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Li N, Zhao Z, Ma H, Liu Y, Nwafor EO, Zhu S, Jia L, Pang X, Han Z, Tian B, Pan H, Liu Z, Pan W. Optimization and Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosan-Coated Baicalin mPEG-PLGA Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Cataract. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3831-3845. [PMID: 36067066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of low-molecular-weight chitosan-coated baicalin methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) nanoparticles (BA LCH NPs) for the treatment of cataract. mPEG-PLGA NPs were optimized by the Box-Behnken design and the central composite design based on the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading. Then, the BA LCH NPs were characterized based on morphology, particle size, and zeta potentials. The analytical data of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy depicted the drug excipient compatibility. In vitro, we evaluated cell viability, cellular uptake, potential ocular irritation, transcorneal permeability, and the precorneal retention of BA LCH NPs. In vivo, the chronic selenium cataract model was selected to assess the therapeutic effect of BA LCH NPs. The size of BA LCH NPs was within the range from 148 to 219 nm and the zeta potential was 19-25 mV. Cellular uptake results showed that the fluorescence intensity of the preparations in each group increased with time, and the fluorescence intensity of the LCH NP group was significantly higher than that of the solution group. The optimized BA LCH NPs improved precorneal residence time without causing eye irritation and also showed a sustained release of BA through the cornea for effective management of cataract. Also, fluorescence tracking on the rabbit cornea showed increased corneal retention of the LCH NPs. In addition, the results of therapeutic efficacy demonstrated that BA LCH NPs can significantly reduce the content of malondialdehyde and enhanced the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, which was comparable to positive control and better than the BA solution group. Thus, it can be inferred that the BA LCH NPs are a promising drug delivery system for enhancing the ophthalmic administration of BA to the posterior segment of the eye and improving cataract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhiyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ebuka-Olisaemeka Nwafor
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Linlin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaochen Pang
- Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Zhenzhen Han
- Baokang Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - BaoCheng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Weisan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Li HL, Shan SW, Stamer WD, Li KK, Chan HHL, Civan MM, To CH, Lam TC, Do CW. Mechanistic Effects of Baicalein on Aqueous Humor Drainage and Intraocular Pressure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137372. [PMID: 35806375 PMCID: PMC9266486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma that results from impeded fluid drainage. The increase in outflow resistance is caused by trabecular meshwork (TM) cell dysfunction and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Baicalein (Ba) is a natural flavonoid and has been shown to regulate cell contraction, fluid secretion, and ECM remodeling in various cell types, suggesting the potential significance of regulating outflow resistance and IOP. We demonstrated that Ba significantly lowered the IOP by about 5 mmHg in living mice. Consistent with that, Ba increased the outflow facility by up to 90% in enucleated mouse eyes. The effects of Ba on cell volume regulation and contractility were examined in primary human TM (hTM) cells. We found that Ba (1–100 µM) had no effect on cell volume under iso-osmotic conditions but inhibited the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) by up to 70% under hypotonic challenge. In addition, Ba relaxed hTM cells via reduced myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics, 47 proteins were significantly regulated in hTM cells after a 3-h Ba treatment. Ba significantly increased the expression of cathepsin B by 1.51-fold and downregulated the expression of D-dopachrome decarboxylase and pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor-interacting protein 1 with a fold-change of 0.58 and 0.40, respectively. We suggest that a Ba-mediated increase in outflow facility is triggered by cell relaxation via MLC phosphorylation along with inhibiting RVD in hTM cells. The Ba-mediated changes in protein expression support the notion of altered ECM homeostasis, potentially contributing to a reduction of outflow resistance and thereby IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-lam Li
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (H.-l.L.); (S.W.S.); (K.-k.L.); (H.H.-l.C.); (C.-h.T.); (T.C.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Wan Shan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (H.-l.L.); (S.W.S.); (K.-k.L.); (H.H.-l.C.); (C.-h.T.); (T.C.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - King-kit Li
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (H.-l.L.); (S.W.S.); (K.-k.L.); (H.H.-l.C.); (C.-h.T.); (T.C.L.)
