Angiogenin regulates PKD activation and COX-2 expression induced by TNF-α and bradykinin in the colonic myofibroblast

Keratin 1 modulates intestinal barrier and immune response via kallikrein kinin system in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

External factors in ulcerative colitis (UC) exacerbate colonic epithelial permeability and inflammatory responses. Keratin 1 (KRT1) is crucial in regulating these alterations, but its specific role in the progression of UC remains to be fully elucidated.

AIM

To explore the role and mechanisms of KRT1 in the regulation of colonic epithelial permeability and inflammation in UC.

METHODS

A KRT1 antibody concentration gradient test, along with a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced animal model, was implemented to investigate the role of KRT1 in modulating the activation of the kallikrein kinin system (KKS) and the cleavage of bradykinin (BK)/high molecular weight kininogen (HK) in UC.

RESULTS

Treatment with KRT1 antibody in Caco-2 cells suppressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, reduced HK expression, and increased BK expression. It further downregulated intestinal barrier proteins, including occludin, zonula occludens-1, and claudin, and negatively impacted the coagulation factor XII. These changes led to enhanced activation of BK and HK cleavage, thereby intensifying KKS-mediated inflammation in UC. In the DSS-induced mouse model, administration of KRT1 antibody mitigated colonic injury, increased colon length, alleviated weight loss, and suppressed inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α. It also facilitated repair of the intestinal barrier, reducing DSS-induced injury.

CONCLUSION

KRT1 inhibits BK expression, suppresses inflammatory cytokines, and enhances markers of intestinal barrier function, thus ameliorating colonic damage and maintaining barrier integrity. KRT1 is a viable therapeutic target for UC.

Colorectal Cancer-Associated Myofibroblasts Exhibit Enhanced Angiogenin Expression and Signaling via the PLXNB2 Receptor

INTRODUCTION

Dynamic cell-cell interactions shape the tumor microenvironment to regulate tumor growth and invasiveness. Myofibroblasts are gastrointestinal stromal cells that are upregulated in the setting of colorectal cancer (CRC) and may play an important role in tumor-stromal cell communication. Angiogenin is a 14-kDa ribonuclease that regulates myofibroblast function and has been implicated in myofibroblast-CRC cell communication in mouse models. However, its role in human patients has not been well established.

METHODS

Open access, annotated single-cell RNA sequencing data of paired normal human colon and CRC tissue were available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus Database. We supplemented and verified these data by analyzing scRNA-seq data from an independent set of paired normal human colon and CRC tissue. CellChat was used to quantitatively infer biologically meaningful cell-cell communication networks from scRNA-seq data. PLXNB2 and α-2 actin (ACTA2) are cell surface angiogenin receptors that regulate angiogenin signaling. Ligand-receptor interactions involving angiogenin, PLXNB2, and ACTA2 were analyzed between cell populations in each sample.

RESULTS

We found no difference in overall angiogenin expression comparing normal colon and CRC tissue. In normal colon tissue, myofibroblasts do not express angiogenin or the PLXNB2 receptor. In the presence of CRC, there was a striking increase in the number of myofibroblast cells within the surrounding stroma. CRC-associated myofibroblasts were characterized by a significant upregulation of both angiogenin and PLXNB2 receptor expression (P < 0.05), while no difference was seen in ACTA2. CRC cells not only use angiogenin for autocrine signaling but also communicate with myofibroblasts via the PLXNB2 receptor.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to normal human colon tissue, CRC tissue is associated with an enrichment of myofibroblasts that exhibit upregulated expression of angiogenin and the angiogenin receptor PLXNB2. CRC cells engage in autocrine signaling via angiogenin and paracrine signaling with myofibroblasts via PLXNB2. Angiogenin appears to be directly involved in tumor-stromal cell communication in human CRC tissue and may play an important role in disease progression.

Celecoxib attenuates interleukin 33-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human ovarian endometriotic stromal cells

OBJECTIVE

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease in women of reproductive age. A review of the literature revealed that cytokines and inflammatory factors are associated with endometriosis-associated infertility. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a strong inducer of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) plays a central role in recruiting inflammatory cells, whose expression facilitates leukocyte adhesion and is rapidly induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Many studies have indicated that VCAM-1 expression is high in endometriosis; however, whether the expression of VCAM-1 is related to IL-33 is unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human ovarian endometriotic stromal cells (hOVEN-SCs) were treated with IL-33 to enable investigation of cell characterization, gene and protein expression, and signal pathways. Proliferation potential was measured using an MTT assay. Gene expression was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression assay was performed using western blot analysis.

