A single amino acid substitution in PRKDC is a determinant of sensitivity to Adriamycin-induced renal injury in mouse

Adriamycin-induced nephropathy models: elucidating CKD pathophysiology and advancing therapeutic strategies

The Adriamycin-induced nephropathy (AN) model plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of and research on chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review outlines methodologies for generating AN models in mice and rats, discusses their pathophysiologic and molecular characteristics, highlights their advantages and limitations, describes therapeutic interventions that have been evaluated in these models, and presents future research perspectives. The AN model replicates key features observed in human CKD, such as proteinuria, podocyte injury, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Notably, genetic factors significantly influence the onset and severity of AN, with mutations in the Prkdc gene linked to nephrotoxicity and systemic toxicity. To evaluate therapeutic interventions for CKD, agents such as ACE inhibitors, corticosteroids, and SGLT2 inhibitors have been tested in the AN model, demonstrating promising renoprotective effects. However, the systemic toxicity of Adriamycin and variability across models pose limitations, highlighting the need for caution when translating findings to human CKD. Future advancements in genetic engineering and the application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology are expected to improve the fidelity of AN models to human disease. Additionally, discovery of biomarkers by using the AN model enables us to improve early diagnosis. These efforts are anticipated to deepen our understanding of CKD pathophysiology and contribute to developing more effective diagnostic tools and targeted therapies.

Effectively simplified Adriamycin-induced chronic kidney disease mouse model: Retro-orbital vein injection versus tail-vein injection

This study aimed to investigate the impact of administration routes in establishing the Adriamycin (ADR)-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. Using BALB/c mice, we compared the effects of conventional tail-vein injection (TV10, 10 mg/kg) to those of retro-orbital sinus (orbital vein) injection (OV10, 10 mg/kg; OV8, 8 mg/kg). The results indicated that the OV10 group exhibited CKD pathology similar to the TV10 group, with both groups demonstrating significantly higher urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (p < 0.05), tubular injury (p < 0.05), and degree of renal fibrosis (p < 0.05) than the OV8 group. No significant differences were observed between the OV10 and TV10 groups in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, tubular injury, and degree of renal fibrosis. These findings demonstrated that retro-orbital administration of 10 mg/kg ADR induces comparable effects to conventional tail-vein administration. This technique's technical simplicity may improve experimental efficiency, reproducibility, and animal welfare in CKD research. In conclusion, this study validates the utility of retro-orbital injection in CKD model establishment, demonstrating its potential to standardize and improve the reliability of future CKD research protocols.

Development and Characterization of a Novel FVB-PrkdcR2140C Mouse Model for Adriamycin-Induced Nephropathy

The Adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy model, which induces podocyte injury, is limited to certain mouse strains due to genetic susceptibilities, such as the PrkdcR2140C polymorphism. The FVB/N strain without the R2140C mutation resists ADR nephropathy. Meanwhile, a detailed analysis of the progression of ADR nephropathy in the FVB/N strain has yet to be conducted. Our research aimed to create a novel mouse model, the FVB-PrkdcR2140C, by introducing PrkdcR2140C into the FVB/NJcl (FVB) strain. Our study showed that FVB-PrkdcR2140C mice developed severe renal damage when exposed to ADR, as evidenced by significant albuminuria and tubular injury, exceeding the levels observed in C57BL/6J (B6)-PrkdcR2140C. This indicates that the FVB/N genetic background, in combination with the R2140C mutation, strongly predisposes mice to ADR nephropathy, highlighting the influence of genetic background on disease susceptibility. Using RNA sequencing and subsequent analysis, we identified several genes whose expression is altered in response to ADR nephropathy. In particular, Mmp7, Mmp10, and Mmp12 were highlighted for their differential expression between strains and their potential role in influencing the severity of kidney damage. Further genetic analysis should lead to identifying ADR nephropathy modifier gene(s), aiding in early diagnosis and providing novel approaches to kidney disease treatment and prevention.

Differences in susceptibility to ADR nephropathy among C57BL/6 substrains

Adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy is the most widely used nephropathy model to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in mice. However, its application is limited to a few mouse strains such as the BALB/c strain; the standard strain, C57BL/6J (B6J), does not develop ADR nephropathy. Nevertheless, Arif et al. reported that C57BL/6N (B6N), another standard strain, is ADR-susceptible. Since then, no follow-up reports or other studies have been published on ADR nephropathy in B6N mice. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether B6N mice are indeed susceptible to ADR nephropathy and whether there are differences in ADR susceptibility among the substrains of C57BL/6NCrl (NCrl) and C57BL/6NJcl (NJcl). NCrl mice showed marked albuminuria and mesangial cell proliferation, which are associated with mild ADR nephropathy, confirming that NCrl mice were susceptible to ADR nephropathy. On the other hand, NJcl mice did not exhibit these symptoms. ADR nephropathy models are usually generated by administering ADR through the tail vein, but Arif et al. administered ADR through the orbital vein. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the route of administration on ADR nephropathy. The degree of ADR nephropathy was found to vary based on the route of administration: more severe nephropathy was observed upon administration through the tail vein than through the orbital vein. Therefore, we conclude that NCrl mice are susceptible to ADR nephropathy, and the severity of ADR-induced nephropathy through orbital vein administration is relatively lower than that through the tail vein.