| | - Henry Ho-lung Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (H.-l.L.); (S.W.S.); (K.-k.L.); (H.H.-l.C.); (C.-h.T.); (T.C.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Mortimer M. Civan
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Chi-ho To
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (H.-l.L.); (S.W.S.); (K.-k.L.); (H.H.-l.C.); (C.-h.T.); (T.C.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (H.-l.L.); (S.W.S.); (K.-k.L.); (H.H.-l.C.); (C.-h.T.); (T.C.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-wai Do
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (H.-l.L.); (S.W.S.); (K.-k.L.); (H.H.-l.C.); (C.-h.T.); (T.C.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Research Institute of Smart Ageing (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Correspondence:
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Tang F, Yan HL, Wang LX, Xu JF, Peng C, Ao H, Tan YZ. Review of Natural Resources With Vasodilation: Traditional Medicinal Plants, Natural Products, and Their Mechanism and Clinical Efficacy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627458. [PMID: 33867985 PMCID: PMC8048554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, chronic diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) have plagued the world. Meanwhile, we have noticed a close association between CCVDs and vascular lesions, such as hypertension. More focus has been placed on TMPs and natural products with vasodilation and hypotension. TMPs with vasodilatory and hypotensive activities are mainly from Compositae, Lamiaceae, and Orchidaceae (such as V. amygdalina Del., T. procuinbens L., M. glomerata Spreng., K. galanga L., etc.) whereas natural products eliciting vasorelaxant potentials were primarily from flavonoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids (such as apigenin, puerarin, curcumin, sinomenine, etc.). Furthermore, the data analysis showed that the vasodilatory function of TMPs was mainly concerned with the activation of eNOS, while the natural products were primarily correlated with the blockage of calcium channel. Thus, TMPs will be used as alternative drugs and nutritional supplements, while natural products will be considered as potential therapies for CCVDs in the future. This study provides comprehensive and valuable references for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and CCVDs and sheds light on the further studies in this regard. However, since most studies are in vitro and preclinical, there is a need for more in-depth researches and clinical trials to understand the potential of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Ao
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Saadat S, Boskabadi J, Boskabady MH. Contribution of potassium channels, beta2-adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors in the relaxant effect of baicalein on rat tracheal smooth muscle. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:1347-1352. [PMID: 32128101 PMCID: PMC7038427 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.36377.8666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Baicalein, a compound extracted from a variety of herbs, showed various pharmacological effects. This study evaluated the relaxant effects of baicalein and its underlying molecular mechanisms of action on rat's isolated tracheal smooth muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tracheal smooth muscle were contracted by 10 μM methacholine or 60 mM KCl and the effects of cumulative concentrations of baicalein (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml) and theophylline (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM) were evaluated. To examine the possible mechanism(s) of the relaxant effect of baicalein, its effect was also evaluated on incubated tissues with atropine, indomethacin, diltiazem, N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), glibenclamide, propranolol and chlorpheniramine. RESULTS A concentration-dependent and significant relaxant effect was seen for baicalein in non-incubated tissues contracted by KCl or methacholine (P<0.01 to P<0.001). No significant difference was seen between the relaxant effects of high concentrations of baicalein and theophylline. The relaxant effects of all concentrations of baicalein in incubated tissues with glibenclamide, propranolol and chlorpheniramine were significantly lower than non-incubated tissues (P<0.05 to P<0.001). Additionally, the EC50 values of baicalein in incubated tissue with propranolol was significantly higher than non-incubated condition (P<0.05). CONCLUSION A potent relaxant effect comparable to the effect of theophylline was shown for baicalein, which was probably mediated via inhibition of histamine (H1) receptors, stimulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors and potassium channels activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Saadat
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Boskabadi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kim HJ, La JH, Kim HM, Yang IS, Sung TS. Anti-diarrheal effect of Scutellaria baicalensis is associated with suppression of smooth muscle in the rat colon. