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Tubeeckx MRL, De Keulenaer GW, Heidbuchel H, Segers VFM. Pathophysiology and clinical relevance of atrial myopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:215-242. [PMID: 38472506 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Atrial myopathy is a condition that consists of electrical, structural, contractile, and autonomic remodeling of the atria and is the substrate for development of atrial fibrillation, the most common arrhythmia. Pathophysiologic mechanisms driving atrial myopathy are inflammation, oxidative stress, atrial stretch, and neurohormonal signals, e.g., angiotensin-II and aldosterone. These mechanisms initiate the structural and functional remodeling of the atrial myocardium. Novel therapeutic strategies are being developed that target the pathophysiologic mechanisms of atrial myopathy. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of atrial myopathy, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel R L Tubeeckx
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Universiteitsplein 1, Building T (2nd Floor), 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Universiteitsplein 1, Building T (2nd Floor), 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, ZNA Middelheim Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Universiteitsplein 1, Building T (2nd Floor), 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Leclerc D, Christensen KE, Reagan AM, Keser V, Luan Y, Malysheva OV, Wasek B, Bottiglieri T, Caudill MA, Howell GR, Rozen R. Folate Deficiency and/or the Genetic Variant Mthfr 677C >T Can Drive Hepatic Fibrosis or Steatosis in Mice, in a Sex-Specific Manner. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300355. [PMID: 38327171 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Disturbances in one-carbon metabolism contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which encompasses steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The goal is to examine impact of folate deficiency and the Mthfr677C >T variant on NAFLD. METHODS AND RESULTS This study uses the new Mthfr677C >T mouse model for the human MTHFR677C >T variant. Mthfr677CC and Mthfr677TT mice were fed control diet (CD) or folate-deficient (FD) diets for 4 months. FD and Mthfr677TT alter choline/methyl metabolites in liver and/or plasma (decreased S-adenosylmethionine (SAM):S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratio, methyltetrahydrofolate, and betaine; increased homocysteine [Hcy]). FD, with contribution from Mthfr677TT, provokes fibrosis in males. Studies of normal livers reveal alterations in plasma markers and gene expression that suggest an underlying predisposition to fibrosis induced by FD and/or Mthfr677TT in males. These changes are absent or reverse in females, consistent with the sex disparity of fibrosis. Sex-based differences in methylation potential, betaine, sphingomyelin, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels may prevent fibrogenesis in females. In contrast, Mthfr677TT alters choline metabolism, dysregulates expression of lipid metabolism genes, and promotes steatosis in females. CONCLUSION This study suggests that folate deficiency predisposes males to fibrosis, which is exacerbated by Mthfr677TT, whereas Mthfr677TT predisposes females to steatosis, and reveal novel contributory mechanisms for these NAFLD-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leclerc
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen E Christensen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Vafa Keser
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yan Luan
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Rima Rozen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Wu P, Zhu T, Huang Y, Fang Z, Luo F. Current understanding of the contribution of lactate to the cardiovascular system and its therapeutic relevance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1205442. [PMID: 37396168 PMCID: PMC10309561 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1205442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research during the past decades has yielded numerous insights into the presence and function of lactate in the body. Lactate is primarily produced via glycolysis and plays special roles in the regulation of tissues and organs, particularly in the cardiovascular system. In addition to being a net consumer of lactate, the heart is also the organ in the body with the greatest lactate consumption. Furthermore, lactate maintains cardiovascular homeostasis through energy supply and signal regulation under physiological conditions. Lactate also affects the occurrence, development, and prognosis of various cardiovascular diseases. We will highlight how lactate regulates the cardiovascular system under physiological and pathological conditions based on evidence from recent studies. We aim to provide a better understanding of the relationship between lactate and cardiovascular health and provide new ideas for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, we will summarize current developments in treatments targeting lactate metabolism, transport, and signaling, including their role in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiyuan Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenfei Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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4
