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Teng Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xie Q, Zeng Q, Cai M, Chen T. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of ent-kaurene synthase-like Gene Family Associated with Abiotic Stress in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5513. [PMID: 38791550 PMCID: PMC11121893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important crops for humans. The homologs of ent-kaurene synthase (KS) in rice, which are responsible for the biosynthesis of gibberellins and various phytoalexins, are identified by their distinct biochemical functions. However, the KS-Like (KSL) family's potential functions related to hormone and abiotic stress in rice remain uncertain. Here, we identified the KSL family of 19 species by domain analysis and grouped 97 KSL family proteins into three categories. Collinearity analysis of KSLs among Poaceae indicated that the KSL gene may independently evolve and OsKSL1 and OsKSL4 likely play a significant role in the evolutionary process. Tissue expression analysis showed that two-thirds of OsKSLs were expressed in various tissues, whereas OsKSL3 and OsKSL5 were specifically expressed in the root and OsKSL4 in the leaf. Based on the fact that OsKSL2 participates in the biosynthesis of gibberellins and promoter analysis, we detected the gene expression profiles of OsKSLs under hormone treatments (GA, PAC, and ABA) and abiotic stresses (darkness and submergence). The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that OsKSL1, OsKSL3, and OsKSL4 responded to all of the treatments, meaning that these three genes can be candidate genes for abiotic stress. Our results provide new insights into the function of the KSL family in rice growth and resistance to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantong Teng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qinyu Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qinzong Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Maohong Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Rong C, Liu Y, Chang Z, Liu Z, Ding Y, Ding C. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase family genes exhibit functional divergence and overlap in rice growth and development, especially in control of tillering. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3552-3568. [PMID: 35247044 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins play key roles in plant growth and development, and hence their biosynthesis and degradation have been extensively studied. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases (CKXs) are a group of enzymes that regulate oxidative cleavage to maintain cytokinin homeostasis. In rice, 11 CKX genes have been identified to date; however, most of their functions remain unknown. In this study, we comprehensively examined the expression patterns and functions of the CKXs in rice by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to construct mutants of all 11 genes. The results revealed that the ckx single-mutants and higher-order ckx4 ckx9 mutant lines showed functional overlaps and sub-functionalization. Notably, the ckx1 ckx2 and ckx4 ckx9 double-mutants displayed contrasting phenotypic changes in tiller number and panicle size compared to the wild-type. In addition, we identified several genes with significantly altered expression in both the ckx4 and ckx9 single-mutant and double-mutant plants. Many of the differentially expressed genes were found to be associated with auxin and cytokinin pathways, and cytokinins in the ckx4 ckx9 double-mutant were increased compared to the wild-type. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the functions of CKX genes in rice growth and may provide the foundations for future studies aimed at improving rice yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Rong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Chang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Lv Y, Tian T, Wang YJ, Huang JP, Huang SX. Advances in chemistry and bioactivity of the genus Erythroxylum. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:15. [PMID: 35426005 PMCID: PMC9010490 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Erythroxylum P. Browne is the largest and most representative genus of Erythroxylaceae family. It contains approximately 230 species that are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Some species in this genus, such as E. monogynum and E. coca, have been used as folk medicines in India or South America for a long history. It is well known that Erythroxylum plants are rich in tropane alkaloids, and the representative member cocaine shows remarkable activity in human central nervous system. However, many other types of active compounds have also been found in Erythroxylum along with the broadening and deepening of phytochemical research. To date, a total of 383 compounds from Erythroxylum have been reported, among which only 186 tropane alkaloids have been reviewed in 2010. In this review, we