammatory markers revealed considerable differences between controls and CF patients, with significant changes during systemic i.v. AB treatment within just 6 days. Thus, our data support further investigation into the collection of samples from the epithelial surface of the upper airways by nasal lavage as a potential diagnostic and research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hentschel
- CF-Centre, Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Marzaro G, Guiotto A, Borgatti M, Finotti A, Gambari R, Breveglieri G, Chilin A. Psoralen derivatives as inhibitors of NF-κB/DNA interaction: synthesis, molecular modeling, 3D-QSAR, and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1830-42. [PMID: 23414143 DOI: 10.1021/jm3009647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some new psoralen derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of NF-κB/DNA interaction, with the aim to investigate the structural determinants required to inhibit this interaction. Starting from molecular docking studies, several possible protein binding sites were proposed and several three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models were built using the docked poses of 29 (the most active psoralen in the series) as templates for alignment of the inhibitors. The selected best model was validated through the prediction of the activity of 17 novel compounds. All the experimental data agreed with the computational experiments, supporting the reliability of the computational approach. The hypothesis about the interaction with NF-κB was also supported by surface plasmon resonance based assays using compound 29. All the collected data allowed the identification of compound 29 as a potential candidate for the development of pharmaceutical strategies against the inflammatory phenotype of cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marzaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Corilagin is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappaB activity and downregulates TNF-alpha induced expression of IL-8 gene in cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:308-15. [PMID: 22561123 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Corilagin (beta-1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose), a gallotannin identified in several plants, including Phyllanthus urinaria, has been shown to exhibit versatile medicinal activities. As far as possible anti-inflammatory effects of corilagin, only few reports are available, and the potential use of corilagin as possible therapeutic molecule for cystic fibrosis has not been evaluated. In the present paper we report experiments aimed at determining the activity of corilagin on nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding to DNA target and on the expression of the major pro-inflammatory gene involved in cystic fibrosis, interleukin-8 (IL-8). Both IL-8 mRNA content and IL-8 protein secretion were analyzed in cystic fibrosis bronchial IB3-1 cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), one of the most potent pro-inflammatory agents. The data obtained demonstrate that corilagin binds to NF-kappaB, inhibits NF-kappaB/DNA interactions and affects IL-8 gene expression in TNF-alpha treated IB3-1 cells. In addition, corilagin inhibits TNF-alpha induced secretion of MCP-1 and RANTES, exhibiting low or no effect on the release of G-CSF, IL-6 and VEGF. Therefore, corilagin might be of interest for experimental anti-inflammatory therapy of cystic fibrosis.
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Finotti A, Borgatti M, Bezzerri V, Nicolis E, Lampronti I, Dechecchi M, Mancini I, Cabrini G, Saviano M, Avitabile C, Romanelli A, Gambari R. Effects of decoy molecules targeting NF-kappaB transcription factors in Cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cells: recruitment of NF-kappaB to the IL-8 gene promoter and transcription of the IL-8 gene. ARTIFICIAL DNA, PNA & XNA 2012; 3:97-296. [PMID: 22772035 PMCID: PMC3429536 DOI: 10.4161/adna.21061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the clinical features of cystic fibrosis (CF) is a deep inflammatory process, which is characterized by production and release of cytokines and chemokines, among which interleukin 8 (IL-8) represents one of the most important. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in developing therapies against CF to reduce the excessive inflammatory response in the airways of CF patients. Since transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a critical role in IL-8 expression, the transcription factor decoy (TFD) strategy might be of interest. In order to demonstrate that TFD against NF-kappaB interferes with the NF-kappaB pathway we proved, by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that treatment with TFD oligodeoxyribonucleotides of cystic fibrosis IB3–1 cells infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa leads to a decrease occupancy of the Il-8 gene promoter by NF-kappaB factors. In order to develop more stable therapeutic molecules, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) based agents were considered. In this respect PNA-DNA-PNA (PDP) chimeras are molecules of great interest from several points of view: (1) they can be complexed with liposomes and microspheres; (2) they are resistant to DNases, serum and cytoplasmic extracts; (3) they are potent decoy molecules. By using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and RT-PCR analysis we have demonstrated that (1) the effects of PDP/PDP NF-kappaB decoy chimera on accumulation of pro-inflammatory mRNAs in P.aeruginosa infected IB3–1 cells reproduce that of decoy oligonucleotides; in particular (2) the PDP/PDP chimera is a strong inhibitor of IL-8 gene expression; (3) the effect of PDP/PDP chimeras, unlike those of ODN-based decoys, are observed even in the absence of protection with lipofectamine. These informations are of great impact, in our opinion, for the development of stable molecules to be used in non-viral gene therapy of cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Finotti
