1
|
Differences in renal cortex transcriptional profiling of wild-type and novel type B cystinuria model rats. Urolithiasis 2022; 50:279-291. [PMID: 35416493 PMCID: PMC9110498 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystinuria is a genetic disorder of cystine transport that accounts for 1–2% of all cases of renal lithiasis. It is characterized by hyperexcretion of cystine in urine and recurrent cystine lithiasis. Defective transport of cystine into epithelial cells of renal tubules occurs because of mutations of the transport heterodimer, including protein b0,+AT (encoded by SLC7A9) and rBAT (encoded by SLC3A1) linked through a covalent disulfide bond. Study generated a novel type B cystinuria rat model by artificially deleting 7 bp of Slc7a9 gene exon 3 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and those Slc7a9-deficient rats were proved to be similar with cystinuria in terms of genome, transcriptome, translation, and biologic phenotypes with no off-target editing. Subsequent comparisons of renal histopathology indicated model rats gained typical secondary changes as medullary fibrosis with no stone formation. A total of 689 DEGs (383 upregulated and 306 downregulated) were differentially expressed in the renal cortex of cystinuria rats. In accordance with the functional annotation of DEGs, the potential role of glutathione metabolism processes in the kidney of cystinuria rat model was proposed, and KEGG analysis results showed that knock-out of Slc7a9 gene triggered more biological changes which has not been studied. In short, for the first time, a rat model and its transcriptional database that mimics the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of human type B cystinuria were generated.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Garg K, Deora H, Umana GE, Palmisciano P, Scalia G, Lu B. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in stroke and cancer. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
3
|
Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cell Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050642. [PMID: 33922139 PMCID: PMC8143540 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cellular processes whereas deregulated ROS leads to the development of a diseased state in humans including cancers. Several studies have been found to be marked with increased ROS production which activates pro-tumorigenic signaling, enhances cell survival and proliferation and drives DNA damage and genetic instability. However, higher ROS levels have been found to promote anti-tumorigenic signaling by initiating oxidative stress-induced tumor cell death. Tumor cells develop a mechanism where they adjust to the high ROS by expressing elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify them while maintaining pro-tumorigenic signaling and resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, ROS manipulation can be a potential target for cancer therapies as cancer cells present an altered redox balance in comparison to their normal counterparts. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the generation and sources of ROS within tumor cells, ROS-associated signaling pathways, their regulation by antioxidant defense systems, as well as the effect of elevated ROS production in tumor progression. It will provide an insight into how pro- and anti-tumorigenic ROS signaling pathways could be manipulated during the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bao A, Ma A, Zhang H, Qiao L, Ben S, Zhou X, Zhang M. Inducible expression of heat shock protein 20 protects airway epithelial cells against oxidative injury involving the Nrf2-NQO-1 pathway. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:120. [PMID: 33088476 PMCID: PMC7574176 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein (HSP) 20 is a molecular chaperone that exerts multiple protective functions in various kinds of tissues. However, the expression of HSP20 and its specific functions in airway epithelial cells (AECs) remain elusive. RESULTS In current study, we first confirmed the inducible expression of HSP20 in mouse AECs and in a human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B cells, under different oxidant stressors. Then by establishing a HSP20-abundant mouse model with repeated low-level-ozone exposures and stimulating this model with a single high-level ozone exposure, we found that the HSP20 abundance along with its enhanced phosphorylation potentially contributed to the alleviation of oxidative injuries, evidenced by the decreases in the bodyweight reduction, the BAL neutrophil accumulation, the AECs shedding, and the BAL concentrations of albumin and E-cadherin. The biological function of HSP20 and its molecular mechanisms were further investigated in BEAS-2B cells that were transfected with HSP20-, unphosphorylatable HSP20(Ala) or empty vector plasmids prior to the stimulation of H2O2, of which its oxidant capacity has been proved to be similar with those of ozone in an air-liquid culture system. We found that the H2O2-induced intracellular ROS level and the early cell apoptosis were attenuated in the HSP20- but not HSP20(Ala)- transfected cells. The intracellular expression of NQO-1 (mRNA and protein) and the intranuclear content of Nrf2 were significantly increased in the HSP20- transfected cells but not in the HSP20(Ala)- and empty vector-transfected cells after the stimulation of H2O2. CONCLUSIONS The inducible expression of HSP20 in AECs by oxidative stress exerts protective roles against oxidative damages, which may involve the activation of the Nrf2-NQO-1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Bao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Aying Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Lihua Qiao
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suqin Ben
