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da Silva FA, Freire LS, da Rosa Lima T, Santos SF, de França Lemes SA, Gai BM, Colodel EM, Avila ETP, Damazo AS, Pereira MP, Kawashita NH. Introduction of the high-fat and very high-fat diets associated with fructose drink in critical development periods causes cardiovascular damage in rats in the beginning of adult life. Nutrition 2022; 101:111689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bian W, Wang Z, Li X, Jiang X, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zhang D. Identification of vital modules and genes associated with heart failure based on weighted gene coexpression network analysis. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:1370-1379. [PMID: 35128826 PMCID: PMC8934958 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Heart failure (HF) is a chronic heart disease with a high incidence and mortality. Due to the regulatory complexity of gene coexpression networks, the underlying hub genes regulation in HF remain incompletely appreciated. We aimed to explore potential key modules and genes for HF using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Methods and results The expression profiles by high throughput sequencing of heart tissues samples from HF and non‐HF samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HF and non‐HF samples were firstly identified. Then, a coexpression network was constructed to identify key modules and potential hub genes. The biological functions of potential hub genes were analysed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. Finally, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING online tool. A total of 135 DEGs (133 up‐regulated and 2 down‐regulated DEGs) between HF and non‐HF samples were identified in the GSE135055 and GSE123976 datasets. Moreover, a total of 38 modules were screened based on WGCNA in the GSE135055 dataset, and six potential hub genes (UCK2, ASB1, CCNI, CUX1, IRX6, and STX16) were screened from the key module by setting the gene significance over 0.2 and the module membership over 0.8. Furthermore, 78 potential hub genes were obtained by taking the intersection of the 135 DEGs and all genes in the key module, and enrichment analysis revealed that they were mainly involved in the MAPK and PI3K‐AKT signalling pathways. Finally, in a PPI network constructed with the 78 potential hub genes, CUX1 and ASB1 were identified as hub genes in HF because they were also identified as potential hub genes in the WGCNA. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to employ WGCNA to identify the key module and hub genes for HF. Our study identified a module and two genes that might play important roles in HF, which may provide potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of HF and improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Bian
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Xiao‐Xin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Hongsong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Dai‐Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
- Department of Cardiology Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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Saw EL, Pearson JT, Schwenke DO, Munasinghe PE, Tsuchimochi H, Rawal S, Coffey S, Davis P, Bunton R, Van Hout I, Kai Y, Williams MJA, Kakinuma Y, Fronius M, Katare R. Activation of the cardiac non-neuronal cholinergic system prevents the development of diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:50. [PMID: 33618724 PMCID: PMC7898760 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a crucial role in the function of the heart. Recent evidence suggests that cardiomyocytes possess a non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) that comprises of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), choline transporter 1 (CHT1), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and type-2 muscarinic ACh receptors (M2AChR) to synthesize, release, degrade ACh as well as for ACh to transduce a signal. NNCS is linked to cardiac cell survival, angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. Impairment of these functions are hallmarks of diabetic heart disease (DHD). The role of the NNCS in DHD is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of diabetes on cardiac NNCS and determine if activation of cardiac NNCS is beneficial to the diabetic heart. METHODS Ventricular samples from type-2 diabetic humans and db/db mice were used to measure the expression pattern of NNCS components (ChAT, CHT1, VAChT, AChE and M2AChR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) by western blot analysis. To determine the function of the cardiac NNCS in the diabetic heart, a db/db mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of ChAT gene was generated (db/db-ChAT-tg). Animals were followed up serially and samples collected at different time points for molecular and histological analysis of cardiac NNCS components and prosurvival and proangiogenic signaling pathways. RESULTS Immunoblot analysis revealed alterations in the components of cardiac NNCS and GLUT-4 in the type-2 diabetic human and db/db mouse hearts. Interestingly, the dysregulation of cardiac NNCS was followed by the downregulation of GLUT-4 in the db/db mouse heart. Db/db-ChAT-tg mice exhibited preserved cardiac and vascular function in comparison to db/db mice. The improved function was associated with increased cardiac ACh and glucose content, sustained angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis. These beneficial effects were associated with upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/HIF1α signaling pathway, and increased expression of its downstream targets-GLUT-4 and VEGF-A. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence for dysregulation of the cardiac NNCS in DHD. Increased cardiac ACh is beneficial and a potential new therapeutic strategy to prevent or delay the development of DHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Leng Saw