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4748-4756. [PMID: 31105793 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) has been used to manage diarrhea, and its anti-inflammatory effects are responsible for anti-diarrheal effects. However, there are no data concerning its direct effect on colonic motility. Therefore, the effects of the major components of S. baicalensis (baicalin, baicalein and wogonin) on colonic motility were investigated. A segment of the distal colon of rats was placed in Krebs solution to monitor spontaneous giant contractions (GCs). Changes in GCs were recorded after applying baicalin, baicalein or wogonin. After pretreatment with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), 1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazolo (4,2-a) quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), tetradotoxin, w-conotoxin, apamin, and iberiotoxin, changes in GCs by wogonin were recorded and analyzed. The segment of the distal colon showed spontaneous GCs at a mean amplitude of 3.7±0.3 g with a frequency of 0.8±0.1/min. Baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin reduced both the amplitude and the frequency of GCs in a dose-dependent manner. Wogonin had the most potent inhibitory effect on GCs (IC50 was 14.6 µM in amplitude and 14.2 µM in frequency). Wogonin-induced GC reduction was not significantly affected by the inhibition of nitric oxide/cGMP pathways with L-NAME and ODQ. Blocking the enteric neurotransmission with tetradotoxin and ω-conotoxin was ineffective on the wogonin-induced reduction of GCs. Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channel blockers (apamin and iberiotoxin) significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of wogonin on GCs (P<0.01). Wogonin was effective in inhibiting colonic motility, probably through the opening of KCa channels located in the smooth muscle apparatus. These findings suggest that wogonin may be a candidate drug for the management of dysmotility-related diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho La
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hee Man Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0357, USA
| | - Il-Suk Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sik Sung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0357, USA
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Ding L, Jia C, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhu W, Chen Y, Zhang T. Baicalin relaxes vascular smooth muscle and lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 111:325-330. [PMID: 30590320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is an extensively used medicinal herb for the treatment of hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine. Baicalin is the most abundant flavone compound present in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and endothelium-dependent vascular activities of baicalin have been suggested. However, the pharmacological implications and mechanisms of baicalin under hypertensive conditions remain to be investigated. The current study examined the blood pressure-lowering effect of baicalin in a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model. Moreover, vascular activities and mechanisms of baicalin were investigated under hypertensive conditions. The results demonstrate that baicalin treatment lowers the blood pressure in SHRs in vivo. Ex vivo vascular reactivity assay reveals that baicalin relaxes phenylephrine (PE)-constricted SHR aortas in an endothelium-independent manner. Baicalin attenuates Angiotensin II (Ang II) or potassium chloride (KCl)-induced vasoconstriction in SHR aortas as well. Baicalin also relaxes SHR aortas in the presence of different Ca2+ channel blockers such as nifedipine and SKF96365 in response to PE-induced constriction. Most importantly, ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) blockade partially abrogated the vasorelaxant effect of baicalin. In summary, the current study demonstrates for the first time that intracellular Ca2+ regulation in vascular smooth muscle is mechanistically implicated in the vasorelaxant effect of baicalin under hypertensive conditions. Furthermore, activated KATP channels are in part required for the vasorelaxant effect of baicalin under hypertensive conditions. Thus, the work here sheds novel pharmacological and mechanistic insights into the blood pressure-lowering effect of baicalin, which may help better understand the therapeutic application of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliqiang Ding
- Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Jia
- Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Teng Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Setzer WN. The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E121. [PMID: 30424560 PMCID: PMC6313439 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
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Leung FP, Yung LM, Ngai CY, Cheang WS, Tian XY, Lau CW, Zhang Y, Liu J, Chen ZY, Bian ZX, Yao X, Huang Y. Chronic black tea extract consumption improves endothelial function in ovariectomized rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1963-72. [PMID: 26276555 PMCID: PMC4949301 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Menopause escalates the risk of cardiovascular diseases in women. There is an unmet need for better treatment strategy for estrogen-deficiency-related cardiovascular complications. Here we investigated the impact of chronic black tea extract (BT) consumption on cardiovascular function and lipid metabolism using a rat model of estrogen deficiency. Methods Female Sprague–Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with BT (15 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks; active ingredients: theaflavins) or estrogen (E2) treatment for 4 weeks. Serum was collected for measuring cholesterol, triacylglycerol and estradiol levels. Changes in vascular reactivity were examined. The protein levels of NADPH oxidases were assessed by Western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured using dihydroethidium fluorescence imaging. The concentrations of cGMP were measured using ELISA kit. Results Aortic rings from control, BT-treated and E2-treated OVX rats exhibited a greater increase in Phe-induced contraction after inhibition of NO synthase compared with those from OVX rats. ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations were augmented in aortae and renal arteries in BT/E2-treated OVX rats than in OVX rats. BT/E2 treatment improved flow-mediated dilatation in small mesenteric resistance arteries of OVX rats. BT/E2 treatment restored the eNOS phosphorylation level and reversed the up-regulation of NADPH oxidases and ROS overproduction in OVX rat aortae. ACh-stimulated cGMP production was significantly elevated in the aortae from BT- and E2-treated rats compared with those from OVX rats. BT/E2 treatment reduced circulating levels of total cholesterol. Conclusions The present study reveals the novel benefits of chronic BT consumption to reverse endothelial dysfunction and favorably modifying cholesterol profile in a rat model of estrogen deficiency and provides insights into developing BT as beneficial dietary supplements for postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung Ping Leung
- Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lai Ming Yung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ching Yuen Ngai
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai San Cheang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Moon JH, Park SY. Baicalein prevents human prion protein-induced neuronal cell death by regulating JNK activation. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:439-45. [PMID: 25435015 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of the protease-insensitive isoform (PrPSc) of prion protein. Human prion protein fragment 106‑126 [PrP (106‑126)] contains most of the pathological characteristics associated with PrPSc. Although a number of compounds have been identified to inhibit PrP accumulation or dissolve fibrils and aggregates in vitro, there is currenlty no treatment available for these progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Baicalein, the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) Georgi (known as Huang-qin in traditional Chinese medicine) has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects of baicalein on the development of prion diseases using SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells in vitro. We found that baicalein protected the cells against PrP‑induced neuronal cell death by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction using ROS detection assay and MTP assay. We demonstrated that baicalein treatment regulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by using western blot analysis and Annexin V assay. Our data suggest that baicalein has potential for use as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Identification of a nitric oxide generation-stimulative principle in Scutellariae radix. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:657-9. [PMID: 23470739 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Scutellariae radix (SR, from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) is thought to regulate blood pressure. In this study, HPLC-based purification coupled with MS, NMR analysis revealed that baicalin, a major flavone in SR, stimulates endothelial NO generation, suggesting its potential as an ingredient in medicinal food and beverage to treat hypertension.
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11
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Protection of cells from nitric oxide-mediated apoptotic death by glutathione C₆₀ derivative. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:677-81. [PMID: 22439806 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the glutathione C₆₀ derivative on the cytotoxicity of a highly reactive free radical NO (nitric oxide) has been investigated. Consistent with its cytoprotective abilities, the derivative scavenges ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) both in vitro and under cell-free conditions. Moreover, the glutathione C₆₀ derivative protected PC12 cells from the cytotoxic effect of the NO-releasing compound, SNP (sodium nitroprusside). Addition of glutathione C₆₀ derivative alone did not induce apoptosis and necrosis. The results suggest that the glutathione C₆₀ derivative has the potential to prevent NO-mediated cell death without evident toxicity.
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12
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de Carvalho RSM, Duarte FS, de Lima TCM. Involvement of GABAergic non-benzodiazepine sites in the anxiolytic-like and sedative effects of the flavonoid baicalein in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Lin YL, Dai ZK, Lin RJ, Chu KS, Chen IJ, Wu JR, Wu BN. Baicalin, a flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, activates large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels via cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases in mesenteric artery. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:760-70. [PMID: 20171070 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for cardiovascular dysfunction. The ionic mechanism of the vasorelaxant effects of baicalin remains unclear. We investigated whether baicalin relaxes mesenteric arteries (MAs) via large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK(Ca)) channel activation and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (VDCC) inhibition. The contractility of MA was determined by dual wire myograph. BK(Ca) channels and VDCCs were measured using whole-cell recordings in single myocytes, enzymatically dispersed from rat MAs. Baicalin (10-100 microM) attenuated 80 mM KCl-contracted MA in a concentration-related manner. L-NAME (30 microM) and indomethacin (10 microM) little affected baicalin (100 microM)-induced vasorelaxations. Contractions induced by iberiotoxin (IbTX, 0.1 microM), Bay K8644 (0.1 microM) or PMA (10 microM) were abolished by baicalin 100 microM. In MA myocytes, baicalin (0.3-30 microM) enhanced BK(Ca) channel activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Increased BK(Ca) currents were abolished by IbTX (0.1 microM). Baicalin-mediated (30 microM) BK(Ca) current activation was significantly attenuated by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor (SQ 22536, 10 microM), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ, 10 microM), competitive antagonists of cAMP and cGMP (Rp-cAMP, 100 microM and Rp-cGMP, 100 microM), and cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors (KT5720, 0.3 microM and KT5823, 0.3 microM). Perfusate with PMA (0.1 microM) abolished baicalin-enhanced BK(Ca) currents. Additionally, baicalin (0.3-30 microM) reduced the amplitude of VDCC currents in a concentration-dependent manner and abolished VDCC activator Bay K8644-enhanced (0.1 microM) currents. Baicalin produced MA relaxation by activating BK(Ca) and inhibiting VDCC channels by endothelium-independent mechanisms and by stimulating the cGMP/PKG and cAMP/PKA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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14