summarized all remained 197 compounds characterized from 53 Erythroxylum species from 1960 to 2021, which include diterpenes, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other derivates, providing a comprehensive overview of phytoconstituents profile of Erythroxylum plants. In addition, the biological activities of representative phytochemicals and crude extracts were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Rativa AGS, Junior ATDA, Friedrich DDS, Gastmann R, Lamb TI, Silva ADS, Adamski JM, Fett JP, Ricachenevsky FK, Sperotto RA. Root responses of contrasting rice genotypes to low temperature stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 255:153307. [PMID: 33142180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ssp. indica is the most cultivated species in the South of Brazil. However, these plants face low temperature stress from September to November, which is the period of early sowing, affecting plant development during the initial stages of growth, and reducing rice productivity. This study aimed to characterize the root response to low temperature stress during the early vegetative stage of two rice genotypes contrasting in their cold tolerance (CT, cold-tolerant; and CS, cold-sensitive). Root dry weight and length, as well as the number of root hairs, were higher in CT than CS when exposed to cold treatment. Histochemical analyses indicated that roots of CS genotype present higher levels of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 accumulation, along with lower levels of plasma membrane integrity than CT under low temperature stress. RNAseq analyses revealed that the contrasting genotypes present completely different molecular responses to cold stress. The number of over-represented functional categories was lower in CT than CS under cold condition, suggesting that CS genotype is more impacted by low temperature stress than CT. Several genes might contribute to rice cold tolerance, including the ones related with cell wall remodeling, cytoskeleton and growth, signaling, antioxidant system, lipid metabolism, and stress response. On the other hand, high expression of the genes SRC2 (defense), root architecture associated 1 (growth), ACC oxidase, ethylene-responsive transcription factor, and cytokinin-O-glucosyltransferase 2 (hormone-related) seems to be related with cold sensibility. Since these two genotypes have a similar genetic background (sister lines), the differentially expressed genes found here can be considered candidate genes for cold tolerance and could be used in future biotechnological approaches aiming to increase rice tolerance to low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Gastmann
- Biological Sciences and Health Center, University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Thainá Inês Lamb
- Biological Sciences and Health Center, University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | | | | | - Janette Palma Fett
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Klein Ricachenevsky
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil; Biological Sciences and Health Center, University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil.
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Evolution of Labdane-Related Diterpene Synthases in Cereals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 61:1850-1859. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are labdane-related diterpenoid phytohormones that regulate various aspects of higher plant growth. A biosynthetic intermediate of GAs is ent-kaurene, a tetra-cyclic diterpene that is produced through successive cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate catalyzed by the two distinct monofunctional diterpene synthases—ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS). Various homologous genes of the two diterpene synthases have been identified in cereals, including rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays), and are believed to have been derived from GA biosynthetic ent-CPS and KS genes through duplication and neofunctionalization. They play roles in specialized metabolism, giving rise to diverse labdane-related diterpenoids for defense because a variety of diterpene synthases generate diverse carbon-skeleton structures. This review mainly describes the diterpene synthase homologs that have been identified and characterized in rice, wheat and maize and shows the evolutionary history of various homologs in rice inferred by comparative genomics studies using wild rice species, such as Oryza rufipogon and Oryza brachyantha. In addition, we introduce labdane-related diterpene synthases in bryophytes and gymnosperms to illuminate the macroscopic evolutionary history of diterpene synthases in the plant kingdom—bifunctional enzymes possessing both CPS and KS activities are present in bryophytes; gymnosperms possess monofunctional CPS and KS responsible for GA biosynthesis and also possess bifunctional diterpene synthases facilitating specialized metabolism for defense.
