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Rehman A, Noreen A, Aftab S, Shakoori A. Antiproliferative effect of oxidative stress induced by tellurite in breast carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrp.jcrp_5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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The immunomodulatory tellurium compound ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-O,O') tellurate reduces anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone levels of submissive mice. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:458-465. [PMID: 28590303 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-O,O') tellurate (AS101) is a synthetic organotellurium compound with potent immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties shown to inhibit the function of integrin αvβ3, a presynaptic cell-surface-adhesion receptor. As partial deletion of αvβ3 downregulated reuptake of serotonin by the serotonin transporter, we hypothesized that AS101 may influence pathways regulating anxiety. AS101 was tested in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior using the selectively bred Submissive (Sub) mouse strain that develop anxiety-like behavior in response to an i.p. injection. Mice were treated daily with AS101 (i.p., 125 or 200 μg/kg) or vehicle for 3 weeks, after which their anxiety-like behavior was measured in the elevated plus maze. Animals were then culled for the measurement of serum corticosterone levels by ELISA and hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by RT-PCR. Chronic administration of AS101 significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior of Sub mice in the elevated plus maze, according to both time spent and entries to open arms, relative to vehicle-treated controls. AS101 also markedly reduced serum corticosterone levels of the treated mice and increased their hippocampal BDNF expression. Anxiolytic-like effects of AS101 may be attributed to the modulation of the regulatory influence integrin of αvβ3 upon the serotonin transporter, suggesting a multifaceted mechanism by which AS101 buffers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to injection stress, enabling recovery of hippocampal BDNF expression and anxiety-like behavior in Sub mice. Further studies should advance the potential of AS101 in the context of anxiety-related disorders.
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Vishwakarma P, Parmar N, Chandrakar P, Sharma T, Kathuria M, Agnihotri PK, Siddiqi MI, Mitra K, Kar S. Ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis by redox modulation of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase and inhibiting host integrin linked PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:563-588. [PMID: 28900667 PMCID: PMC11105478 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to search for affordable and safer therapeutics against debilitating visceral leishmaniasis, we examined antileishmanial potential of ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate (AS101); a tellurium based non toxic immunomodulator. AS101 showed significant in vitro efficacy against both Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes at sub-micromolar concentrations. AS101 could also completely eliminate organ parasite load from L. donovani infected Balb/c mice along with significant efficacy against infected hamsters (˃93% inhibition). Analyzing mechanistic details revealed that the double edged AS101 could directly induce apoptosis in promastigotes along with indirectly activating host by reversing T-cell anergy to protective Th1 mode, increased ROS generation and anti-leishmanial IgG production. AS101 could inhibit IL-10/STAT3 pathway in L. donovani infected macrophages via blocking α4β7 integrin dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and activate host MAPKs and NF-κB for Th1 response. In silico docking and biochemical assays revealed AS101's affinity to form thiol bond with cysteine residues of trypanothione reductase in Leishmania promastigotes leading to its inactivation and inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis of the parasite via increased Ca2+ level, loss of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential along with metacaspase activation. Our findings provide the first evidence for the mechanism of action of AS101 with excellent safety profile and suggest its promising therapeutic potential against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Vishwakarma
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Chandrakar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Sharma
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Manoj Kathuria
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pramod K Agnihotri
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
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Jorge PM, de Oliveira IM, Filippi Chiela EC, Viau CM, Saffi J, Horn F, Rosa RM, Guecheva TN, Pêgas Henriques JA. Diphenyl Ditelluride-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis: A Relation with Topoisomerase I Inhibition. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:273-80. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. Jorge
- Department of Biophysics; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Iuri M. de Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Cassiana M. Viau
- Department of Basic Health Sciences; Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences; Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Fabiana Horn
- Department of Biophysics; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Renato M. Rosa
- Department of Biophysics; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Temenouga N. Guecheva
- Department of Biophysics; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - João A. Pêgas Henriques
- Department of Biophysics; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Biotecnology Institute; University of Caxias do Sul (UCS); Caxias do Sul RS Brazil
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Rozmer Z, Berki T, Maász G, Perjési P. Different effects of two cyclic chalcone analogues on redox status of Jurkat T cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1359-65. [PMID: 25014873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chalcones are intermediary compounds of the biosynthetic pathway of the naturally flavonoids. Previous studies have demonstrated that chalcones and their conformationally rigid cyclic analogues have tumour cell cytotoxic and chemopreventive effects. It has been shown that equitoxic doses of the two cyclic chalcone analogues (E)-2-(4'-methoxybenzylidene)-(2) and (E)-2-(4'-methylbenzylidene)-1-benzosuberone (3) have different effect on cell cycle progress of the investigated Jurkat cells. It was also found that the compounds affect the cellular thiol status of the treated cells and show intrinsic (non-enzyme-catalyzed) reactivity towards GSH under cell-free conditions. In order to gain new insights into the cytotoxic mechanism of the compounds, effects on the redox status and glutathione level of Jurkat cells were investigated. Detection of intracellular ROS level in Jurkat cells exposed to 2 and 3 was performed using the dichlorofluorescein-assay. Compound 2 did not influence ROS activity either on 1 or 4h exposure; in contrast, chalcone 3 showed to reduce ROS level at both timepoints. The two compounds had different effects on cellular glutathione status as well. Compound 2 significantly increased the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level showing an interference with the cellular antioxidant defence. On the contrary, chalcone 3 enhanced the reduced glutathione level, indicating enhanced cellular antioxidant activity. To investigate the chalcone-GSH conjugation reactions under cellular conditions, a combination of a RP-HPLC method with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was performed. Chalcone-GSH adducts could not be observed either in the cell supernatant or the cell sediment after deproteinization. The investigations provide further details of dual - cytotoxic and chemopreventive - effects of the cyclic chalcone analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Rozmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, P.O. Box 99, H-7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, P.O. Box 99, H-7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, P.O. Box 99, H-7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pál Perjési
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, P.O. Box 99, H-7602 Pécs, Hungary.