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Tang YJ, Zhou FW, Luo ZQ, Li XZ, Yan HM, Wang MJ, Huang FR, Yue SJ. Multiple therapeutic effects of adjunctive baicalin therapy in experimental bacterial meningitis. Inflammation 2010; 33:180-8. [PMID: 20033479 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine effects of adjunctive baicalin therapy to ampicillin for experimental bacterial meningitis in rabbits. After Escherichia Coli inoculation, mean leukocyte counts, concentrations of protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and lactate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain water content and mean arterial and intracranial pressures substantially increased in the meningitis group. Ampicillin alone for 5 h markedly exacerbated the enhanced leukocyte counts and protein concentration, and showed no significant effect on the elevated CSF TNF-alpha, IL-1 and lactate concentration, mean arterial and intracranial pressures, and brain water content. Baicalin (7-D-glucuronic acid-5,6-dihydroxyflavone, C(21)H(18)O(11)) completely counteracted ampicillin-induced exacerbation, and further alleviated the enhanced mean leukocyte counts and protein concentration when combined with ampicillin. Adjunctive baicalin also significantly ameliorated the elevated CSF TNF-alpha, IL-1 and lactate concentration, mean arterial and intracranial pressures, and brain water content. Baicillin, as an adjunctive treatment exerted multiple therapeutic effects in experimental bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
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15
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Dong Y, Leu YL, Chien KY, Yu JS. Separation and Determination of Low Abundant Flavonoids inScutellaria BaicalensisGeorgi by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902961040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Mechanisms of flavonoid protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 46:309-17. [PMID: 19133271 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids have long been acknowledged for their unique antioxidant properties, and possess other activities that may be relevant to heart ischemia-reperfusion. They may prevent production of oxidants (e.g. by inhibition of xanthine oxidase and chelation of transition metals), inhibit oxidants from attacking cellular targets (e.g. by electron donation and scavenging activities), block propagation of oxidative reactions (by chain-breaking antioxidant activity), and reinforce cellular antioxidant capacity (through sparing effects on other antioxidants and inducing expression of endogenous antioxidants). Flavonoids also possess anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation effects through inhibiting relevant enzymes and signaling pathways, resulting ultimately in lower oxidant production and better re-establishment of blood in the ischemic zone. Finally, flavonoids are vasodilatory through a variety of mechanisms, one of which is likely interaction with ion channels. These multifaceted activities of flavonoids raise their utility as possible therapeutic interventions to ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Chang Y, Liu B, Shen B. Orthogonal array design for the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of baicalin from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1568-74. [PMID: 17623438 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid was used to extract baicalin from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. An orthogonal array design (OAD), OA(9)(3(4)), was employed as a chemometric method for the optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction of baicalin from the herbal medicine. Four parameters, namely, modifiers, temperature and pressure of supercritical fluid, and the dynamic extraction time, were studied and optimized by a three-level OAD in which the interactions between the parameters were neglected. Determinations of the extracts were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of parameters were studied using analysis of variance. The results showed that selection of the modifier was the main factor in attaining higher yields of baicalin. While the other three factors had some effect on the extraction of the compound, the effect was much less than that of the modifiers. 1,2-Propanediol-modified supercritical fluid was more effective than 95% ethanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide or methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide for the extraction of baicalin from the solid matrix. Finally, experimental conditions were proposed which can provide the highest extraction yield with respect to the considered factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