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Liu W, Hu B, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhu M, Shi Y, Guo C, Zhang Y. Multiple targets related to mitochondrial function unveiled by metabolomics and proteomics profiles of hearts from atrial fibrillation patients. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1123391. [PMID: 37082238 PMCID: PMC10110950 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1123391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The prominent mitochondrial metabolic changes of the atrium reportedly have significant impact on electrical signals and structural remodeling which play important roles in the occurrence and development of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the mechanism is not completely known.Objective: This study was aimed to explore the mitochondrial metabolism reprogrammed in AF patients by integrating metabolomics as well as proteomics of human atrium tissues.Methods and Results: Left atrial tissue samples were harvested from 10 non-valvular AF patients and 10 matched samples from healthy donors for transplantation. In metabolomics analysis, 113 metabolites were upregulated and 10 metabolites were downregulated in AF, where multiple pathways related to mitochondrial energy metabolism were enriched. Correlation analysis between the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites identified several hub proteins related to mitochondrial function including Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2), Synemin (SYNM), Plectin (PLEC), with MCC score of 27, 17, 16, respectively, which have the most interactions with the dysregulated metabolites and ranked at the top in network string interactions scored by MCC method. All 330 differentially expressed proteins including 225 upregulated and 105 downregulated molecules were revealed and analyzed, which identified the downregulation of GPD2 (p = 0.02 and FC = 0.77), PLEC (p < 0.001 and FC = 0.71) and SYNM (p = 0.04 and FC = 0.76) in AF patients. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSEA) showed mitochondrial metabolism-associated pathways including oxidative phosphorylation (NES: −1.73) and ATP biosynthetic process (NES: −2.29), were dramatically diversified in human AF. In GSVA, the expression levels of GPD2, PLEC, and SYNM were demonstrated to be associated with multiple metabolic pathways related to mitochondrial function (e.g., lipid metabolism and AMP activated protein kinase signaling) and cardiac structural and electrical remodeling (e.g., contractile fiber, ion homeostasis), which were proven vital in the development and maintenance of AF.Conclusion: In all, this study provides new insights into understanding the mechanisms of AF progression, especially the reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism, and identifies several genes related to mitochondrial function as novel targets for AF, which may be involved in the occurrence and development of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changfa Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yangyang Zhang, ; Changfa Guo,
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yangyang Zhang, ; Changfa Guo,
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Chakraborty P, Farhat K, Po SS, Armoundas AA, Stavrakis S. Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Metabolism: Links Between Autonomic and Metabolic Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023:S2405-500X(23)00117-2. [PMID: 37086229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is crucial for the initiation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). However, unbalanced activation of the sympathetic system is characteristic of autonomic remodeling in long-standing persistent AF. Moreover, the adrenergic activation-induced metabolic derangements provide a milieu for acute AF and promote the transition from the paroxysmal to the persistent phase of AF. On the other hand, cholinergic activation ameliorates the maladaptive metabolic remodeling in the face of metabolic challenges. Selective inhibition of the sympathetic system and restoration of the balance of the cholinergic system by neuromodulation is emerging as a novel nonpharmacologic strategy for managing AF. This review explores the link between cardiac autonomic and metabolic remodeling and the potential roles of different autonomic modulation strategies on atrial metabolic aberrations in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praloy Chakraborty
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kassem Farhat
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sunny S Po