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Pujika Emani Munasinghe
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Shruti Rawal
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sean Coffey
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip Davis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard Bunton
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Van Hout
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael J A Williams
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Martin Fronius
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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Guan X, Guan X, Lu C, Shang B, Zhao Y, Meng Y, Zhang Z. Nebivolol combined with tetrahydrobiopterin affects diastolic function in spontaneously hypertensive rats via the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signalling pathway. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:84. [PMID: 33267901 PMCID: PMC7709331 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is the the primary cause of diastolic heart failure. Oxidative stress plays an important role in cardiac diastolic dysfunction caused by hypertension. The occurrence of oxidative stress is related to the level of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for NO synthesis. Nebivolol can reduce myocardial oxidative stress and increase NO activity. Therefore, we investigated the effects of monotherapy or combination therapy of different doses of BH4 and nebivolol on cardiac diastolic function in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and preliminarily expounded the related mechanisms. METHODS Left ventricular function was evaluated by non-invasive echocardiographic assessment and invasive right carotid artery catheterization methods. ELISA was used to measure myocardial 3-nitrotyrosine content, NO production, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration in the myocardium; quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phospholamban and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) mRNA expression levels; Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of eNOS and eNOS dimers in myocardial tissue, and immunohistochemical detection of cGMP expression in the myocardium was performed. RESULTS Studies have shown that compared with those in the control group, NO generation and the expression level of myocardial eNOS mRNA, eNOS expression of dimers, phospholamban, SERCA2a and cGMP increased significantly after the combined intervention of BH4 and nebivolol, while the expression of 3-nitrotyrosine was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS The combined treatment group had a synergistic effect on reducing myocardial oxidative stress, increasing eNOS content, and increasing NO production, and had a more obvious protective effect on diastolic dysfunction through the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guan
- General Medicine Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoying Guan
- Pathology Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Changhong Lu
- General Medicine Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Shang
- General Medicine Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- General Medicine Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ying Meng
- General Medicine Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhengyi Zhang
- General Medicine Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Akaihata H, Hata J, Tanji R, Honda-Takinami R, Matsuoka K, Sato Y, Kataoka M, Ogawa S, Kojima Y. Tetrahydrobiopterin prevents chronic ischemia-related lower urinary tract dysfunction through the maintenance of nitric oxide bioavailability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19844. [PMID: 33199757 PMCID: PMC7670448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of chronic ischemia on nitric oxide biosynthesis in the bladder and the effect of administering tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), on chronic ischemia-related lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). This study divided male Sprague-Dawley rats into Control, chronic bladder ischemia (CBI) and CBI with oral BH4 supplementation (CBI/BH4) groups. In the CBI group, bladder capacity and bladder muscle strip contractility were significantly lower, and arterial wall was significantly thicker than in Controls. Significant improvements were seen in bladder capacity, muscle strip contractility and arterial wall thickening in the CBI/BH4 group as compared with the CBI group. Western blot analysis of bladder showed expressions of eNOS (p = 0.043), HIF-1α (p < 0.01) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (p < 0.01), which could regenerate BH4, were significantly higher in the CBI group than in Controls. In the CBI/BH4 group, HIF-1α (p = 0.012) and DHFR expressions (p = 0.018) were significantly decreased compared with the CBI group. Our results suggest that chronic ischemia increases eNOS and DHFR in the bladder to prevent atherosclerosis progression. However, DHFR could not synthesize sufficient BH4 relative to the increased eNOS, resulting in LUTD. BH4 supplementation protects lower urinary tract function by promoting eNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Akaihata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Junya Hata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanji
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ruriko Honda-Takinami
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masao Kataoka
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University of School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Proteomic identification of the proteins related to cigarette smoke-induced cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18825. [PMID: 33139745 PMCID: PMC7608641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to determine the effects of 2-month exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) on proteins in the left ventricles of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to identify the molecular targets associated with the pathogenesis/progression of CS-induced cardiac hypertrophy. SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were exposed to CS at low (2 puffs/min for 40 min) or high dose (2 puffs/min for 120 min), 5 days a week for 2 months. Using the two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry, we compared differences in the expression levels of proteins in the whole left ventricles induced by long-term smoking. High-dose CS mainly caused cardiac hypertrophy in SHR, but not WKY, but no change in blood pressure. Proteomic analysis identified 30 protein spots with significant alterations, with 14 up-regulated and 16 down-regulated proteins in the left ventricles of CS-exposed SHR, compared with control SHR. Among these proteins, two members of the heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP20) showed significant up-regulation in the left ventricles of CS high-dose SHR, and the results were confirmed by western blot analysis. Our findings suggested that HSPs play an important role in regulation of CS-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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Watanabe T. Neopterin derivatives - a novel therapeutic target rather than biomarker for atherosclerosis and related diseases. VASA 2020; 50:165-173. [PMID: 32924886 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an updated overview of the emerging roles of neopterin derivatives in atherosclerosis. Neopterin, a metabolite of guanosine triphosphate, is produced by interferon-γ-activated macrophages and is expressed at high levels in atheromatous plaques within the human carotid and coronary arteries as well as in the aorta. Plasma concentrations of neopterin are higher in patients with carotid, cerebral, and coronary artery diseases as well as aortic aneurysm. The concentration of neopterin is positively correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease. However, a prospective cohort study showed that neopterin contributes to protection against plaque formation in carotid arteries in patients with atherosclerosis. Moreover, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments, a recent study has shown the atheroprotective effects of neopterin. Neopterin suppresses the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells, and thereby suppresses the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. It also suppresses the inflammatory phenotype of monocyte-derived macrophages. In addition, neopterin suppresses oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation in macrophages and the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Neopterin injection into apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice suppresses the development of atherosclerotic lesions. A neopterin derivative tetrahydroneopterin (BH4), also known as a cofactor for nitric oxide (NO) synthases, suppresses atherosclerosis and vascular injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia in Apoe-/- mice. BH4 administration improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that neopterin production may increase to counteract the progression of atherosclerosis, as neopterin contributes to atheroprotection. Otherwise, the increased neopterin levels in atherosclerosis may reflect a compensatory mechanism associated with inducible NO synthase upregulation in macrophages to supply BH4 for high output NO production caused by decreased endothelial NO synthase in atherosclerosis. Therefore, neopterin derivatives are a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ushioda General Hospital/Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
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Zhang Z, Lu C, Meng Y, Wang Q, Guan X, Yu J. Effects of Tetrahydrobiopterin Combined with Nebivolol on Cardiac Diastolic Function in SHRs. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1102-1111. [PMID: 30867344 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combined use of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and nebivolol on cardiac diastolic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Twelve-week-old male SHRs were treated with BH4, nebivolol, or a combination of both. Left ventricle function was evaluated, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (including dihydroethidium (DHE) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT)), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and the level of NO in myocardial tissue were determined. The expression levels of endothelial NOS (eNOS), phospholamban (PLN), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2a), β3-adrenoceptor, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and protein kinase G (PKG) were assayed. Treatment with BH4, nebivolol, or both reversed the noninvasive indexes of diastolic