- ER-GenTech and BioPharmaNet, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Gambari R. Recent patents on therapeutic applications of the transcription factor decoy approach. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 21:1755-71. [PMID: 22017413 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.629605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transcription is considered as an important target of drugs employed in biomedicine. Therefore, novel strategies to inhibit the biological effects of transcription factors (TFs) are of interest, such as targeting promoters with triple-helix-forming oligonucleotides and antisense targeting of mRNAs coding for TFs. AREAS COVERED The objective of this review is to describe studies considering inhibition of TF functions with molecules mimicking TF binding sites (transcription factor decoy approach, TFD) and to summarize the patents on possible clinical applications of this approach. EXPERT OPINION Treatment of cells with TFD molecules leads to inhibition (or activation) of genes regulated by the target transcription factors. The studies and patents on this specific issue have taken in great consideration the delivery strategy, which is a very important parameter. The TFD strategy has been proven effective in vivo. The stability of the TFD molecules in vivo should be carefully considered, as well as the possible toxicity and/or possible effects on innate and adaptive immune response. In order to improve clinical parameters, many patents suggest the use of the TFD molecules in combination with drugs already employed in therapy. We are expecting in the near future relevant clinical trials based on the TFD strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gambari
- University of Ferrara, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, ER-GenTech and BioPharmaNet, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ferrara, Italy.
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Borgatti M, Chilin A, Piccagli L, Lampronti I, Bianchi N, Mancini I, Marzaro G, Francesco dall’Acqua, Guiotto A, Gambari R. Development of a novel furocoumarin derivative inhibiting NF-κB dependent biological functions: Design, synthesis and biological effects. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4870-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Borgatti M, Mancini I, Bianchi N, Guerrini A, Lampronti I, Rossi D, Sacchetti G, Gambari R. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruit extracts and identified components alter expression of interleukin 8 gene in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell lines. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:15. [PMID: 21496221 PMCID: PMC3095539 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway pathology is a fatal, autosomal, recessive genetic disease characterized by extensive lung inflammation. After induction by TNF-α, elevated concentrations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokines (i.e. IL-8) are released from airway epithelial cells. In order to reduce the excessive inflammatory response in the airways of CF patients, new therapies have been developed and in this respect, medicinal plant extracts have been studied. In this article we have investigated the possible use of bergamot extracts (Citrus bergamia Risso) and their identified components to alter the expression of IL-8 associated with the cystic fibrosis airway pathology. Methods The extracts were chemically characterized by 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), GC-FID (gas chromatography-flame ionization detector), GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Both bergamot extracts and main detected chemical constituents were assayed for their biological activity measuring (a) cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatants released from cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cells treated with TNF-α by Bio-Plex cytokine assay; (b) accumulation of IL-8 mRNA by real-time PCR. Results The extracts obtained from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) epicarps contain components displaying an inhibitory activity on IL-8. Particularly, the most active molecules were bergapten and citropten. These effects have been confirmed by analyzing mRNA levels and protein release in the CF cellular models IB3-1 and CuFi-1 induced with TNF-α or exposed to heat-inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions These obtained results clearly indicate that bergapten and citropten are strong inhibitors of IL-8 expression and could be proposed for further studies to verify possible anti-inflammatory properties to reduce lung inflammation in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borgatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 74, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