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Q, Liu W, Sun D, Wang C, Li Y, Bi X, Gu P, Feng H, Wu F, Hou L, Hou C, Li Y. Yinning Tablet, a hospitalized preparation of Chinese herbal formula for hyperthyroidism, ameliorates thyroid hormone-induced liver injury in rats: Regulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signals. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112602. [PMID: 32004632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hyperthyroidism is closely associated with liver injury. The preliminary clinical observation suggests that Yinning Tablet, a hospitalized preparation of traditional Chinese formula for hyperthyroidism, improves not only hyperthyroidism, but also hyperthyroidism-associated liver injury. AIM To evaluate the effect and underlying mechanisms of Yinning Tablet on thyroid hormone-induced liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female rats were orally administered L-thyroxine (1 mg/kg) once daily for 60 days, and co-treated with the carefully identified Yinning Tablet extract (0.6-2.4 g/kg) during the last 30 days. Blood and liver variables were determined enzymatically, histologically, by ELISA, radioimmunoassay, Real-Time PCR or Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Co-treatment with the extract attenuated L-thyroxine-induced increases in serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities, the ratio of liver weight to body weight, cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes, infiltrated inflammatory cells and confused structures in liver tissue, accompanied by attenuation of increased serum triiodo-l-thyronine concentration and hepatic deiodinase type I overexpression in rats. Importantly, Yinning Tablet suppressed L-thyroxine-triggered hepatic Bax, cleaved caspases-3, -8 and -9 protein overexpression, and Bcl-2 protein downregulation. Furthermore, the increases in cytochrome c protein expression, Ca2+-ATPase activity and malondialdehyde content, and decreases in activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity in liver tissue were attenuated. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that Yinning Tablet ameliorates thyroid hormone-induced liver injury in rats by regulating mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signals. Our findings go insight into the pharmacological basis of the hospitalized preparation for treatment of hyperthyroidism-associated liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenqin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Dongmei Sun
- Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Foshan, 528244, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yangxue Li
- Analysis Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Xiaoli Bi
- Analysis Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixing Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fuling Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lianbing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chuqi Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee JY, Lim W, Ham J, Kim J, You S, Song G. Ivermectin induces apoptosis of porcine trophectoderm and uterine luminal epithelial cells through loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial calcium ion overload, and reactive oxygen species generation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:144-153. [PMID: 31400776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin is a pesticide that has been used for over 30 years in livestock. Although there are a number of studies on the therapeutic potential of ivermectin, little is known about the effects of the drug during the early stage of pregnancy. In this study, we investigated the detrimental effects of ivermectin on porcine trophectoderm (pTr) and uterine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells. Ivermectin not only inhibited the proliferation of both cells via the regulation of cell cycle-associated genes, but also induced apoptosis in pTr and pLE cells. We also verified its effect on mitochondrial dysfunction as shown by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in pTr and pLE cells. As a mechanistic approach, we evaluated ivermectin-mediated cell signaling interactions including PI3K, AKT and MAPK pathways. Overall, our results suggest that constant exposure to and accumulation of ivermectin may cause abnormal fetal morphogenesis and placentation during the early stages of pregnancy. Our results may further provide a comprehensive understanding of the detrimental effects of ivermectin during pregnancy and will contribute to the establishment of a complete safety profile for ivermectin and its association with environmental pollution and public health in humans and livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ham
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An Adverse Outcome Pathway Linking Organohalogen Exposure to Mitochondrial Disease. J Toxicol 2019; 2019:9246495. [PMID: 31057609 PMCID: PMC6463576 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9246495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are pragmatic tools in human health hazard characterization and risk assessment. As such, one of the main goals of AOP development is to provide a clear, progressive, and linear mechanistic representation of pertinent toxicological key events (KEs) occurring along the different levels of biological organization. Here, we present an AOP framework that depicts how exposure to organohalogens can lead to mitochondrial disease. Organohalogens are disinfectant by-products (DBPs) found in our drinking water. Chloroform, trichloroacetic acid, and trichlorophenol were selected to represent specific types of organohalogens for the development of this AOP. Although each of these compounds contains chlorine atoms, they differ in aromaticity and solubility, which have a significant impact on their potency. This AOP consists of two main pathways, both of which are triggered by the molecular initiating event (MIE) of excessive reactive oxygen species generation. Pathway 1 details the downstream consequences of oxidative stress, which include mitochondrial DNA damage, protein aggregation, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Pathway 2 shows the KEs that result from inadequate supply of glutathione, including calcium dysregulation and ATP depletion. Pathways 1 and 2 converge at a common KE: opening of the mitochondrial membrane transition pore (mPTP). This leads to the release of cytochrome c, caspase activation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial disease. This AOP was developed according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidance, including critical consideration of the Bradford Hill criteria for Weight of Evidence assessment and key questions for evaluating confidence. The presented AOP is expected to serve as the basis for designing new toxicological tests as well as the characterization of novel biomarkers for disinfectant by-product exposure and adverse health effects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang QL, Guo C, Qi J, Ma JH, Liu FY, Lin SQ, Zhang CY, Xie WD, Zhuang JJ, Li X. Protective effects of 3β-angeloyloxy-8β, 10β-dihydroxyeremophila-7(11)-en-12, 8α-lactone on paraquat-induced oxidative injury in SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:364-376. [PMID: 29355039 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1423057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