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Antonis A Armoundas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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Zhang L, Lou Q, Zhang W, Yang W, Li L, Zhao H, Kong Y, Li W. CircCAMTA1 facilitates atrial fibrosis by regulating the miR-214-3p/TGFBR1 axis in atrial fibrillation. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:55-65. [PMID: 36417034 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to be associated with cardiac fibrosis. Atrial fibrosis is an important pathophysiological event in the progression of atrial fibrillation (AF). Although a novel circRNA calmodulin binding transcription activator 1 (circCAMTA1) has been reported to be related with the development of AF, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that circCAMTA1 was upregulated in atrial muscle tissues of AF patients and angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-treated human atrial fibroblasts (HAFs). Moreover, circCAMTA1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of collagen (I and III) and α-SMA in atrial muscle tissues of AF patients. In vitro experiments, knockdown of circCAMTA1 significantly suppressed Ang-II-induced HAFs proliferation and reduced the expression of atrial fibrosis-associated genes, but overexpression of circCAMTA1 exhibited opposite results. In vivo experiments, circCAMTA1 knockdown ameliorated Ang-II-induced atrial fibrosis by reducing AF incidence, AF duration, and collagen synthesis. Functionally, circCAMTA1 facilitated Ang-II-induced atrial fibrosis in vitro and in vivo via downregulating the inhibitory effect of miR-214-3p on transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGFBR1) expression. In conclusions, circCAMTA1 knockdown alleviated atrial fibrosis through downregulating TGFBR1 expression intermediated by miR-214-3p in AF, suggesting circCAMTA1/miR-214-3p/TGFBR1 axis may be a novel therapeutic target for AF treatment in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street No. 23, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Lou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street No. 23, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street No. 23, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street No. 23, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Luyifei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street No. 23, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Wenyi Road No. 33, Shenhe District, 110000, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yihui Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street No. 23, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street No. 23, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Lkhagva B, Lee TW, Lin YK, Chen YC, Chung CC, Higa S, Chen YJ. Disturbed Cardiac Metabolism Triggers Atrial Arrhythmogenesis in Diabetes Mellitus: Energy Substrate Alternate as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182915. [PMID: 36139490 PMCID: PMC9497243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of sustained arrhythmia in diabetes mellitus (DM). Its morbidity and mortality rates are high, and its prevalence will increase as the population ages. Despite expanding knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms of AF, current pharmacological interventions remain unsatisfactory; therefore, novel findings on the underlying mechanism are required. A growing body of evidence suggests that an altered energy metabolism is closely related to atrial arrhythmogenesis, and this finding engenders novel insights into the pathogenesis of the pathophysiology of AF. In this review, we provide comprehensive information on the mechanistic insights into the cardiac energy metabolic changes, altered substrate oxidation rates, and mitochondrial dysfunctions involved in atrial arrhythmogenesis, and suggest a promising advanced new therapeutic approach to treat patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baigalmaa Lkhagva
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Higa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Makiminato Central Hospital, Okinawa 901-2131, Japan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Qin X, Zhang Y, Zheng Q. Metabolic Inflexibility as a Pathogenic Basis for Atrial Fibrillation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158291. [PMID: 35955426 PMCID: PMC9368187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained arrhythmia, is closely intertwined with metabolic abnormalities. Recently, a metabolic paradox in AF pathogenesis has been suggested: under different forms of pathogenesis, the metabolic balance shifts either towards (e.g., obesity and diabetes) or away from (e.g., aging, heart failure, and hypertension) fatty acid oxidation, yet they all increase the risk of AF. This has raised the urgent need for a general consensus regarding the metabolic changes that predispose patients to AF. “Metabolic flexibility” aptly describes switches between substrates (fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, and ketones) in response to various energy stresses depending on availability and requirements. AF, characterized by irregular high-frequency excitation and the contraction of the atria, is an energy challenge and triggers a metabolic switch from preferential fatty acid utilization to glucose metabolism to increase the efficiency of ATP produced in relation to oxygen consumed. Therefore, the heart needs metabolic flexibility. In this review, we will briefly discuss (1) the current understanding of cardiac metabolic flexibility with an emphasis on the specificity of atrial metabolic characteristics; (2) metabolic heterogeneity among AF pathogenesis and metabolic inflexibility as a common pathological basis for AF; and (3) the substrate-metabolism mechanism underlying metabolic inflexibility in AF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Qin
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China;
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China;