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Tamanini A, Borgatti M, Finotti A, Piccagli L, Bezzerri V, Favia M, Guerra L, Lampronti I, Bianchi N, Dall'Acqua F, Vedaldi D, Salvador A, Fabbri E, Mancini I, Nicolis E, Casavola V, Cabrini G, Gambari R. Trimethylangelicin reduces IL-8 transcription and potentiates CFTR function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L380-90. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00129.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory response in the airway tract of patients affected by cystic fibrosis is characterized by an excessive recruitment of neutrophils to the bronchial lumina, driven by the chemokine interleukin (IL)-8. We previously found that 5-methoxypsoralen reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa -dependent IL-8 transcription in bronchial epithelial cell lines, with an IC50 of 10 μM (Nicolis E, Lampronti I, Dechecchi MC, Borgatti M, Tamanini A, Bezzerri V, Bianchi N, Mazzon M, Mancini I, Giri MG, Rizzotti P, Gambari R, Cabrini G. Int Immunopharmacol 9: 1411–1422, 2009). Here, we extended the investigation to analogs of 5-methoxypsoralen, and we found that the most potent effect is obtained with 4,6,4′-trimethylangelicin (TMA), which inhibits P. aeruginosa -dependent IL-8 transcription at nanomolar concentration in IB3–1, CuFi-1, CFBE41o−, and Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cell lines. Analysis of phosphoproteins involved in proinflammatory transmembrane signaling evidenced that TMA reduces the phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase-1 and AKT2/3, which we found indeed involved in P. aeruginosa -dependent activation of IL-8 gene transcription by testing the effect of pharmacological inhibitors. In addition, we found a docking site of TMA into NF-κB by in silico analysis, whereas inhibition of the NF-κB/DNA interactions in vitro by EMSA was observed at high concentrations (10 mM TMA). To further understand whether NF-κB pathway should be considered a target of TMA, chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed, and we observed that TMA (100 nM) preincubated in whole living cells reduced the interaction of NF-κB with the promoter of IL-8 gene. These results suggest that TMA could inhibit IL-8 gene transcription mainly by intervening on driving the recruitment of activated transcription factors on IL-8 gene promoter, as demonstrated here for NF-κB. Although the complete understanding of the mechanism of action of TMA deserves further investigation, an activity of TMA on phosphorylating pathways was already demonstrated by our study. Finally, since psoralens have been shown to potentiate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated chloride transport, TMA was tested and found to potentiate CFTR-dependent chloride efflux. In conclusion, TMA is a dual-acting compound reducing excessive IL-8 expression and potentiating CFTR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tamanini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University-Hospital, Verona
| | - Monica Borgatti
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - Alessia Finotti
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - Laura Piccagli
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - Valentino Bezzerri
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University-Hospital, Verona
| | - Maria Favia
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari
| | - Lorenzo Guerra
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | | | - Daniela Vedaldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova; and
| | - Alessia Salvador
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova; and
| | - Enrica Fabbri
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - Irene Mancini
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - Elena Nicolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University-Hospital, Verona
| | - Valeria Casavola
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari
| | - Giulio Cabrini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University-Hospital, Verona
| | - Roberto Gambari
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Mayer ML, Sheridan JA, Blohmke CJ, Turvey SE, Hancock REW. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer 3O-C12 homoserine lactone provokes hyperinflammatory responses from cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16246. [PMID: 21305014 PMCID: PMC3031552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel antiinflammatory targets to treat inflammation in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung stands to benefit patient populations suffering with this disease. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing autoinducer N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3O-C12) is an important bacterial virulence factor that has been reported to induce proinflammatory cytokine production from a variety of cell types. The goal of this study was to examine the ability of 3O-C12 to induce proinflammatory cytokine production in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells, and better understand the cellular mechanisms by which this cytokine induction occurs. 