3β-Angeloyloxy-8β,10β-dihydroxyeremophila-7(11)-en-12,8α-lactone (FJ1) inhibited effectively paraquat (PQ)-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. In this way, FJ1 was shown to reverse the PQ-induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the release of cytochrome c. The mechanism was associated with a reduction of oxidative stress, including the decrease in the levels of ROS and MDA and maintaining the activity of SOD and GSH. Taken together, findings revealed that FJ1 had protective effects against PQ-induced injury via attenuating the oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells, which suggested that FJ1 might be a candidate for further evaluation against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Wang
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | - Chao Guo
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | - Jie Qi
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | - Jia-Hui Ma
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | - Fang-Yuan Liu
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | - Shi-Qi Lin
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | - Cai-Yun Zhang
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | - Wei-Dong Xie
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
| | | | - Xia Li
- a Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China
- b School of Pharmaceutical Science , Shandong University , Jinan 250012 , China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu Q, Li M, Yang M, Yang J, Xie J, Lu X, Wang F, Chen W. α-pinene regulates miR-221 and induces G 2/M phase cell cycle arrest in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180980. [PMID: 30473536 PMCID: PMC6294613 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring compound α-pinene induces cell cycle arrest and antitumor activity. We examined effects of α-pinene on cell cycle regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) cells to establish a foundation for its development as a novel treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HepG2 cells treated with α-pinene exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition as a result of G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest. Cell cycle arrest was associated with down-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and miR-221 levels and up-regulated levels of CDKN1B/p27, γ-H2AX, phosphorylated ATM, phosphorylated Chk2 and phosphorylated p53. Our observations are consistent with a model in which α-pinene inhibits miR221 expression, which leads to G2/M-phase arrest and activation of CDKN1B/p27-CDK1 and ATM-p53-Chk2 pathways that suppress human hepatoma tumor progression. Additionally, α-pinene was found to trigger oxidative stress and induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells. α-pinene, therefore, represents a potential chemotherapeutic compound for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengdie Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiebo Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinshuo Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Province Precise Medicine and Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ismail N, Abdel–Mottaleb Y, Eissa Ahmed AA, El-Maraghy NN. Novel combination of thymoquinone and resveratrol enhances anticancer effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
11
|
Hu Y, Zhu X, Zhao R, Wang J, Song Y, Nie G, Tang H, Wang Y. Doxorubicin and paclitaxel carried by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) is superior than traditional drug-delivery methods. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018. [PMID: 29527969 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the advantages of nanomaterial methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA) encapsulated doxorubicin (D/DOX) and paclitaxel (T/TAX; mPEG-PLGA-DT) over free form of DOX and TAX (DOX/TAX). MATERIALS & METHODS Metabonomics was conducted to characterize the systemic metabolic response of allograft breast cancer model mice to mPEG-PLGA-DT and DOX/TAX treatments. RESULTS Breast tumor growth induced metabolic reprogram in serum and multiple organs. DOX/TAX treatment could ameliorate the elevated energy and nucleotides demands in some organs while mPEG-PLGA-DT treatment showed outstanding therapeutic outcomes in restoring the metabolic phenotypes of serum and kidney from tumor-bearing mice to the healthy state. CONCLUSION This investigation proved the biological advantages of mPEG-PLGA-DT over DOX/TAX in molecular level through the comparison between their metabolic responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yili Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yipeng Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Huiru Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, Metabolomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yulan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance & Atomic & Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong K, Yang C, Yan Y, Wang P, Sun Y, Wang K, Lu T, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Xing J, Dong Y. Investigation of the intracellular oxidative stress amplification, safety and anti-tumor effect of a kind of novel redox-responsive micelle. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1105-1117. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02973j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox-responsive FSST micelles with good biocompatibility can increase ROS levels in tumor cells and amplify oxidative stress, ultimately inducing apoptosis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sithara T, Arun KB, Syama HP, Reshmitha TR, Nisha P. Morin Inhibits Proliferation of SW480 Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inducing Apoptosis Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Uncoupling of Warburg Effect. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:640. [PMID: 28955240 PMCID: PMC5601037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study under investigation focuses on in vitro antiproliferative efficacy of the flavonoid morin and the mechanisms by which it inhibits the growth of colon cancer using SW480 colon cancer cells with emphasis on Warburg effect. It was found that the cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by morin in a dose and time dependent manner. Morin induced apoptosis that was correlated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species formation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential of the cells. In addition, an increase in cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 8, cleaved caspase 9 and Bax as well as a decrease in Bcl 2 was observed, indicating morin is inducing both intrinsic as well as extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. This was further confirmed by using downstream caspase 3 inhibitor which indicated that caspase 3 inhibition reduces morin induced cell death. Moreover, the impact of morin on over all energy status when determined in terms of total cellular ATP level showed a decline with low level of glucose uptake and Glut1 expression. The results indicate that morin exerts antiproliferative activity by inducing apoptosis and by reducing Warburg effect in the evaluated cell lines and provide preliminary evidence for its anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sithara