RESULTS

This study investigated the effects of IL-33 on VCAM-1 and COX-2 expression in hOVEN-SCs. First, the results revealed that the IL-33/ST2/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway could increase the expression of VCAM-1 and COX-2 in hOVEN-SCs. Second, we discovered that COX-2 expression was essential for IL-33-induced VCAM-1 expression because the effects could be negated through NS398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Finally, treatment of IL-33-treated hOVEN-SCs with celecoxib significantly and dose-responsively decreased VCAM-1 expression.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results indicate that IL-33 can upregulate VCAM-1 expression in hOVEN-SCs through the IL-33/ST2/MAPK/COX-2 signaling pathway and thereby contribute to endometriosis.

Ang1 and Ang4 differentially affect colitis and carcinogenesis in an AOM-DSS mouse model

INTRODUCTION

Angiogenin-1 (Ang1) and angiogenin-4 (Ang4) are 14-kDa ribonucleases with potent angiogenic and antimicrobial properties. The role of Ang1 and Ang4 in chronic colitis and colitis-associated cancer has not been previously studied.

METHODS

Wild-type (WT) and angiogenin-1 knock-out (Ang1-KO) C57BL/6 mice were given azoxymethane, a colon carcinogen, 2 days in advance of three cycles of 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Disease activity index (DAI) was recorded, a colonoscopy was performed after each DSS treatment, and mice were euthanized (colitis, recovery, cancer) with tissue evaluated by histopathology. Ang1, Ang4, TNF-α, Il-1F062, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 mRNA levels were analyzed by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Ang1-KO mice exhibited more severe colitis compared to WT mice during both the acute (P<0.05) and recovery (P<0.05) phases of each DSS cycle. Consistent with these results, colonic TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-33 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in Ang1-KO mice (P<0.05). While Ang4 increased to similar levels in both WT and Ang1-KO mice during colitis and recovery phases, WT mice were distinguished by a significant upregulation of Ang1. Interestingly, despite the reduced colitis, WT mice developed significantly more tumors compared to Ang1-KO mice (P<0.05). 134 tumors formed in WT mice (4.6 tumors/mouse) while only 46 tumors formed (1.5 tumors/mice) in Ang1-KO mice, which were also characterized by a 34-fold decrease in Ang4 compared to WT mice and the complete absence of Ang1.

CONCLUSIONS

In a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer, Ang1-KO mice develop more severe colitis, but fewer tumors compared to WT mice. Ang1 levels correlate with the severity of colitis and the development of colitis-associated cancer, while Ang4 was upregulated during both colitis and cancer. Ang1 and Ang4 play important regulatory roles in the response to chronic colitis and the development of colitis-associated cancer and may serve as novel therapeutic targets.

An overview of kinin mediated events in cancer progression and therapeutic applications

Kinins are bioactive peptides generated in the inflammatory milieu of the tissue microenvironment, which is involved in cancer progression and inflammatory response. Kinins signals through activation of two G-protein coupled receptors; inducible Bradykinin Receptor B1 (B1R) and constitutive receptor B2 (B2R). Activation of kinin receptors and its cross-talk with receptor tyrosine kinases activates multiple signaling pathways, including ERK/MAPK, PI3K, PKC, and p38 pathways regulating cancer hallmarks. Perturbations of the kinin-mediated events are implicated in various aspects of cancer invasion, matrix remodeling, and metastasis. In the tumor microenvironment, kinins initiate fibroblast activation, mesenchymal stem cell interactions, and recruitment of immune cells. Albeit the precise nature of kinin function in the metastasis and tumor microenvironment are not completely clear yet, several kinin receptor antagonists show anti-metastatic potential. Here, we showcase an overview of the complex biology of kinins and their role in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects.

Urinary Angiogenin as a Marker for Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

AIMS

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common cancer in North America and Europe that carries considerable morbidity and mortality. A reliable biomarker for early detection of the bladder is crucial for improving the prognosis of BCA. In this meta-analysis, we examine the diagnostic role of the angiogenin (ANG) protein in patients' urine with bladder neoplasm.

METHODS

We performed a systematic literature search using ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase, up to 10th October 2020 databases. Meta-Disc V.1.4 and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V.2.2 software calculated the pooled specificity, sensitivity, area under the curve (AUC), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), Q ∗ index, and summary receiver-operating characteristic (SROC) for the role of ANG as a urinary biomarker for BCa patients.

RESULTS

Four case-control studies were included with 656 participants (417 cases and 239 controls) in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.66-0.75), specificity of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.73-0.81), LR+ of 3.34 (95% CI: 2.02-5.53), LR- of 0.37 (95% CI: 0.32-0.44), DOR of 9.99 (95% CI: 4.69-21.28), and AUC of 0.789 and Q ∗ index of 0.726 demonstrate acceptable diagnostic precision of ANG in identifying BCa.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis showed that ANG could be a fair biomarker for the diagnosis of BCa patients.