- Correspondence: or
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A New Hypothetical Concept in Metabolic Understanding of Cardiac Fibrosis: Glycolysis Combined with TGF-β and KLF5 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084302. [PMID: 35457114 PMCID: PMC9027193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of fibrosis in cardiac tissues is one of the leading causes of heart failure. The principal cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis are activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which serve as the primary source of matrix proteins. TGF-β signaling pathways play a prominent role in cardiac fibrosis. The control of TGF-β by KLF5 in cardiac fibrosis has been demonstrated for modulating cardiovascular remodeling. Since the expression of KLF5 is reduced, the accumulation of fibrosis diminishes. Because the molecular mechanism of fibrosis is still being explored, there are currently few options for effectively reducing or reversing it. Studying metabolic alterations is considered an essential process that supports the explanation of fibrosis in a variety of organs and especially the glycolysis alteration in the heart. However, the interplay among the main factors involved in fibrosis pathogenesis, namely TGF-β, KLF5, and the metabolic process in glycolysis, is still indistinct. In this review, we explain what we know about cardiac fibroblasts and how they could help with heart repair. Moreover, we hypothesize and summarize the knowledge trend on the molecular mechanism of TGF-β, KLF5, the role of the glycolysis pathway in fibrosis, and present the future therapy of cardiac fibrosis. These studies may target therapies that could become important strategies for fibrosis reduction in the future.
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Hu HJ, Wang XH, Liu Y, Zhang TQ, Chen ZR, Zhang C, Tang ZH, Qu SL, Tang HF, Jiang ZS. Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates Angiotensin II-Induced Atrial Fibrosis Progression to Atrial Fibrillation Through Inhibition of the Warburg Effect and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:690371. [PMID: 34950023 PMCID: PMC8689064 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.690371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis is the basis for the occurrence and development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and is closely related to the Warburg effect, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrion dysfunctions-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signalling molecule with cardioprotective, anti-myocardial fibrosis and improved energy metabolism effects. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism by which H2S improves the progression of atrial fibrosis to AF remains unclear. A case-control study of patients with and without AF was designed to assess changes in H2S, the Warburg effect, and ERS in AF. The results showed that AF can significantly reduce cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate thiotransferase (3-MST) expression and the H2S level, induce cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) expression; increase the Warburg effect, ERS and atrial fibrosis; and promote left atrial dysfunction. In addition, AngII-treated SD rats had an increased Warburg effect and ERS levels and enhanced atrial fibrosis progression to AF compared to wild-type SD rats, and these conditions were reversed by sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) supplementation. Finally, low CSE levels in AngII-induced HL-1 cells were concentration- and time-dependent and associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, the Warburg effect and ERS, and these effects were reversed by NaHS, DCA or 4-PBA supplementation. Our research indicates that H2S can regulate the AngII-induced Warburg effect and ERS and might be a potential therapeutic drug to inhibit atrial fibrosis progression to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jing Hu
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiu-Heng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Lab, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Tian-Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Chen
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hui-Fang Tang
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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11
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Hu B, Ge W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li T, Cui H, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Li Z. Metabolomic and Proteomic Analyses of Persistent Valvular Atrial Fibrillation and Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation. Front Genet 2021; 12:789485. [PMID: 34917134 PMCID: PMC8669813 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.789485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal heart rhythm related to an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. The distinction between valvular and non-valvular AF remains a debate. In this study, proteomics and metabolomics were integrated to describe the dysregulated metabolites and proteins of AF patients relative to sinus rhythm (SR) patients. Totally 47 up-regulated and 41 down-regulated proteins in valvular AF, and 59 up-regulated and 149 down-regulated proteins in non-valvular AF were recognized in comparison to SR patients. Moreover, 58 up-regulated and 49 significantly down-regulated metabolites in valvular AF, and 47 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated metabolites in persistent non-valvular AF patients were identified in comparison to SR patients. Based on analysis of differential levels of metabolites and proteins, 15 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated proteins, and 13 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated metabolites in persistent non-valvular AF were identified relative to valvular AF. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed the altered proteins and metabolites were significantly related to multiple metabolic pathways, such as Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis. Interestingly, the enrichment pathways related to non-valvular AF were obviously different from those in valvular AF. For example, valvular AF was significantly related to Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, but non-valvular AF was more related to Citrate cycle (TCA cycle). Correlation analysis between the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites was also performed. Several hub proteins with metabolites were identified in valvular AF and non-valvular AF. For example, Taurine, D-Threitol, L-Rhamnose, and DL-lactate played crucial roles in valvular AF, while Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Inorganic pyrophosphatase 2, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoAlyase, and Deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase were crucial in non-valvular AF. Then two hub networks were recognized as potential biomarkers, which can effectively distinguish valvular AF and non-valvular persistent AF from SR samples, with areas under curve of 0.75 and 0.707, respectively. Hence, these metabolites and proteins can be used as potential clinical molecular markers to discriminate two types of AF from SR samples. In summary, this study provides novel insights to understanding the mechanisms of AF progression and identifying novel biomarkers for prognosis of non-valvular AF and valvular AF by using metabolomics and proteomics analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Ge
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Chen ZT, Gao QY, Wu MX, Wang M, Sun RL, Jiang Y, Guo Q, Guo DC, Liu CY, Chen SX, Liu X, Wang JF, Zhang HF, Chen YX. Glycolysis Inhibition Alleviates Cardiac Fibrosis After Myocardial Infarction by Suppressing Cardiac Fibroblast Activation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:701745. [PMID: 34660710 PMCID: PMC8511672 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.701745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the role of glycolysis in cardiac fibroblast (CF) activation and cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). Method:In vivo: 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolysis inhibitor, was injected into the abdominal cavity of the MI or sham mice every day. On the 28th day, cardiac function was measured by ultrasonic cardiography, and the hearts were harvested. Masson staining and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to evaluate the fibrosis area, and western blot was used to identify the glycolytic level. In vitro, we isolated the CF from the sham, MI and MI with 2-DG treatment mice, and we also activated normal CF with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and block glycolysis with 2-DG. We then detected the glycolytic proteins, fibrotic proteins, and the concentrations of lactate and glucose in the culture medium. At last, we further detected the fibrotic and glycolytic markers in human fibrotic and non-fibrotic heart tissues with masson staining, IF and western blot. Result: More collagen and glycolytic protein expressions were observed in the MI mice hearts. The mortality increased when mice were treated with 2-DG (100 mg/kg/d) after the MI surgery (Log-rank test, P < 0.05). When the dosage of 2-DG declined to 50 mg/kg/d, and the treatment was started on the 4th day after MI, no statistical difference of mortality between the two groups was observed (Log-rank test, P = 0.98). The collagen volume fraction was smaller and the fluorescence signal of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was weaker in mice treated with 2-DG than PBS. In vitro, 2-DG could significantly inhibit the increased expression of both the glycolytic and fibrotic proteins in the activated CF. Conclusion: Cardiac fibrosis is along with the enhancement of CF activation and glycolysis. Glycolysis inhibition can alleviate cardiac fibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Teng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao-Xiong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Lu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Chuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi-Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Xu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Wang P, Xiao T, Li J, Wang D, Sun J, Cheng C, Ma H, Xue J, Li Y, Zhang A, Liu Q. miR-21 in EVs from pulmonary epithelial cells promotes myofibroblast differentiation via glycolysis in arsenic-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117259. [PMID: 33965804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an environmental toxicant, arsenic