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR)Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - K B Arun
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR)Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - H P Syama
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR)Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - T R Reshmitha
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR)Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - P Nisha
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR)Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchNew Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pan L, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhou X, Wang C, Deng F. The cardiac glycoside oleandrin induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:91-100. [PMID: 28597038 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence indicates that the cardiac glycoside oleandrin exhibits cytotoxic activity against several different types of cancer. However, the specific mechanisms underlying oleandrin-induced anti-tumor effects remain largely unknown. The present study examined the anti-cancer effect and underlying mechanism of oleandrin on human colon cancer cells. METHODS The cytotoxicity and IC50 of five small molecule compounds (oleandrin, neriifolin, strophanthidin, gitoxigenin, and convallatoxin) in human colon cancer cell line SW480 cells and normal human colon cell line NCM460 cells were determined by cell counting and MTT assays, respectively. Apoptosis was determined by staining cells with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometry. Intracellular Ca2+ was determined using Fluo-3 AM,glutathione (GSH) levels were measured using a GSH detection kit,and the activity of caspase-3, -9 was measured using a peptide substrate. BAX, pro-caspase-3, -9, cytochrome C and BCL-2 expression were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Oleandrin significantly decreased cell viabilities in SW480, HCT116 and RKO cells. The IC50 for SW480 cells was 0.02 µM, whereas for NCM460 cells 0.56 µM. More interestingly, the results of flow cytometry showed that oleandrin potently induced apoptosis in SW480 and RKO cells. Oleandrin downregulated protein expression of pro-caspase-3, -9, but enhanced caspase-3, -9 activities. These effects were accompanied by upregulation of protein expression of cytochrome C and BAX, and downregulation of BCL-2 protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, oleandrin increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration, but decreased GSH concentration in the cells. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that oleandrin induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of anti-cancer property of oleandrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Wanlu Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moloney JN, Cotter TG. ROS signalling in the biology of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:50-64. [PMID: 28587975 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1080] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been detected in various cancers and has been shown to have several roles, for example, they can activate pro-tumourigenic signalling, enhance cell survival and proliferation, and drive DNA damage and genetic instability. Counterintuitively ROS can also promote anti-tumourigenic signalling, initiating oxidative stress-induced tumour cell death. Tumour cells express elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify elevated ROS levels, establish a redox balance, while maintaining pro-tumourigenic signalling and resistance to apoptosis. Tumour cells have an altered redox balance to that of their normal counterparts and this identifies ROS manipulation as a potential target for cancer therapies. This review discusses the generation and sources of ROS within tumour cells, the regulation of ROS by antioxidant defence systems, as well as the effect of elevated ROS production on their signalling targets in cancer. It also provides an insight into how pro- and anti-tumourigenic ROS signalling pathways could be manipulated in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Moloney
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Apoptosis in muscle-to-meat aging process: The omic witness. J Proteomics 2015; 125:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
Zheng K, Sheng Z, Li Y, Lu H. Salidroside inhibits oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/re-oxygenation-induced H9c2 cell necrosis through activating of Akt-Nrf2 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:79-85. [PMID: 25063033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/re-oxygenation has been applied to cultured cardiomyocytes to create a cellular model of ischemic heart damage. In the current study, we explored the potential role of salidroside against OGD/re-oxygenation-induced damage in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, and studied the underlying mechanisms. We found that OGD/re-oxygenation primarily induced necrosis in H9c2 cells, which was inhibited by salidroside. Salidroside suppressed OGD/re-oxygenation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, p53 mitochondrial translocation and cyclophilin D (Cyp-D) association as well as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease in H9c2 cells. Meanwhile, salidroside activated Akt and promoted transcription of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated genes (heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1)). Significantly, Nrf2 shRNA knockdown or Akt inhibitors (LY 294002 and wortmannin) not only prevented salidroside-induced HO-1/NQO-1 transcription, but also alleviated salidroside-mediated cytoprotective effect against OGD/re-oxygenation in H9c2 cells. These observations suggest that salidroside activates Nrf2-regulated anti-oxidant signaling, and protects against OGD/re-oxygenation-induced H9c2 cell necrosis via activation of Akt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koulong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yefei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Huihe Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ribas V, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Glutathione and mitochondria. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:151. [PMID: 25024695 PMCID: PMC4079069 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the main non-protein thiol in cells whose functions are dependent on the redox-active thiol of its cysteine moiety that serves as a cofactor for a number of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. While synthesized exclusively in the cytosol from its constituent amino acids, GSH is distributed in different compartments, including mitochondria where its concentration in the matrix equals that of the cytosol. This feature and its negative charge at physiological pH imply the existence of specific carriers to import GSH from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where it plays a key role in defense against respiration-induced reactive oxygen species and in the detoxification of lipid hydroperoxides and electrophiles. Moreover, as mitochondria play a central strategic role in the activation and mode of cell death, mitochondrial GSH has been shown to critically regulate the level of sensitization to secondary hits that induce mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and release of proteins confined in the intermembrane space that once in the cytosol engage the molecular machinery of cell death. In this review, we summarize recent data on the regulation of mitochondrial GSH and its role in cell death and prevalent human diseases, such as cancer, fatty liver disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC) Barcelona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC) Barcelona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona, Spain ; Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC) Barcelona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona, Spain ; Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar SM, Swaminathan K, Clemens DL, Dey A. GSH protects against oxidative stress and toxicity in VL-17A cells exposed to high glucose. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:223-34. [PMID: 24756473 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The deficiency of glutathione (GSH) has been linked to several diseases. The study investigated the role of GSH as a protective factor against hyperglycemia-mediated injury in VL-17A cells treated with 50 mM glucose. METHODS The cell viability and different oxidative stress parameters including glyoxalase I activity were measured. RESULTS GSH supplementation with 2 mM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or 0.1 mM ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) increased the viability, GSH level and the GSH-dependent glyoxalase I activity in 50 mM glucose-treated VL-17A cells. Further, pretreatment of 50 mM glucose-treated VL-17A cells with NAC or UDCA decreased oxidative stress (levels of reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation), apoptosis (caspase 3 activity and annexin V-propidium iodide positive cells) and glutathionylated protein formation, a measure of oxidative stress. GSH depletion with 0.4 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) or 1 mM diethyl maleate (DEM) potentiated the decrease in viability, glyoxalase I activity and increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis, with decreased GSH levels in 50 mM glucose-treated VL-17A cells. CONCLUSION Thus, changes in GSH levels with exogenous agents such as NAC, UDCA, BSO or DEM modulate hyperglycemia-mediated injury in a cell model of VL-17A liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mathan Kumar
- Life Science Division, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, 600044, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vilasi A, Vilasi S, Romano R, Acernese F, Barone F, Balestrieri ML, Maritato R, Irace G, Sirangelo I. Unraveling amyloid toxicity pathway in NIH3T3 cells by a combined proteomic and 1 H-NMR metabonomic approach. J Cell Physiol 2013. [PMID: 23192898 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A range of debilitating human diseases is known to be associated with the formation of stable highly organized protein aggregates known as amyloid fibrils. The early prefibrillar aggregates behave as cytotoxic agents and their toxicity appears to result from an intrinsic ability to impair fundamental cellular processes by interacting with cellular membranes, causing oxidative stress and increase in free Ca(2+) that lead to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. However, specific signaling pathways that underlie amyloid pathogenicity remain still unclear. This work aimed to clarify cell impairment induced by amyloid aggregated. To this end, we used a combined proteomic and one-dimensional (1) H-NMR approach on NIH-3T3 cells exposed to prefibrillar aggregates from the amyloidogenic apomyoglobin mutant W7FW14F. The results indicated that cell exposure to prefibrillar aggregates induces changes of the expression level of proteins and metabolites involved in stress response. The majority of the proteins and metabolites detected are reported to be related to oxidative stress, perturbation of calcium homeostasis, apoptotic and survival pathways, and membrane damage. In conclusion, the combined proteomic and (1) H-NMR metabonomic approach, described in this study, contributes to unveil novel proteins and metabolites that could take part to the general framework of the toxicity induced by amyloid aggregates. These findings offer new insights in therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vilasi