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Meng WL, Zhao MJ, Yang XB, Zhang AX, Wang NN, Xu ZS, Ma J. Examination of Genomic and Transcriptomic Alterations in a Morphologically Stable Line, MU1, Generated by Intergeneric Pollination. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020199. [PMID: 32075264 PMCID: PMC7073617 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization creates genetic variation useful for crop improvement. However, whether pollen from a different genus affects the genomic stability and/or transcriptome of the recipient species during intergeneric pollination has not been investigated. Here, we crossed japonica rice cv. Z12 with the maize accession B73 (pollen donor) and obtained a morphologically stable line, MU1, exhibiting moderate dwarfism, higher tiller number, and increased grain weight compared with Z12. To reveal the genetic basis of these morphological changes in MU1, we performed whole-genome resequencing of MU1 and Z12. Compared with Z12, MU1 showed 107,250 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 23,278 insertion/deletions (InDels). Additionally, 5'-upstream regulatory regions (5'UTRs) of 429 and 309 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MU1 contained SNPs and InDels, respectively, suggesting that a subset of these DEGs account for the variation in 5'UTRs. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2190 DEGs in MU1 compared with Z12. Genes up-regulated in MU1 were mainly involved in photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites, and energy and cellular biosynthetic processes; whereas those down-regulated in MU1 were involved in plant hormone signal transduction pathway and response to stimuli and stress processes. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) further identified the expression levels of the up- or down-regulated gene in plant hormone signal transduction pathway. The expression level changes of plant hormone signal transduction pathway may be significant for plant growth and development. These findings suggest that mutations caused by intergeneric pollination could be the important reason for changes of MU1 in agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Long Meng
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (W.-L.M.); (A.-X.Z.); (N.-N.W.)
| | - Meng-Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xiang-Bo Yang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China;
| | - An-Xing Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (W.-L.M.); (A.-X.Z.); (N.-N.W.)
| | - Ning-Ning Wang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (W.-L.M.); (A.-X.Z.); (N.-N.W.)
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.-S.X.); (J.M.)
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (W.-L.M.); (A.-X.Z.); (N.-N.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-S.X.); (J.M.)
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Azizi P, Osman M, Hanafi MM, Sahebi M, Yusop MR, Taheri S. Adaptation of the metabolomics profile of rice after Pyricularia oryzae infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:466-479. [PMID: 31655345 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae (P. oryzae), one of the most devastating fungal pathogens, is the cause of blast disease in rice. Infection with a blast fungus induces biological responses in the host plant that lead to its survival through the termination or suppression of pathogen growth, and metabolite compounds play vital roles in plant interactions with a wide variety of other organisms. Numerous studies have indicated that rice has a multi-layered plant immune system that includes pre-developed (e.g., cell wall and phytoanticipins), constitutive and inducible (phytoalexins) defence barriers against stresses. Significant progress towards understanding the basis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the defence responses of rice to P. oryzae has been achieved. Nonetheless, even though the important metabolites in the responses of rice to pathogens have been identified, their exact mechanisms and their contributions to plant immunity against blast fungi have not been elucidated. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss recent advances towards the understanding of the integrated metabolite variations in rice after P. oryzae invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Azizi
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Osman
- Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT), Prime Minister's Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Musa Hanafi
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafii Yusop
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sima Taheri
- Centre of Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Marker-trait association for low-light intensity tolerance in rice genotypes from Eastern India. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1493-1506. [PMID: 30088087 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Light intensity is a crucial environmental factor that affects photosynthesis and ultimately, grain yield in rice. However, no gene or marker directly associated with improved performance under low-light intensity under field conditions has been identified till date. With an aim of identifying genes and markers associated with improved performance (measured in terms of better yields) under low-light intensity, an integrated field screening, in silico and wet lab validation analysis was performed. Field-based screening of a diverse set of 110 genotypes led to the identification of two physiological and three morphological parameters critical for low-light tolerance in rice. In silico analysis using information available in public databases led to the identification of a set of 90 potential candidate genes which were narrowed to thirteen genic targets for possible marker-trait association. Marker-trait association on the panel of 48 diverse rice genotypes varying in their response to low-light intensity led to the identification of six markers [HvSSR02-44 (biological yield), HvSSR02-52 (spikelet fertility), HvSSR02-54 (grain yield), HvSSR06-56 (spikelet fertility), HvSSR06-69 (spikelet fertility; biological yield), HvSSR09-45 (spikelet fertility)] lying on chromosomes 2, 6 and 9 showing significant association (R2 > 0.1) for traits like grain yield/plant, biological yield and spikelet fertility under low light. Eight rice genes [including member of BBX (B-box) family] lying within 10 kb distance of these identified markers already reported for their role in response to stress or change in plant architecture in rice were also identified. The eight rice genotypes, five traits, eight genes and six markers identified in the current study will help in devising strategies to increase yield under low light intensity and pave way for future application in marker-assisted breeding.