causes damage to various organs and systems of the body and has attracted worldwide attention. It is well-known that exposure to arsenic can induce pulmonary fibrosis, but the molecular mechanisms are elusive. Glycolysis is involved in the process of various diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are mediators of cell communication through transporting miRNAs. The potential of miRNAs in EVs as liquid biopsy biomarkers for various diseases has been reported, and they have been applied in clinical diagnoses. In the present investigation, we focused on the roles and mechanisms of miR-21 in EVs on arsenic-induced glycolysis and pulmonary fibrosis through experiments with human populations, experimental animals, and cells. The results for arsenicosis populations showed that the serum levels of hydroxyproline, lactate, and EVs-miRNAs were elevated and that EVs-miR-21 levels were positively related to the levels of hydroxyproline and lactate. For mice, chronic exposure to arsenite led to high levels of miR-21, AKT activation, elevated glycolysis, and pulmonary fibrosis; however, these effects were blocked by the depletion of miR-21 in miR-21 knockout (miR-21KO) mice. After MRC-5 cells were co-cultured with arsenite-treated HBE cells, the levels of miR-21, AKT activation, glycolysis, and myofibroblast differentiation were enhanced, effects that were blocked by reducing miR-21 and by inhibiting the EVs in HBE cells. The down-regulation of PTEN in MRC-5 cells and primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) reversed the blocking effect of inhibiting miR-21 in HBE cells. Thus, miR-21 down-regulates PTEN and promotes glycolysis via activating AKT, which is associated with arsenite-induced myofibroblast differentiation and pulmonary fibrosis. Our results provide a new approach for the construction of clinical diagnosis technology based on analysis of the mechanism of arsenite-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wang
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xiao
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Li
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Xue
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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14
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How to Improve the Biocompatibility of Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions (without Jeopardizing the Patient's Health). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157955. [PMID: 34360717 PMCID: PMC8347640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an important, if underprescribed, modality for the treatment of patients with end-stage kidney disease. Among the barriers to its wider use are the deleterious effects of currently commercially available glucose-based PD solutions on the morphological integrity and function of the peritoneal membrane due to fibrosis. This is primarily driven by hyperglycaemia due to its effects, through multiple cytokine and transcription factor signalling-and their metabolic sequelae-on the synthesis of collagen and other extracellular membrane components. In this review, we outline these interactions and explore how novel PD solution formulations are aimed at utilizing this knowledge to minimise the complications associated with fibrosis, while maintaining adequate rates of ultrafiltration across the peritoneal membrane and preservation of patient urinary volumes. We discuss the development of a new generation of reduced-glucose PD solutions that employ a variety of osmotically active constituents and highlight the biochemical rationale underlying optimization of oxidative metabolism within the peritoneal membrane. They are aimed at achieving optimal clinical outcomes and improving the whole-body metabolic profile of patients, particularly those who are glucose-intolerant, insulin-resistant, or diabetic, and for whom daily exposure to high doses of glucose is contraindicated.
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15
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atrial Fibrillation-Mechanisms and Pharmacological Interventions. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112385. [PMID: 34071563 PMCID: PMC8199309 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous progress in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, mainly with the use of invasive techniques, many questions remain unanswered regarding the pathomechanism of the arrhythmia and its prevention methods. The development of atrial fibrillation requires functional changes in the myocardium that result from disturbed ionic fluxes and altered electrophysiology of the cardiomyocyte. Electrical instability and electrical remodeling underlying the arrhythmia may result from a cellular energy deficit and oxidative stress, which are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. The significance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation remains not fully elucidated; however, it is emphasized by the reduction of atrial fibrillation burden after therapeutic interventions improving the mitochondrial welfare. This review summarizes the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction related to atrial fibrillation and current pharmacological treatment options targeting mitochondria to prevent or improve the outcome of atrial fibrillation.