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pienaar IS, Chinnery PF. Existing and emerging mitochondrial-targeting therapies for altering Parkinson's disease severity and progression. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 137:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Zhao L, Wang JL, Wang YR, Fa XZ. Apigenin attenuates copper-mediated β-amyloid neurotoxicity through antioxidation, mitochondrion protection and MAPK signal inactivation in an AD cell model. Brain Res 2012. [PMID: 23178511 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, belonging to a less toxic and non-mutagenic flavone subclass of flavonoids, has been reported to possess numerous biological activities beneficial to health. Although evidence has shown apigenin might exert its protective effects by reducing the toxicity induced by amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), the precise mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro neuroprotective activity of apigenin interrelated with amyloid toxicity and mental homeostasis in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) cell model and explored its potential signal transduction. Our results showed that apigenin protected neurons against Aβ-mediated toxicity induced by copper, which was characterized by increasing neuronal viability and relieving mitochondrial membrane dissipation and neuronal nuclear condensation. Further, we demonstrated that apigenin did not provide sufficient effect on decreasing β-amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) expression and lowering Aβ(1-42) secretion, but conserved redox balance by increasing intracellular glutathione levels and enhancing cellular superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, blocked ROS-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK)- MAPKAP kinase-2 (MK2)-heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-c-Jun signaling pathways, preserved mitochondrial function, and then regulated apoptotic pathways. In conclusion, apigenin could exert neuroprotection against Aβ-induced toxicity in the presence of copper mainly through the mechanisms that regulate redox imbalance, preserve mitochondrial function, inhibit MAPK pathways, and depress neuronal apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100081, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marí M, Morales A, Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Kaplowitz N, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial glutathione: features, regulation and role in disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3317-28. [PMID: 23123815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states. SCOPE OF REVIEW Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Analysis of the structural and mechanistic factors in antioxidants that preserve mitochondrial function and confer cytoprotection. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5188-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
25
|
Cai X, Khdour OM, Jaruvangsanti J, Hecht SM. Simplified bicyclic pyridinol analogues protect mitochondrial function. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3584-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
26
|
Sommer SP, Sommer S, Sinha B, Walter D, Aleksic I, Gohrbandt B, Otto C, Leyh RG. Glutathione preconditioning ameliorates mitochondria dysfunction during warm pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 41:140-8; discussion 148. [PMID: 21596579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2011.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reduced glutathione (GSH) has been shown to improve pulmonary graft preservation. Mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded to be the motor of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) in solid organs. We have shown previously that IR induces pulmonary mitochondrial damage. This study elucidates the impact of GSH preconditioning on the integrity and function of pulmonary mitochondria in the setting of warm pulmonary IR. METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to control, sham, and to two-study-group conditions (IR30/60 and GSH-IR30/60) receiving IR with or without GSH preconditioning. Rats were anesthetized and received mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary in situ clamping followed by reperfusion generated IR. Mitochondria were isolated from pulmonary tissue. Respiratory chain complexes activities (I-IV) were analyzed by polarography. Mitochondrial viability (Ca2+-induced swelling) and membrane integrity (citrate synthase assay) were determined. Subcellular-fractional cytochrome C-content (Cyt C) was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) after energizing and uncoupling. Inflammatory activation was determined by myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), matrix-metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity by gel zymography. RESULTS Pulmonary IR significantly reduced mitochondrial viability in combination with ΔΨm hyper-polarization. GSH preconditioning improved mitochondrial viability and normalized ΔΨm. Cyt C was reduced after IR; GSH protected from Cyt C liberation. Respiratory chain complex activities (I, II, III) declined during IR; GSH protected complex II function. GSH also protected from MMP-9 and neutrophil sequestration (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS GSH preconditioning is effective to prevent mitochondrial death and improves complex II function during IR, but not mitochondrial membrane stability. GSH-mediated amelioration of ΔΨm hyper-polarization appears to be the key factor of mitochondrial protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian-Patrick Sommer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, and Insitute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chiu PY, Wong SM, Leung HY, Leong PK, Chen N, Zhou L, Zuo Z, Lam PY, Ko KM. Acute treatment with Danshen-Gegen decoction protects the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury via the redox-sensitive PKCɛ/mK(ATP) pathway in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:916-925. [PMID: 21855786 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Danshen-Gegen (DG) decoction, an herbal formulation comprising Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Radix Puerariae Lobatae, is prescribed for the treatment of coronary heart disease in Chinese medicine. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that DG decoction can reduce the extent of atherosclerosis. In the present study, using an ex vivo rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we investigated the myocardial preconditioning effect of an aqueous DG extract prepared from an optimized weight-to-weight ratio of Danshen and Gegen. Short-term treatment with DG extract at a daily dose of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg for 3 days protected against myocardial I/R injury in rats. The cardioprotection afforded by DG pretreatment was paralleled by enhancements in mitochondrial antioxidant status and membrane structural integrity, as well as a decrease in the sensitivity of mitochondria to Ca²⁺-stimulated permeability transition in vitro, particularly under I/R conditions. Short-term treatment with the DG extract also enhanced the translocation of PKCɛ from the cytosol to mitochondria in rat myocardium, and this translocation was inhibited by α-tocopherol co-treatment with DG extract in rats. Short-term DG treatment may precondition the myocardium via a redox-sensitive PKCɛ/mK(ATP) pathway, with resultant inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition through the opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. Our results suggest that clinical studies examining the effectiveness of DG extract given prophylactically in affording protection against myocardial I/R injury would be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po Yee Chiu
