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Zhang J, Li K, Zhang Y, Lu R, Wu S, Tang J, Xia Y, Sun J. Deletion of sorting nexin 27 suppresses proliferation in highly aggressive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:555. [PMID: 31182056 PMCID: PMC6558813 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorting Nexin 27 (SNX27) belongs to a family of sortin nexins and possesses a unique binding domain at the C-terminus which mediates protein-protein interaction in intracellular trafficking, membrane remodeling, organelle motility, and tight junctions. However, its role in cancer development, especially in vivo, remains largely unknown. METHODS We have generated a stable SNX27 knockdown clone in a highly aggressive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 using an inducible lentiviral shRNA system. Cell migration and proliferation of SNX27 knockdown (KD) cells were compared with wild-type (WT) cells by MTT and wound healing assay, respectively. The differences in colony formation between SNX27-KD and WT cells were detected by soft agar culture and matrigel 3D culture. Furthermore, tumor growth was examined in a xenograft nude mouse model using SNX27-KD and WT MDA-MB-231 cells. The critical EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) regulators were examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The wound healing assay showed that SNX27 knockdown significantly decreased cell motility and proliferation. Colony formation in soft agar showed that the SNX27 knockdown cells formed significantly fewer and smaller colonies than the parental MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blots and immunostaining showed that knockdown of SNX27 led to increased expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins, which facilitate adhesion formation and reverse EMT. EMT is a cellular program that allows polarized, immotile epithelial cells to convert to motile mesenchymal cells, promoting carcinoma invasion. The expression levels of Vimentin, the transcription factor of EMT, and tight junction protein Claudin-5, were significantly diminished in the SNX27 knockdown cells. The expression of PCNA, the cell proliferation marker, was increased in SNX27-KD cells transfected with E-cadherin siRNA. In a xenograft nude mouse model, we found that knockdown of SNX27 significantly inhibited tumor growth. The tumors from mice with SNX27-KD cells showed less proliferation compared to tumors from mice injected with wildtype cells. The increase in E-cadherin and β-catenin and decrease in Vimentin and Claudin-5 were observed in tumors of mice injected with SNX27-KD cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data have demonstrated that SNX27 plays a crucial role in tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kendy Li
- Liberal Arts & Human Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jingrong Tang
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Božič J, Stoka V, Dolenc I. Glucosamine prevents polarization of cytotoxic granules in NK-92 cells by disturbing FOXO1/ERK/paxillin phosphorylation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200757. [PMID: 30016365 PMCID: PMC6049946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is a naturally occurring derivative of glucose and an over-the-counter food additive. However, the mechanism underlying GlcN action on cells is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of GlcN on natural killer (NK) cells. We demonstrate that GlcN affects NK-92 cell cytotoxicity by altering the distribution of cathepsin C, a cysteine protease required for granzyme processing in cytotoxic granules. The relocation of cathepsin C due to GlcN was shown to be accompanied by a decrease in the intracellular enzyme activity and its extracellular secretion. Similarly, the relocation of endosomal aspartic cathepsin E was observed. Furthermore, we elucidated that repositioning of cathepsin C is a consequence of altered signaling pathways of cytotoxic granule movement. The inhibition of phosphorylation upstream and downstream of ERK by GlcN disturbed the polarized release of cytotoxic vesicles. Considerable changes in the ERK phosphorylation dynamics, but not in those of p38 kinase or JNK, were observed in the IL2-activated NK-92 cells. We found decreased phosphorylation of the transcription factor FOXO1 and simultaneous prolonged phosphorylation of ERK as well as its nuclear translocation. Additionally, a protein downstream of the ERK phosphorylation cascade, paxillin, was less phosphorylated, resulting in a diffuse distribution of cytotoxic granules. Taken together, our results suggest that dietary GlcN affects signaling pathway activation of NK-92 immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Božič
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (ID); (VS)
| | - Iztok Dolenc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (ID); (VS)
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Ghai R, Tello-Lafoz M, Norwood SJ, Yang Z, Clairfeuille T, Teasdale RD, Mérida I, Collins BM. Phosphoinositide binding by the SNX27 FERM domain regulates its localization at the immune synapse of activated T-cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:553-65. [PMID: 25472716 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.158204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) controls the endosomal-to-cell-surface recycling of diverse transmembrane protein cargos. Crucial to this function is the recruitment of SNX27 to endosomes which is mediated by the binding of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) by its phox homology (PX) domain. In T-cells, SNX27 localizes to the immunological synapse in an activation-dependent manner, but the molecular mechanisms underlying SNX27 translocation remain to be clarified. Here, we examined the phosphoinositide-lipid-binding capabilities of full-length SNX27, and discovered a new PtdInsP-binding site within the C-terminal 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domain. This binding site showed a clear preference for bi- and tri-phosphorylated phophoinositides, and the interaction was confirmed through biophysical, mutagenesis and modeling approaches. At the immunological synapse of activated T-cells, cell signaling regulates phosphoinositide dynamics, and we find that perturbing phosphoinositide binding by the SNX27 FERM domain alters the SNX27 distribution in both endosomal recycling compartments and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-enriched domains of the plasma membrane during synapse formation. Our results suggest that SNX27 undergoes dynamic partitioning between different membrane domains during immunological synapse assembly, and underscore the contribution of unique lipid interactions for SNX27 orchestration of cargo trafficking.
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Tompkins N, MacKenzie B, Ward C, Salgado D, Leidal A, McCormick C, Pohajdak B. Cytohesin-associated scaffolding protein (CASP) is involved in migration and IFN-γ secretion in Natural Killer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rincón E, de Guinoa JS, Gharbi SI, Sorzano COS, Carrasco YR, Mérida I. Translocation dynamics of sorting nexin 27 in activated T cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:776-88. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.072447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) belongs to the sorting nexin family of proteins, which participate in vesicular and protein trafficking. Similarly to all sorting nexin proteins, SNX27 has a functional PX domain that is important for endosome binding, but it is the only sorting nexin with a PDZ domain. We identified SNX27 as a partner of diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ), a negative regulator of T cell function that metabolises diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidic acid. SNX27 interacts with the DGKζ PDZ-binding motif in early/recycling endosomes in resting T cells; however, the dynamics and mechanisms underlying SNX27 subcellular localisation during T cell activation are unknown. We demonstrate that in T cells that encounter pulsed antigen-presenting cells, SNX27 in transit on early/recycling endosomes polarise to the immunological synapse. A fraction of SNX27 accumulates at the mature immunological synapse in a process that is dependent on vesicular trafficking, binding of the PX domain to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and the presence of the PDZ region. Downmodulation of expression of either SNX27 or DGKζ results in enhanced basal and antigen-triggered ERK phosphorylation. These results identify SNX27 as a PDZ-containing component of the T cell immunological synapse, and demonstrate a role for this protein in the regulation of the Ras–ERK pathway, suggesting a functional relationship between SNX27 and DGKζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rincón
- Lipid signalling Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Sáez de Guinoa
- B cell Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Severine I. Gharbi
- Lipid signalling Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos O. S. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda R. Carrasco
- B cell Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Lipid signalling Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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MacNeil AJ, Pohajdak B. Getting aGRASPon CASP: properties and role of the cytohesin‐associated scaffolding protein in immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 87:72-80. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J MacNeil
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University Nova Scotia Halifax Canada
| | - Bill Pohajdak
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University Nova Scotia Halifax Canada
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