3O-C12 was found to induce higher levels of IL-6 production in the CF cell lines IB3-1 and CuFi, compared to their corresponding control cell lines C38 and NuLi. Systems biology and network analysis revealed a high predominance of over-represented innate immune pathways bridged together by calcium-dependant transcription factors governing the transcriptional responses of A549 airway cells to stimulation with 3O-C12. Using calcium-flux assays, 3O-C12 was found to induce larger and more sustained increases in intracellular calcium in IB3-1 cells compared to C38, and blocking this calcium flux with BAPTA-AM reduced the production of IL-6 by IB3-1 to the levels produced by C38. These data suggest that 3O-C12 induces proinflammatory cytokine production in airway epithelial cells in a calcium-dependent manner, and that dysregulated calcium storage or signalling in CF cells results in an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Mayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jared A. Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christoph J. Blohmke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Crovella S, Segat L, Amato A, Athanasakis E, Bezzerri V, Braggion C, Casciaro R, Castaldo G, Colombo C, Covone AE, De Rose V, Gagliardini R, Lanzara C, Minicucci L, Morgutti M, Nicolis E, Pardo F, Quattrucci S, Raia V, Ravazzolo R, Seia M, Stanzial V, Termini L, Zazzeron L, Cabrini G, Gasparini P. A polymorphism in the 5’ UTR of the DEFB1 gene is associated with the lung phenotype in F508del homozygous Italian cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:49-54. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Virtual screening against nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) of a focus library: Identification of bioactive furocoumarin derivatives inhibiting NF-κB dependent biological functions involved in cystic fibrosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8341-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mazzitelli S, Borgatti M, Breveglieri G, Gambari R, Nastruzzi C. Encapsulation of eukaryotic cells in alginate microparticles: cell signaling by TNF-alpha through capsular structure of cystic fibrosis cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 5:157-65. [PMID: 21484183 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entrapment of mammalian cells in natural or synthetic biomaterials represents an important tool for both basic and applied research in tissue engineering. For instance, the encapsulation procedures allow to physically isolate cells from the surrounding environment, after their transplantation maintaining the normal cellular physiology. The first part of the current paper describes different microencapsulation techniques including bulk emulsion technique, vibrating-nozzle procedure, gas driven mono-jet device protocol and microfluidic based approach. In the second part, the application of a microencapsulation procedure to the embedding of IB3-1 cells is also described. IB3-1 is a bronchial epithelial cell line, derived from a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient. Different experimental parameters of the encapsulation process were analyzed, including frequency and amplitude of vibration, polymer pumping rate and distance between the nozzle and the gelling bath. We have found that the microencapsulation procedure does not alter the viability of the encapsulated IB3-1 cells. The encapsulated IB3-1 cells were characterized in term of protein secretion, analysing the culture medium by Bio-Plex strategy. The analyzed factors include members of the interleukin family (IL-6), chemokines (IL-8 and MCP-1) and growth factors (G-CSF). The experiments demonstrated that most of the analyzed proteins, were secreted both by the free and encapsulated cells, even if in a different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mazzitelli
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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20
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Induction by TNF-α of IL-6 and IL-8 in cystic fibrosis bronchial IB3-1 epithelial cells encapsulated in alginate microbeads. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936184 PMCID: PMC2946646 DOI: 10.1155/2010/907964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a microencapsulation procedure for the entrapment and manipulation of IB3-1 cystic fibrosis cells. The applied method is based on generation of monodisperse droplets by a vibrational nozzle. Different experimental parameters were analyzed, including frequency and amplitude of vibration, polymer pumping rate and distance between the nozzle and the gelling bath. We have found that the microencapsulation procedure does not alter the viability of the encapsulated IB3-1 cells. The encapsulated IB3-1 cells were characterized in term of secretomic profile, analyzing the culture medium by Bio-Plex strategy. The experiments demonstrated that most of the analyzed proteins, were secreted both by the free and encapsulated cells, even if in a different extent. In order to determine the biotechnological applications of this procedure, we determined whether encapsulated IB3-1 cells could be induced to pro-inflammatory responses, after treatment with TNF-α. In this experimental set-up, encapsulated and free IB3-1 cells were treated with TNF-α, thereafter the culture media from both cell populations were collected. As expected, TNF-α induced a sharp increase in the secretion of interleukins, chemokines and growth factors. Of great interest was the evidence that induction of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 occurs also by encapsulated IB3-1 cells.