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Characterization of diterpene synthase genes in the wild rice species Oryza brachyatha provides evolutionary insight into rice phytoalexin biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1221-1227. [PMID: 30005875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa; Os) produces a variety of labdane-related diterpenoids; not only phytohormone gibberellins (GAs) but also phytoalexins for defense including phytocassanes, momilactones and oryzalexins. Their carbon skeleton diterpenes are constructed from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP) or its diastereomer syn-CDP. These two-step reactions are successively catalyzed by homologs of the two diterpene synthases, ent-CDP synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS) that are responsible for the biosynthesis of GAs; e.g. OsCPS4 and OsKSL8 that are involved in the biosynthesis of oryzalexin S, a rice phytoalexin. Oryza brachyantha (Ob) is the most distant wild rice species from Os among the Oryza genus. We previously reported that the Ob genome contains ObCPS_11g, ObKSL8-a, ObKSL8-b and ObKSL8-c for specialized metabolism at a locus similar to the OsKSL8 locus on chromosome 11. These Ob genes are closely related to OsCPS4 and OsKSL8, respectively. We herein characterize the diterpene synthase genes in Ob, using functional analyses and expression analysis. Recombinant OsKSL8 and ObKSL8-a showed the same in vitro function when syn-CDP or normal-CDP were used as substrates. Nonetheless, our results suggest that Ob produces normal-CDP-related diterpenoid phytoalexins, presumably via ObKSL8-a, while Os produces a syn-CDP-related phytoalexin, oryzalexin S, via OsKSL8. This difference must be due to the kinds of CPS that are present in each species; Os has OsCPS4 encoding syn-CPS, while Ob has ObCPS_11g encoding normal-CPS. Thus, we propose the evolutionary history underlying oryzalexin S biosynthesis: the gain of a syn-CPS was a critical event allowing the biosynthesis of oryzalexin S.
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10
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Miyamoto K, Fujita M, Shenton MR, Akashi S, Sugawara C, Sakai A, Horie K, Hasegawa M, Kawaide H, Mitsuhashi W, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Kurata N, Okada K, Toyomasu T. Evolutionary trajectory of phytoalexin biosynthetic gene clusters in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:293-304. [PMID: 27133567 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently possess operon-like gene clusters for specialized metabolism. Cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, produces antimicrobial diterpene phytoalexins represented by phytocassanes and momilactones, and the majority of their biosynthetic genes are clustered on chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively. These labdane-related diterpene phytoalexins are biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate or syn-copalyl diphosphate. The two gene clusters consist of genes encoding diterpene synthases and chemical-modification enzymes including P450s. In contrast, genes for the biosynthesis of gibberellins, which are labdane-related phytohormones, are scattered throughout the rice genome similar to other plant genomes. The mechanism of operon-like gene cluster formation remains undefined despite previous studies in other plant species. Here we show an evolutionary insight into the rice gene clusters by a comparison with wild Oryza species. Comparative genomics and biochemical studies using wild rice species from the AA genome lineage, including Oryza barthii, Oryza glumaepatula, Oryza meridionalis and the progenitor of Asian cultivated rice Oryza rufipogon indicate that gene clustering for biosynthesis of momilactones and phytocassanes had already been accomplished before the domestication of rice. Similar studies using the species Oryza punctata from the BB genome lineage, the distant FF genome lineage species Oryza brachyantha and an outgroup species Leersia perrieri suggest that the phytocassane biosynthetic gene cluster was present in the common ancestor of the Oryza species despite the different locations, directions and numbers of their member genes. However, the momilactone biosynthetic gene cluster evolved within Oryza before the divergence of the BB genome via assembly of ancestral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Toyosatodai 1-1, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Matthew R Shenton
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shota Akashi
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chizu Sugawara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Arisa Sakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Horie
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Morifumi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami-machi Chuo 3-21-1, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Wataru Mitsuhashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Toyosatodai 1-1, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan
| | - Nori Kurata
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
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