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16
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Kuspriyanti NP, Ariyanto EF, Syamsunarno MRAA. Role of Warburg Effect in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Potential Treatment Option. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874192402115010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Under normal conditions, the heart obtains ATP through the oxidation of fatty acids, glucose, and ketones. While fatty acids are the main source of energy in the heart, under certain conditions, the main source of energy shifts to glucose where pyruvate converts into lactate, to meet the energy demand. The Warburg effect is the energy shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in the presence of oxygen. This effect is observed in tumors as well as in diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. If glycolysis is more dominant than glucose oxidation, the two pathways uncouple, contributing to the severity of the heart condition. Recently, several studies have documented changes in metabolism in several cardiovascular diseases; however, the specific mechanisms remain unclear.
Methods:
This literature review was conducted by an electronic database of Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Scopus published until 2020. Relevant papers are selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results:
A total of 162 potentially relevant articles after the title and abstract screening were screened for full-text. Finally, 135 papers were included for the review article.
Discussion:
This review discusses the effects of alterations in glucose metabolism, particularly the Warburg effect, on cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and cardiac hypertrophy.
Conclusion:
Reversing the Warburg effect could become a potential treatment option for cardiovascular diseases.
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17
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Screening and functional analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs in rapid atrial pacing dog atrial tissue. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2020; 61:375-384. [PMID: 32671717 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-020-00824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most commonly sustained arrhythmias in clinical practice. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are gene regulatory elements involved in the development of several diseases. We aimed to explore the expression characteristics of lncRNAs associated with AF. METHODS We randomly assigned 12 adult healthy mongrel dogs into a control group and an atrial pacing group. Atrial pacing stimulation was performed at a high frequency of 500 beats per min for 14 consecutive days in the atrial pacing group. HE and Masson staining were used to detect rapid atrial pacing induced atrial fibrosis. Total RNA extraction was performed on dog atrial tissues and was used for high-throughput sequencing of lncRNAs. RESULTS A total of 10,310 lncRNAs were detected, and 33 differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened. Among them, 19 lncRNAs were upregulated in the atrial pacing group, and 14 lncRNAs were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) classification, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and interaction networks showed that AF-related lncRNAs participate in the regulation of AF in diverse biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions, signaling pathways, and complex interactions with miRNAs and mRNAs. Five differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected for RT-PCR validation, and the verification results were consistent with the results of lncRNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study enhances our understanding of the biological functions of AF-related lncRNAs by screening and analyzing differentially expressed lncRNAs, and the results help to enrich the theoretical basis for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
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18
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Linking cellular energy state to atrial fibrillation pathogenesis: Potential role of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:1398-1404. [PMID: 32268208 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the cellular stress-sensing molecule. Apart from maintaining cellular energy balance, AMPK controls expression and regulation of ion channels and ion transporters, including cytosolic Ca2+ handling proteins. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic impairment plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. AMPK activation is thought to be protective by preventing metabolic stress, favorably modulating membrane electrophysiology including cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics; preventing cellular growth; and hypertrophic remodeling. This review considers current concepts and evidence from clinical and experimental studies regarding the role of AMPK in atrial fibrillation.
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19
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Liu Y, Bai F, Liu N, Ouyang F, Liu Q. The Warburg effect: A new insight into atrial fibrillation. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 499:4-12. [PMID: 31473195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia. Atrial remodeling, including electrical/structural/autonomic remodeling, plays a vital role in AF pathogenesis. All of these have been shown to contribute continuously to the self-perpetuating nature of AF. The Warburg effect was found to play important roles in tumor and non-tumor disease. Recently, lots of studies documented altered atrial metabolism in AF, but the specific mechanism and the impact of these changes upon AF initiation/progression remain unclear. In this article, we review the metabolic consideration in AF comprehensively and observe the footprints of the Warburg effect. We also summarize the signaling pathway involved in the Warburg effect during AF-HIF-1α and AMPK, and discuss their potential roles in AF maintenance and progression. In conclusion, we give the innovative idea that the Warburg effect exists in AF and promotes the progression of AF. Targeting it may provide new therapies for AF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, China
| | - Feifan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios-Klinik St Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, China.
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