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Zhang JQ, Wang XM, Lu ZQ, Huang HL, Chen GT, Liu RX, Bi KS, Guo DA. Quantitative Determination of 14 Major Constituents in the Herbal Preparation Luan-Pao-Prescription Using HPLC Coupled with Photodiode Array Detection. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Machha A, Achike FI, Mohd MA, Mustafa MR. Baicalein impairs vascular tone in normal rat aortas: role of superoxide anions. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 565:144-50. [PMID: 17442302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to the flavonoid baicalein inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxation in physiological arteries, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated the effect of baicalein on vascular tone in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat isolated aortic rings in the presence and absence of oxidative stress to further determine the underlying mechanisms. Exposure to baicalein (10 microM) completely abolished endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine and attenuated significantly the endothelium-independent relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside. Baicalein, similar to Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 microM), potentiated significantly the contractile response of aortic rings to alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. In the presence of L-NAME the baicalein effect on phenylphrine contraction or acetylcholine relaxation was unaltered, suggesting that these effects of baicalein are (like L-NAME effect) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/endothelium-derived nitric oxide-dependent. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity with indomethacin (10 microM) or scavenging of superoxide anions with superoxide dismutase (150 units/ml), but not scavenging of hydrogen peroxide with catalase (800 units/ml), enhanced significantly by an essentially similar extent the relaxation to acetylcholine in baicalein-pretreated aortic rings. Relaxant effect to acetylcholine was significantly attenuated in control aortic rings, but was completely abolished in baicalein-pretreated aortic rings in the presence of reduced form of beta-nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide (beta-NADH, 300 microM). Baicalein blocked beta-NADH (300 microM)-induced transient contractions, suggesting that baicalein may have inhibited activity of NADH/NADPH-oxidase. Baicalein did not alter the failure of acetylcholine to induce relaxation in the presence of pyrogallol (300 microM). In summary, acute exposure to baicalein impairs eNOS/endothelium-derived nitric oxide-mediated vascular tone in rat aortas through the inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide bioavailability coupled to reduced bioactivity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and to cyclooxygenase-mediated release of superoxide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Machha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
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Bonaventura D, de Lima RG, Vercesi JA, da Silva RS, Bendhack LM. Comparison of the mechanisms underlying the relaxation induced by two nitric oxide donors: sodium nitroprusside and a new ruthenium complex. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 46:215-22. [PMID: 17127100 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the mechanisms involved in the relaxation induced by nitric oxide (NO) donors, ruthenium complex ([Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO(+)](3+)-TERPY) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in denuded rat aorta. Both NO donors induced vascular relaxation independent of the agonist used in the pre-contraction. [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO(+)](3+) and SNP activated guanylyl cyclase (GC) and K(+) channels. The production of cGMP induced by [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO(+)](3+) - was higher than that obtained with SNP. The combination of GC inhibitor with K(+)channels blocker almost abolished the relaxation induced by the NO donors. The extracellular NO scavenger oxyhemoglobin reduced the potency without changing the maximum effect (Emax) of both NO donors. By using specific NO species scavengers, hydroxocobalamin and l-cysteine, we have identified the contribution of free radical NO (NO()) and nytroxil anion (NO(-)), respectively, to the rat aorta relaxation induced by both NO donors. The selective scavengers for NO() and NO(-) reduced the potency but not the Emax of [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO(+)](3+). However, the NO(-) scavenger had no effect on the relaxation induced by SNP and NO() scavenger reduced only the potency to SNP. The inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase reduced only the potency of SNP without effect on the relaxation induced by [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO(+)](3+). Our results demonstrate that both NO donors induce relaxation by activating the GC and K(+) channels. The NO() is the unique NO specie involved in the SNP-relaxation. On the other hand, the relaxant effect of [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO(+)](3+) involves both NO() and NO(-), that produce higher concentration of cGMP. The inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase reduces the relaxation induced by SNP but it did not alter the relaxation induced by [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO(+)](3+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Bonaventura
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP--Brazil