Molecular and Pathological Analyses of IARS1-Deficient Mice: An IARS Disorder Model

Most mitochondrial diseases are hereditary and highly heterogeneous. Cattle born with the V79L mutation in the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (IARS1) protein exhibit weak calf syndrome. Recent human genomic studies about pediatric mitochondrial diseases also identified mutations in the IARS1 gene. Although severe prenatal-onset growth retardation and infantile hepatopathy have been reported in such patients, the relationship between IARS mutations and the symptoms is unknown. In this study, we generated hypomorphic IARS1^V79L mutant mice to develop an animal model of IARS mutation-related disorders. We found that compared to wild-type mice, IARS^V79L mutant mice showed a significant increase in hepatic triglyceride and serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase levels, indicating that IARS1^V79L mice suffer from mitochondrial hepatopathy. In addition, siRNA knockdown of the IARS1 gene decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species in the hepatocarcinoma-derived cell line HepG2. Furthermore, proteomic analysis revealed decreased levels of the mitochondrial function-associated protein NME4 (mitochondrial nucleoside diphosphate kinase). Concisely, our mutant mice model can be used to study IARS mutation-related disorders.

Protective effect of the tunneling nanotube-TNFAIP2/M-sec system on podocyte autophagy in diabetic nephropathy

Podocyte injury leading to albuminuria is a characteristic feature of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are major determinants of DN. However, the underlying mechanisms of podocyte injury remain poorly understood. The cytosolic protein TNFAIP2/M-Sec is required for tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) formation, which are membrane channels that transiently connect cells, allowing organelle transfer. Podocytes express TNFAIP2 and form TNTs, but the potential relevance of the TNFAIP2-TNT system in DN is unknown. We studied TNFAIP2 expression in both human and experimental DN and the renal effect of tnfaip2 deletion in streptozotocin-induced DN. Moreover, we explored the role of the TNFAIP2-TNT system in podocytes exposed to diabetes-related insults. TNFAIP2 was overexpressed by podocytes in both human and experimental DN and exposre of podocytes to high glucose and AGEs induced the TNFAIP2-TNT system. In diabetic mice, tnfaip2 deletion exacerbated albuminuria, renal function loss, podocyte injury, and mesangial expansion. Moreover, blockade of the autophagic flux due to lysosomal dysfunction was observed in diabetes-injured podocytes both in vitro and in vivo and exacerbated by tnfaip2 deletion. TNTs allowed autophagosome and lysosome exchange between podocytes, thereby ameliorating AGE-induced lysosomal dysfunction and apoptosis. This protective effect was abolished by tnfaip2 deletion, TNT inhibition, and donor cell lysosome damage. By contrast, Tnfaip2 overexpression enhanced TNT-mediated transfer and prevented AGE-induced autophagy and lysosome dysfunction and apoptosis. In conclusion, TNFAIP2 plays an important protective role in podocytes in the context of DN by allowing TNT-mediated autophagosome and lysosome exchange and may represent a novel druggable target.Abbreviations: AGEs: advanced glycation end products; AKT1: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; AO: acridine orange; ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; BM: bone marrow; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CTSD: cathepsin D; DIC: differential interference contrast; DN: diabetic nephropathy; FSGS: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; HG: high glucose; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; STZ: streptozotocin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TNFAIP2: tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 2; TNTs: tunneling nanotubes; WT: wild type.

Genetic background strongly influences the transition to chronic kidney disease of adriamycin nephropathy in mice

Animal models of podocytopathy and chronic kidney diseases (CKD) help elucidate these pathologies. Adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy is a common rodent model of podocytopathy. BALB/c mice are sensitive to ADR, whereas C57BL/6 (B6) mice, the most commonly used strain, are resistant to ADR. Therefore, mouse strains with the B6 genetic background cannot be used as an ADR nephropathy model. We previously generated DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (Prkdc) mutant B6 mice (B6-Prkdc^R2140C) carrying the R2140C mutation that causes ADR nephropathy. However, whether ADR nephropathy in the novel strain progresses to CKD after ADR administration has not been evaluated. Therefore, we examined whether the B6-Prkdc^R2140C mice develop CKD after ADR administration. We also evaluated whether differences existed in the genetic background in ADR nephropathy by comparing the B6-Prkdc^R2140C mice with BALB/c mice. Our findings demonstrated that B6-Prkdc^R2140C progresses to CKD and is resistant to nephropathy compared with the BALB/c mice. The B6-Prkdc^R2140C and BALB/c mice differed in the expression of genes related to inflammatory mediators, and further analysis is required to identify factors that contribute to resistance to nephropathy.