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21
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Taylor-Cousar JL, Von Kessel KA, Young R, Nichols DP. Potential of anti-inflammatory treatment for cystic fibrosis lung disease. J Inflamm Res 2010; 3:61-74. [PMID: 22096358 PMCID: PMC3218732 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s8875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening genetic disorder in Caucasians. With improved diagnosis and treatment, survival has steadily increased. Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of patients still die from respiratory failure caused by structural damage resulting from airway obstruction, recurrent infection, and inflammation. Here, we discuss the role of inflammation and the development of anti-inflammatory therapies to treat CF lung disease. The inflammatory host response is the least addressed component of CF airway disease at this time. Current challenges in both preclinical and clinical investigation make the identification of suitable anti-inflammatory drugs more difficult. Despite this, many researchers are making significant progress toward this goal and the CF research community has reason to believe that new therapies will emerge from these efforts.
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22
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Gambari R, Borgatti M, Bezzerri V, Nicolis E, Lampronti I, Dechecchi MC, Mancini I, Tamanini A, Cabrini G. Decoy oligodeoxyribonucleotides and peptide nucleic acids-DNA chimeras targeting nuclear factor kappa-B: inhibition of IL-8 gene expression in cystic fibrosis cells infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1887-94. [PMID: 20615393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a deep inflammatory process, with production and release of cytokines and chemokines, among which interleukin 8 (IL-8) represents one of the most important. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in developing therapies against IL-8, with the aim of reducing the excessive inflammatory response in the airways of CF patients. Since transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a critical role in IL-8 expression, the transcription factor decoy (TFD) strategy might be of interest. TFD is based on biomolecules mimicking the target sites of transcription factors (TFs) and able to interfere with TF activity when delivered to target cells. Here, we review the inhibitory effects of decoy oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) on expression of IL-8 gene and secretion of IL-8 by cystic fibrosis cells infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, the effects of decoy molecules based on peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are discussed. In this respect PNA-DNA-PNA (PDP) chimeras are interesting: (a) unlike PNAs, they can be complexed with liposomes and microspheres; (b) unlike oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs), they are resistant to DNAses, serum and cytoplasmic extracts; (c) unlike PNA/PNA and PNA/DNA hybrids, they are potent decoy molecules. Interestingly, PDP/PDP NF-kappaB decoy chimeras inhibit accumulation of pro-inflammatory mRNAs (including IL-8 mRNA) in P. aeruginosa infected IB3-1, cells reproducing the effects of decoy oligonucleotides. The effects of PDP/PDP chimeras, unlike ODN-based decoys, are observed even in absence of protection with lipofectamine. Since IL-8 is pivotal in pro-inflammatory processes affecting cystic fibrosis, inhibition of its functions might have a clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gambari
- ER-GenTech and BioPharmaNet, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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Naturally produced outer membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa elicit a potent innate immune response via combined sensing of both lipopolysaccharide and protein components. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3822-31. [PMID: 20605984 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00433-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prevalent opportunistic human pathogen that, like other Gram-negative pathogens, secretes outer membrane vesicles. Vesicles are complex entities composed of a subset of envelope lipid and protein components that have been observed to interact with and be internalized by host cells. This study characterized the inflammatory responses to naturally produced P. aeruginosa vesicles and determined the contribution of vesicle Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and vesicle proteins to that response. Analysis of macrophage responses to purified vesicles by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay identified proinflammatory cytokines upregulated by vesicles. Intact vesicles were shown to elicit a profoundly greater inflammatory response than the response to purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both TLR ligands LPS and flagellin contributed to specific vesicle cytokine responses, whereas the CpG DNA content of vesicles did not. Neutralization of LPS sensing demonstrated that macrophage responses to the protein composition of vesicles required the adjuvantlike activity of LPS to elicit strain specific responses. Protease treatment to remove proteins from the vesicle surface resulted in decreased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha production, indicating that the production of these specific cytokines may be linked to macrophage recognition of vesicle proteins. Confocal microscopy of vesicle uptake by macrophages revealed that vesicle LPS allows for binding to macrophage surfaces, whereas vesicle protein content is required for internalization. These data demonstrate that macrophage sensing of both LPS and protein components of outer membrane vesicles combine to produce a bacterial strain-specific response that is distinct from those triggered by individual, purified vesicle components.