- Section of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Singh BK, Tripathi M, Pandey PK, Kakkar P. Alteration in mitochondrial thiol enhances calcium ion dependent membrane permeability transition and dysfunction in vitro: a cross-talk between mtThiol, Ca(2+), and ROS. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 357:373-85. [PMID: 21748338 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and dysfunctions play a pivotal role in many patho-physiological and toxicological conditions. The interplay of mitochondrial thiol (mtThiol), MPT, Ca(2+) homeostasis, and resulting dysfunctions still remains controversial despite studies by several research groups. Present study was undertaken to ascertain the correlation between Ca(2+) homeostasis, mtThiol alteration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in causing MPT leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. mtThiol depletion significantly enhanced Ca(2+) dependent MPT (swelling) and depolarization of mitochondria resulting in release of pro-apoptotic proteins like Cyt c, AIF, and EndoG. mtThiol alteration and Ca(2+) overload caused reduced mitochondrial electron flow, oxidation of pyridine nucleotides (NAD(P)H) and significantly enhanced ROS generation (DHE and DCFH-DA fluorescence). Studies with MPT inhibitor (Cyclosporin A), Ca(2+) uniport blocker (ruthenium red) and Ca(2+) chelator (BAPTA) indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction was more pronounced under dual stress of altered mtThiol and Ca(2+) overload in comparison with single stress of excessive Ca(2+). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the changes in mitochondrial integrity under stress. Our findings suggest that the Ca(2+) overload itself is not solely responsible for structural and functional impairment of mitochondria. A multi-factorial cross-talk between mtThiol, Ca(2+) and ROS is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, minor depletion of mtThiol was found to be an important factor along with Ca(2+) overload in triggering MPT in isolated mitochondria, tilting the balance towards disturbed functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Herbal Research Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Formerly-Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
An Acetate Prodrug of a Pyridinol-Based Vitamin E Analogue. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2896-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
30
|
Valdameri G, Trombetta-Lima M, Worfel PR, Pires ARA, Martinez GR, Noleto GR, Cadena SMSC, Sogayar MC, Winnischofer SMB, Rocha MEM. Involvement of catalase in the apoptotic mechanism induced by apigenin in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 193:180-9. [PMID: 21756884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin has been reported to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells; however, the mechanism underlying its action is not completely understood. Here, we evaluated the effects of apigenin on the levels of expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the involvement of ROS in the mechanism of cell death induced by apigenin in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Upon treatment with apigenin, HepG2 cells displayed a reduction in cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and some morphological changes. In addition, apigenin treatment induced ROS generation and significantly decreased the mRNA levels and activity of catalase and levels of intracellular GSH. On the other hand, apigenin treatment did not alter the expression or activity levels of other antioxidant enzymes. Addition of exogenous catalase significantly reduced the effects of apigenin on HepG2 cell death. We also demonstrated that HepG2 cells are more sensitive to apigenin-mediated cell death than are primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes, suggesting a differential toxic effect of this agent in tumor cells. Our results suggest that apigenin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells may be mediated by a H(2)O(2)-dependent pathway via reduction of the antioxidant defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glaucio Valdameri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schaffert CS. Role of MGST1 in reactive intermediate-induced injury. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2552-7. [PMID: 21633660 PMCID: PMC3103813 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i20.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsomal glutathione transferase (MGST1, EC 2.5.1.18) is a membrane bound glutathione transferase extensively studied for its ability to detoxify reactive intermediates, including metabolic electrophile intermediates and lipophilic hydroperoxides through its glutathione dependent transferase and peroxidase activities. It is expressed in high amounts in the liver, located both in the endoplasmic reticulum and the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This enzyme is activated by oxidative stress. Binding of GSH and modification of cysteine 49 (the oxidative stress sensor) has been shown to increase activation and induce conformational changes in the enzyme. These changes have either been shown to enhance the protective effect ascribed to this enzyme or have been shown to contribute to cell death through mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation. The purpose of this review is to elucidate how one enzyme found in two places in the cell subjected to the same conditions of oxidative stress could both help protect against and contribute to reactive oxygen species-induced liver injury.