function, including E/E' and E'/A', and the invasive indexes, including time constant of isovolumic left ventricle (LV) relaxation (tau), -dP/dtmin, -dP/dtmin/LV systolic pressure (LVSP), and LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in SHRs. mRNA and protein expression levels of eNOS dimer, phosphorylated PLN, SERCA2a, cGMP, and PKG in the myocardium of treated SHRs were significantly up-regulated compared with those in control rats (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The expression levels of 3-NT and DHE were reduced in all treated groups (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Notably, combined use of BH4 and nebivolol had better cardioprotective effects than monotherapies. BH4 or nebivolol has a protective effect on diastolic dysfunction in SHRs, and BH4 combined with nebivolol may exert a synergistically cardioprotective effect through activation of β3-adrenoceptor and the NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Zhang
- Cardiac Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Hospital
| | - Changhong Lu
- Cardiac Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Hospital
| | - Ying Meng
- Cardiac Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Hospital
| | | | - Xiaoli Guan
- Cardiac Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Hospital
| | - Jing Yu
- Cardiac Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Hospital
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Touyz RM, Anagnostopoulou A, Camargo LL, Rios FJ, Montezano AC. Vascular Biology of Superoxide-Generating NADPH Oxidase 5-Implications in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1027-1040. [PMID: 30334629 PMCID: PMC6354601 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE NADPH oxidases (Noxs), of which there are seven isoforms (Nox1-5, Duox1/Duox2), are professional oxidases functioning as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes. ROS are signaling molecules important in physiological processes. Increased ROS production and altered redox signaling in the vascular system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, and have been attributed, in part, to increased Nox activity. Recent Advances: Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed and functionally active in human vascular cells. While Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 have been well characterized in models of cardiovascular disease, little is known about Nox5. This may relate to the lack of experimental models because rodents lack NOX5. However, recent studies have advanced the field by (i) elucidating mechanisms of Nox5 regulation, (ii) identifying Nox5 variants, (iii) characterizing Nox5 expression, and (iv) discovering the Nox5 crystal structure. Moreover, studies in human Nox5-expressing mice have highlighted a putative role for Nox5 in cardiovascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Although growing evidence indicates a role for Nox-derived ROS in cardiovascular (patho)physiology, the exact function of each isoform remains unclear. This is especially true for Nox5. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future directions should focus on clinically relevant studies to discover the functional significance of Noxs, and Nox5 in particular, in human health and disease. Two important recent studies will impact future directions. First, Nox5 is the first Nox to be crystallized. Second, a genome-wide association study identified Nox5 as a novel blood pressure-associated gene. These discoveries, together with advancements in Nox5 biology and biochemistry, will facilitate discovery of drugs that selectively target Noxs to interfere in uncontrolled ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Livia L Camargo
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Rios
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Oxidative stress induces BH 4 deficiency in male, but not female, SHR. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180111. [PMID: 29899168 PMCID: PMC6028750 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously published that female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have significantly greater nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and NO synthase (NOS) enzymatic activity in the renal inner medulla (IM) compared with age-matched males, although the mechanism responsible remains unknown. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical cofactor required for NO generation, and decreases in BH4 as a result of increases in oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. As male SHR are known to have higher levels of oxidative stress compared with female SHR, we hypothesized that relative BH4 deficiency induced by oxidative stress in male SHR results in lower levels of NOS activity in renal IM compared with females. Twelve-week-old male and female SHR were randomized to receive tempol (30 mg/kg/day via drinking water) or vehicle for 2 weeks. Tempol treatment did not affect blood pressure (BP) in either sex, but reduced peroxynitrite levels only in males. Females had more total biopterin, dihydrobiopterin (BH2), and BH4 levels in renal IMs than males, and tempol treatment eliminated these sex differences. Females had greater total NOS activity in the renal IM than males, and adding exogenous BH4 to the assay increased NOS activity in both sexes. This sex difference in total NOS and the effect of exogenous BH4 were abolished with tempol treatment. We conclude that higher oxidative stress in male SHR results in a relative deficiency of BH4 compared with females, resulting in diminished renal NOS activity in the male.