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Fausther M, Pelletier J, Ribeiro CM, Sévigny J, Picher M. Cystic fibrosis remodels the regulation of purinergic signaling by NTPDase1 (CD39) and NTPDase3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L804-18. [PMID: 20190036 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00019.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway defenses are regulated by a complex purinergic signaling network located on the epithelial surfaces, where ATP stimulates the clearance of mucin and pathogens. The present study shows that the obstructive disease cystic fibrosis (CF) affects the activity, expression, and tissue distribution of two ectonucleotidases found critical for the regulation of ATP on airway surfaces: NTPDase1 and NTPDase3. Functional polarities and mRNA expression levels were determined on primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells from healthy donors and CF patients. The in vitro model of the disease was completed by exposing CF HBE cultures for 4 days to supernatant of the mucopurulent material (SMM) collected from the airways of CF patients. We report that NTPDase1 and NTPDase3 are coexpressed on HBE cultures, where they regulate physiological and excess nucleotide concentrations, respectively. In aseptic conditions, CF epithelia exhibit >50% lower NTPDase1 activity, protein, and mRNA levels than normal epithelia, whereas these parameters are threefold higher for NTPDase3. Exposure to SMM induced opposite polarity shifts of the two NTPDases on both normal and CF epithelia, apical NTPDase1 being mobilized to basolateral surfaces and bilateral NTPDase3 to the apical surface. Their immunolocalization in human tissue revealed that NTPDase1 is expressed in epithelial, inflammatory, and endothelial cells, whereas NTPDase3 is restricted to epithelial cells. Furthermore, the SMM-exposed CF HBE cultures reproduced the impact of the disease on their in vivo distribution. This study provides evidence that an extensive remodeling of the enzymatic network regulating clearance occurs in the airways of CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Fausther
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Quebec City, Canada
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Hansen C, Pressler T, Nielsen K, Jensen P, Bjarnsholt T, Høiby N. Inflammation in Achromobacter xylosoxidans infected cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros 2010; 9:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lins RX, de Assis MC, Mallet de Lima CD, Freitas C, Maciel Plotkowski MC, Saliba AM. ExoU modulates soluble and membrane-bound ICAM-1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected endothelial cells. Microbes Infect 2009; 12:154-61. [PMID: 19931407 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin injected via the type III secretion system into host cells, possesses eicosanoid-mediated proinflammatory properties due to its phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity. This report addressed the question whether ExoU may modulate the expression of adhesion molecules in host cells, therefore contributing to the recruitment of leukocyte into infected tissues. ExoU was shown to down-regulate membrane-bound ICAM-1 (mICAM-1) and up-regulate the release of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) from P. aeruginosa-infected endothelial cells. The modulation of ICAM-1 depended on the direct effect of the ExoU PLA(2) activity and involved the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. No differences in mICAM-1 and sICAM-1 mRNA levels were observed when cultures were infected with the ExoU-producing PA103 strain or the mutant PA103DeltaexoU, suggesting that ExoU may proteolytically cleave mICAM-1, producing sICAM-1 in a COX-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ximenes Lins
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia - FCM/UERJ, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87 fundos, 3 degrees andar. 20 551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Sim SH, Liu Y, Wang D, Novem V, Sivalingam SP, Thong TW, Ooi EE, Tan G. Innate immune responses of pulmonary epithelial cells to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7308. [PMID: 19806192 PMCID: PMC2751829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei, a facultative intracellular pathogen, causes systemic infection in humans with high mortality especially when infection occurs through an infectious aerosol. Previous studies indicated that the epithelial cells in the lung are an active participant in host immunity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the innate immune responses of lung epithelial cells against B. pseudomallei. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a murine lung epithelial cell line, primary lung epithelial cells and an inhalational murine infection model, we characterized the types of innate immunity proteins and peptides produced upon B. pseudomallei infection. Among a wide panel of immune components studied, increased levels of major pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha, chemokine MCP-1, and up-regulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) were observed. Inhibition assays using specific inhibitors suggested that NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK pathways were responsible for these B. pseudomallei-induced antimicrobial peptides. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the respiratory epithelial cells, which form the majority of the cells lining the epithelial tract and the lung, have important roles in the innate immune response against B. pseudomallei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Hoon Sim