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Leung HS, Leung FP, Yao X, Ko WH, Chen ZY, Vanhoutte PM, Huang Y. Endothelial mediators of the acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the rat femoral artery. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:299-308. [PMID: 16527547 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined endothelium-derived mediators of acetylcholine-induced relaxation in male rat femoral arteries. Arterial rings were suspended in a myograph for the measurement of isometric force. The generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in endothelial cells was detected using the fluorescent probe, 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, NOS inhibitor) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,2-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, guanylate cyclase inhibitor) alone or in combination with indomethacin (cycloxygenase inhibitor) diminished acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation to a similar extent. A small relaxation to acetylcholine in 60 mM KCl-constricted rings was abolished by L-NAME. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was reduced by charybdotoxin plus apamin (intermediate- and small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blockers, respectively) or by 30 mM KCl. Both ouabain (Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor) and BaCl2 (K(IR) channel blocker) also inhibited the relaxation albeit to a lesser degree. In the presence of L-NAME, ODQ plus indomethacin, charybdotoxin plus apamin or ouabain plus BaCl2 produced further inhibition. Catalase attenuated acetylcholine-induced relaxations and this attenuation was prevented by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (catalase inhibitor). Catalase did not affect acetylcholine-induced relaxations in rings treated with L-NAME or ODQ. Acetylcholine increased the dichlorofluorescein fluorescence intensity in native endothelial cells and this effect was abolished by catalase and by L-NAME. Exogenous H2O2 caused endothelium-independent relaxation that was slightly inhibited by iberiotoxin, ODQ or significantly reduced by elevated KCl, and abolished by catalase. The present results indicate that in addition to nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF, sensitive to charybdotoxin plus apamin, ouabain, and BaCl2), the endothelium of rat femoral artery can release H2O2 in response to acetylcholine, which was sensitive to L-NAME. Thus, the eNOS-dependent H2O2 is likely to be the third mediator of acetylcholine-mediated relaxations in rat femoral arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hok Sum Leung
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Physiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Mirkov SM, Djordjevic AN, Andric NL, Andric SA, Kostic TS, Bogdanovic GM, Vojinovic-Miloradov MB, Kovacevic RZ. Nitric oxide-scavenging activity of polyhydroxylated fullerenol, C60(OH)24. Nitric Oxide 2005; 11:201-7. [PMID: 15491853 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the possible nitric oxide-scavenging activity of hydroxylated derivative of fullerene, fullerenol C60(OH)24, demonstrated that it expressed direct scavenging activity toward nitric oxide radical (NO) liberated within solution of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a well known NO donor. In parallel, pre-treatment (30') with intratesticular injection of fullerenol (60 microg/each testis) prevented NO-induced decrease of catalase, glutathione transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the denucleated fraction of interstitial testicular cells of adult rats 2 h after intratesticular injection of SNP (20 microg/each testis). In addition, fullerenol decreased formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) with similar efficiency as butylated hydroxy toluen (BHT), a well known antioxidant. Also, fullerenol expressed certain scavenging activity toward superoxide anion (O2-) in xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. In summary, results obtained in this study confirmed free radical-scavenging activity of fullerenol, and according to our knowledge, it is the first evidence of direct NO-quenching activity of hydroxylated C60 derivative in different milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana M Mirkov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave. MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Zhang ZJ, Wang Z, Zhang XY, Ying K, Liu JX, Wang YY. Gene expression profile induced by oral administration of baicalin and gardenin after focal brain ischemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:307-14. [PMID: 15715926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate differential gene expression and the pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and gardenin in focal cerebral ischemia in rats with high-density cDNA microarray. METHODS Rat left middle cerebral arteries were occluded and treated with either baicalin or gardenin. The pharmacological effects were investigated using the difference in infarction areas before and after treatment, which were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Gene expression was demonstrated using a "Biostar40S" gene microarray. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to verify the result of the selected genes. RESULTS Both baicalin and gardenin reduced the infarction areas in focal cerebral ischemia rats (P<0.05). The differential genes were 211, 177, and 70 (upregulated or downregulated) in the model group, baicalin, and gardenin treatment groups compared with the sham-operated group, respectively. Gene expression of RpL19 and Csnk2 underwent an approximately 1.9 and 2.1-fold increase, respectively, verified by semiquantitative RT-PCR, which was the same trend as the cDNA microarray. CONCLUSION Differential gene expression with respect to the pharmacological effects of baicalin and gardenin on focal cerebral ischemia by cDNA microarray revealed a number of clues with respect to the therapeutic mechanisms of Chinese traditional medicine. In addition, the present study provided theoretical and experimental evidence that will aid future studies examining cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-jun Zhang
- The Clinical School of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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