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11
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Wang H, da Silva J, Alencar A, Zapata-Sudo G, Lin MR, Sun X, Ahmad S, Ferrario CM, Groban L. Mast Cell Inhibition Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling and Diastolic Dysfunction in Middle-aged, Ovariectomized Fischer 344 × Brown Norway Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:49-57. [PMID: 26981683 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) increases in women after menopause, yet the mechanisms are unclear. Because mast cells participate in the pathological processes of various cardiac diseases, we hypothesized that mast cell inhibition would protect against estrogen loss-induced LVDD. The mast cell stabilizer, cromolyn sodium (30 mg·kg·d), or vehicle was administered subcutaneously by osmotic minipump to ovariectomized (OVX) female Fischer 344 × Brown Norway (F344BN) rats starting at 4 weeks after surgery. Eight weeks after OVX, systolic blood pressure increased by 20% in OVX versus sham rats, and this effect was attenuated after 4 weeks of cromolyn treatment. Also, cromolyn mitigated the adverse reductions in myocardial relaxation (e') and increases in left ventricle (LV) filling pressures (E/e'), LV mass, wall thicknesses, and interstitial fibrosis from OVX. Although cardiac mast cell number was increased after OVX, cardiac chymase activity was not overtly altered by estrogen status and tended to decrease by cromolyn. Contrariwise, Ang II content was greater in hearts of OVX versus sham rats, and cromolyn attenuated this effect. Taken together, mast cell inhibition with cromolyn attenuates LV remodeling and LVDD in OVX-Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats possibly through actions on the heart level and/or through vasodilatory effects at the vascular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;†Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;‡Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Drug Development Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;§Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;¶Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;‖Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and**Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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The Effects of Aqueous Extract from Nardostachys chinensis Batalin on Blood Pressure and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Two-Kidney One-Clip Hypertensive Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4031950. [PMID: 29234388 PMCID: PMC5660807 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4031950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the aqueous extract of Nardostachys chinensis Batalin (NCBAE) on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy using two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Methods 2K1C rat models were set up by clipping the left renal artery. Sham-operated rats underwent the same surgical procedure except for renal arterial clipping. 2K1C hypertensive rats were orally given NCBAE at doses of 210, 420, and 630 mg·kg−1·d−1 for 6 weeks. Twelve weeks after surgery, rat SBP and echocardiographic parameters were measured, cardiac histopathology was assessed, serum NO and LDH were detected, and the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 of left ventricular tissue was assessed by western blot. Results Treatment with NCBAE resulted in a decrease of SBP, LVPWd, LVPWs, IVSd, IVSs, LVW/BW ratio, and cardiomyocyte CSA, an increase of LVEF, and inhibition of 2K1C-induced reduction in serum NO and elevation of LDH compared with 2K1C group. NCBAE intervention also showed a significant increase of Bcl-2 expression and reduction of cleaved caspase-3 level dose-dependently in left ventricular tissue. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that NCBAE has an antihypertensive property and protective effect on 2K1C-induced cardiac hypertrophy especially at the dose of 630 mg·kg−1·d−1.
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Flavonoids Extraction from Propolis Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:6281376. [PMID: 27213000 PMCID: PMC4860246 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6281376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Propolis, a traditional medicine, has been widely used for a thousand years as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drug. The flavonoid fraction is the main active component of propolis, which possesses a wide range of biological activities, including activities related to heart disease. However, the role of the flavonoids extraction from propolis (FP) in heart disease remains unknown. This study shows that FP could attenuate ISO-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH) and heart failure in mice. The effect of the two fetal cardiac genes, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), on PCH was reversed by FP. Echocardiography analysis revealed cardiac ventricular dilation and contractile dysfunction in ISO-treated mice. This finding is consistent with the increased heart weight and cardiac ANF protein levels, massive replacement fibrosis, and myocardial apoptosis. However, pretreatment of mice with FP could attenuate cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy in vivo. Furthermore, the cardiac protection of FP was suppressed by the pan-PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. FP is a novel cardioprotective agent that can attenuate adverse cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and associated disorder, such as fibrosis. The effects may be closely correlated with PI3K/AKT signaling. FP may be clinically used to inhibit PCH progression and heart failure.
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