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yichun Liu
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dongling Wang
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Vidhya Novem
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Tuck Weng Thong
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gladys Tan
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Piccagli L, Fabbri E, Borgatti M, Bianchi N, Bezzerri V, Mancini I, Nicolis E, Dechecchi C, Lampronti I, Cabrini G, Gambari R. Virtual Screening against p50 NF-κB Transcription Factor for the Identification of Inhibitors of the NF-κB-DNA Interaction and Expression of NF-κB Upregulated Genes. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:2024-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wu M, Audet A, Cusic J, Seeger D, Cochran R, Ghribi O. Broad DNA repair responses in neural injury are associated with activation of the IL-6 pathway in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Neurochem 2009; 111:1011-21. [PMID: 19765189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of DNA repair in the pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is still poorly understood. Here, we report that a broad range of responses by DNA repair proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of inflammatory response in rabbits fed with cholesterol-rich diet, a model system for AD. We found accumulation of oxodG DNA adduct in the brain of rabbits fed with cholesterol-enriched diets compared to control diets, which subsequently induced a broad range of DNA repair protein activities. Also, the hippocampus was identified as the primary site of oxidative DNA damage and elevated OGG1 activity. In addition, a physical interaction between XPB and OGG1 may account for a potential mechanism involving these DNA repair responses. DNA repair proteins also impact activation of various signaling cascades, including Src in response to cholesterol oxidation. Furthermore, OGG1 deficient mice showed no IL-6 activation as seen in wt mice but a drastic increase of TNF-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Thus, OGG1 may be associated with cytokine production induced by high cholesterol levels, impacting neurodegeneration. Together, our studies suggest that critical DNA repair proteins are associated with development of AD, and may serve as potential targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA.
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Xu G, Xia JH, Zhou H, Yu CZ, Zhang Y, Zuo KJ, Shi JB, Li HB. Interleukin-6 is essential for Staphylococcal exotoxin B-induced T regulatory cell insufficiency in nasal polyps. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:829-37. [PMID: 19260868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of nasal polyps is still unclear. There is increasing evidence indicating that Staphylococcal aureus (S. aureus) is associated with the formation of nasal polyps, but the mechanism has not been well documented to date. METHODS We stimulated cultured nasal polyps and turbinate tissues with Staphylococcal exotoxin B (SEB), detected the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8) and T cell cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17) in the supernatants, and evaluated mRNA expression (T-bet, GATA-3, Foxp3, and RORgammat) and frequencies of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in nasal tissues. We also evaluated the effects of blocking IL-6 with monoclonal antibodies to T cell profiles in cultured nasal tissues stimulated by SEB. RESULTS Levels of IL-6, IFN-gamma and IL-4 increased significantly in SEB-stimulated nasal polyps. Meanwhile, mRNA expressions of T-bet and GATA-3 were significantly up-regulated, while Foxp3 was inhibited and the frequencies of CD4+CD25+ Tregs were decreased after SEB stimulation. After blocking IL-6, the levels of IL-10 and Foxp3 mRNA, as well as the frequencies of CD4+CD25+ Tregs, were significantly increased, while IFN-gamma and IL-4 production and the mRNA expression of T-bet and GATA-3 were significantly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS SEB is able to modulate pro-inflammatory factors, T-helper type 1/Th2 profiles and suppress Treg activity in cultured nasal polyps, which were rescued by blocking IL-6 activity. Therefore, IL-6 is essential for SEB-induced Treg insufficiency in nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xu
- Allergy and Cancer Center, Otorhinolaryngology Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Accetta A, Corradini R, Sforza S, Tedeschi T, Brognara E, Borgatti M, Gambari R, Marchelli R. New Uracil Dimers Showing Erythroid Differentiation Inducing Activities. J Med Chem 2008; 52:87-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800982q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Accetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Corradini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tullia Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Brognara