Collapse
|
32
|
Protective effects of resveratrol on calcium-induced oxidative stress in rat heart mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:101-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
33
|
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps) belong to a group of proteins that have peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase (PPIase) and molecular chaperone activities. Originally, Cyps were identified as the intracellular receptors for the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A. Cyps are found in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and have been structurally conserved throughout evolution, implying their importance in cellular function. There are seven major Cyp isoforms in humans. CypA is up-regulated in many human cancers, and there is a strong correlation between over-expression of the CYPA gene and malignant transformation in some cancers. Moreover, CypA is directly under the transcriptional control of two critical transcription factors for cancer development: p53 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α. This review discusses the general biological functions of Cyps under a variety of stress conditions, and the importance and diverse roles of over-expression of CYP genes in human cancers, with a particular emphasis on CYPA. These oncogenic properties suggest that CypA is a promising target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dongseo University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - SS Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Science and Engineering Research Centre for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species (BK-21) and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marí M, Colell A, Morales A, von Montfort C, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Redox control of liver function in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1295-331. [PMID: 19803748 PMCID: PMC2864660 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a heterogeneous population of biologically active intermediates, are generated as by-products of the aerobic metabolism and exhibit a dual role in biology. When produced in controlled conditions and in limited quantities, ROS may function as signaling intermediates, contributing to critical cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. However, ROS overgeneration and, particularly, the formation of specific reactive species, inflicts cell death and tissue damage by targeting vital cellular components such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, thus arising as key players in disease pathogenesis. Given the predominant role of hepatocytes in biotransformation and metabolism of xenobiotics, ROS production constitutes an important burden in liver physiology and pathophysiology and hence in the progression of liver diseases. Despite the recognized role of ROS in disease pathogenesis, the efficacy of antioxidants as therapeutics has been limited. A better understanding of the mechanisms, nature, and location of ROS generation, as well as the optimization of cellular defense strategies, may pave the way for a brighter future for antioxidants and ROS scavengers in the therapy of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Marí
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Circu ML, Aw TY. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:749-62. [PMID: 20045723 PMCID: PMC2823977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2318] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products of normal metabolism and xenobiotic exposure, and depending on their concentration, ROS can be beneficial or harmful to cells and tissues. At physiological low levels, ROS function as "redox messengers" in intracellular signaling and regulation, whereas excess ROS induce oxidative modification of cellular macromolecules, inhibit protein function, and promote cell death. Additionally, various redox systems, such as the glutathione, thioredoxin, and pyridine nucleotide redox couples, participate in cell signaling and modulation of cell function, including apoptotic cell death. Cell apoptosis is initiated by extracellular and intracellular signals via two main pathways, the death receptor- and the mitochondria-mediated pathways. Various pathologies can result from oxidative stress-induced apoptotic signaling that is consequent to ROS increases and/or antioxidant decreases, disruption of intracellular redox homeostasis, and irreversible oxidative modifications of lipid, protein, or DNA. In this review, we focus on several key aspects of ROS and redox mechanisms in apoptotic signaling and highlight the gaps in knowledge and potential avenues for further investigation. A full understanding of the redox control of apoptotic initiation and execution could underpin the development of therapeutic interventions targeted at oxidative stress-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Contribution of liver mitochondrial membrane-bound glutathione transferase to mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 235:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
37
|
Yuan L, Kaplowitz N. Glutathione in liver diseases and hepatotoxicity. Mol Aspects Med 2008; 30:29-41. [PMID: 18786561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant as well as redox and cell signaling regulator. GSH guards cells against oxidative injury by reducing H(2)O(2) and scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals. In addition, GSH-induced redox shift with or without ROS subjects some cellular proteins to varied forms of oxidation, altering the function of signal transduction and transcription factor molecules. Increasing evidence supports the important role of ROS and GSH in modulating multiple signaling pathways. TNF-alpha and Fas signaling, NF-kappaB, JNK and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways are the focus of this review. The redox regulation either can switch on/off or regulate the threshold for some crucial events in these pathways. Notably, mitochondrial GSH depletion induces increased mitochondrial ROS exposure which impairs bioenergetics and promotes mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening which is critical for cell death. Depending on the extent of mitochondrial damage, NF-kappaB inhibition and JNK activation, hepatocytes may either undergo different modes of cell death (apoptosis or necrosis) or be sensitized to cell-death stimuli (i.e. TNF-alpha). These processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Yuan
- Internal Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death represents a physiologically conserved mechanism of cell death that is pivotal in normal development and tissue homeostasis in all organisms. As a key modulator of cell functions, the most abundant non-protein thiol, glutathione (GSH), has important roles in cellular defense against oxidant aggression, redox regulation of proteins thiols and maintaining redox homeostasis that is critical for proper function of cellular processes, including apoptosis. Thus, a shift in the cellular GSH-to-GSSG redox balance in favour of the oxidized species, GSSG, constitutes an important signal that could decide the fate of a cell. The current review will focus on three main areas: (1) general description of cellular apoptotic pathways, (2) cellular compartmentation of GSH and the contribution of mitochondrial GSH and redox proteins to apoptotic signalling and (3) role of redox mechanisms in the initiation and execution phases of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of cell life and death and play an important role in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and the age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The unique structural and functional characteristics of mitochondria enable the selective targeting of drugs designed to modulate the function of this organelle for therapeutic gain. This forum discusses (a) potential new mitochondrial targets for therapeutic intervention, including components of the electron transport chain, the permeability transition, and the membrane dynamics protein mitofusin-2; (b) the role of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants including MitoQ and SS peptides in modulating reactive oxygen and chlorine species induced mitochondrial permeabilization and cell death; and (c) the potential use of SS peptides in ischemia and reperfusion tissue injury. In the future, mitochondrial drug-targeting strategies will be expected to open up avenues for manipulating mitochondrial functions and allow for selective protection or eradication of cells for therapeutic gain in a variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Armstrong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|