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosangela Marchelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti, 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, and BioPhamaNet, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46- 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Fabbri E, Borgatti M, Manaresi N, Medoro G, Nastruzzi C, Di Croce S, Tosi A, Mazzitelli S, Mancini I, Guerrieri R, Gambari R. Levitation and movement of tripalmitin‐based cationic lipospheres on a dielectrophoresis‐based lab‐on‐a‐chip device. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Piccagli L, Fabbri E, Borgatti M, Bezzerri V, Mancini I, Nicolis E, Dechecchi MC, Lampronti I, Cabrini G, Gambari R. Docking of molecules identified in bioactive medicinal plants extracts into the p50 NF-kappaB transcription factor: correlation with inhibition of NF-kappaB/DNA interactions and inhibitory effects on IL-8 gene expression. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:38. [PMID: 18768082 PMCID: PMC2543017 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-8-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The transcription factor NF-kappaB is a very interesting target molecule for the design on anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic drugs. However, the application of the widely-used molecular docking computational method for the virtual screening of chemical libraries on NF-kappaB is not yet reported in literature. Docking studies on a dataset of 27 molecules from extracts of two different medicinal plants to NF-kappaB-p50 were performed with the purpose of developing a docking protocol fit for the target under study. Results We enhanced the simple docking procedure by means of a sort of combined target- and ligand-based drug design approach. Advantages of this combination strategy, based on a similarity parameter for the identification of weak binding chemical entities, are illustrated in this work with the discovery of a new lead compound for NF-kappaB. Further biochemical analyses based on EMSA were performed and biological effects were tested on the compound exhibiting the best docking score. All experimental analysis were in fairly good agreement with molecular modeling findings. Conclusion The results obtained sustain the concept that the docking performance is predictive of a biochemical activity. In this respect, this paper represents the first example of successfully individuation through molecular docking simulations of a promising lead compound for the inhibition of NF-kappaB-p50 biological activity and modulation of the expression of the NF-kB regulated IL8 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piccagli
- BioPharmaNet, ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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Blohmke CJ, Victor RE, Hirschfeld AF, Elias IM, Hancock DG, Lane CR, Davidson AGF, Wilcox PG, Smith KD, Overhage J, Hancock REW, Turvey SE. Innate immunity mediated by TLR5 as a novel antiinflammatory target for cystic fibrosis lung disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7764-73. [PMID: 18490781 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies to target lung inflammation are predicted to improve the lives of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) but specific antiinflammatory targets have not been identified. The goal of this study was to establish whether TLR5 signaling is the key molecular pathway mediating lung inflammation in CF, and to determine whether strategies to inhibit TLR5 can reduce the damaging inflammatory response. The innate immune responses were analyzed in both airway epithelial cells and primary PBMCs from CF patients and matched controls. Additionally, 151 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from CF patients were assessed for motility and capacity to activate TLR5. Blood and airway cells from CF patients produced significantly more proinflammatory cytokine than did control cells following exposure to the CF pathogens P. aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex (p < 0.001). Stimulation with pure TLR ligands demonstrated that TLR signaling appears to mediate the excessive cytokine production occurring in CF. Using complementary approaches involving both neutralizing Ab targeting TLR5 and flagellin-deficient bacteria, we established that inhibition of TLR5 abolished the damaging inflammatory response generated by CF airway cells following exposure to P. aeruginosa (p < 0.01). The potential therapeutic value of TLR5 inhibition was further supported by our demonstration that 75% of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa retained TLR5 activating capacity during chronic CF lung infection. These studies identify the innate immune receptor TLR5 as a novel antiinflammatory target for reducing damaging lung inflammation in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Blohmke
- Department of Paediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital and Child and Family Research Institute, University of Brtish Columbia, Vancouver, Britsh Columbia, Canada
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