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Antibacterial effects of the tellurium compound OTD on E. coli isolates. Arch Microbiol 2013; 196:51-61. [PMID: 24322541 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial effects of a new organo-tellurium compound [Octa-O-bis-(R,R)-tartarate ditellurane (OTD)] on Escherichia coli isolates as a model are shown. OTD was found to be a bactericidal drug. It exhibits inhibition zones on a protein-rich agar medium but not in a protein-poor medium unless a thiol is added. When applied at the lag phase, OTD inhibits more efficiently than at the log phase. Thiols enhance the efficiency at the log phase. OTD inhibits biofilm formation of E. coli. X-ray microanalysis demonstrated damage caused to the Na⁺/K⁺ pumps and leakage of potassium and phosphorous. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated an incomplete surface of the bacterial cell wall with a concavity in the center that looks like a hole. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated severe damage, such as depletion, perforation, and holes in the inner membrane. These results indicate for the first time that the new tellurium compound has antibacterial activities.
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Israeli M, Sredni B, Mor E, Zakai C, Tadmor B, Klein T. The immune-modulator AS101 reduces anti-HLA antibodies in sera of sensitized patients: a structural approach. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:483-9. [PMID: 22683182 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant efforts are dedicated to identification of agents that eliminate anti-HLA antibodies (Ab) from sera of transplant candidates. Antibody titer following in vitro incubation of sera with desensitizing agents has shown to reflect the probability that a patient would benefit from clinical de-sensitization protocols. AS101 is a non-toxic, synthetic, organic tellurium compound. The aim of this research was to assess the ability of AS101 to reduce anti-HLA Abs and to identify patients likely to benefit from this effect. METHODS Sera of sensitized patients awaiting transplant were incubated in the presence of AS101. Measured mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) represents reactivity of anti HLA Abs in the serum, as detected by the Luminex platform. The repertoire of HLA antigen epitopes was recognized using HLA Matchmaker software. RESULTS AS101 Incubation caused a significant Ab titer decrease in approximately two thirds of the samples. The median Class I and II MFI decrease among the responding samples was 16.7% and 14%, respectively (p<0.05). HLA Matchmaker analysis of the patients' class I epitope sequences revealed apparent amino-acid differences between the patterns of the responding and non-responding patients. CONCLUSION In vitro incubation of sera in the presence of AS101 causes a decrease in the anti-HLA Ab's reactivity in several patient samples. Sera most likely to demonstrate this effect are characterized by a moderate MFI level and a distinct antibody reactivity pattern specific for defined HLA antigen epitopes. These results support further investigation of AS101 as a potential agent for desensitization of humoral reactivity prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Israeli
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel.
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Caracelli I, Vega-Teijido M, Zukerman-Schpector J, Cezari MH, Lopes JG, Juliano L, Santos PS, Comasseto JV, Cunha RL, Tiekink ER. A tellurium-based cathepsin B inhibitor: Molecular structure, modelling, molecular docking and biological evaluation. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Coletti D, Scaramuzzo FA, Montemiglio LC, Pristerà A, Teodori L, Adamo S, Barteri M. Culture of skeletal muscle cells in unprecedented proximity to a gold surface. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 91:370-7. [PMID: 18980225 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Culturing of skeletal muscle cells on conductive surfaces is required to develop electronic device-muscle junctions for tissue engineering and medical applications. We characterized from a molecular and morphological point of view myogenic cells cultured on gold and on cysteamine-coated gold, as compared to the standard plastic for cell culture. Our results show that cell proliferation and survival are comparable between cells grown on either of the gold surface or plastic. The majority of the cells cultured on gold surfaces retain the ability to respond to differentiation cues, as shown by nuclear translocation of myogenin. Following terminal differentiation, the myotubes cultured on cysteamine-coated gold resemble myotube cultures obtained on plastic for the size and orientation of the myotube bundles retaining most of myosin expression; on the contrary, the myotube cultures on gold show a clumped morphology, likely due to repulsive cell-substratum interaction resulting in aberrant differentiation. On the basis of the aforementioned evidences, the culture of muscle cells on cysteamine-coated gold represents an advance with respect to previously reported substrata. The cysteamine self-assembled monolayer coating is a simple approach to accomplish cultures of myotubes in unprecedented tight proximity to conductive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Coletti
- Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, and Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Via Scarpa 14, Rome, Italy
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Daniel-Hoffmann M, Albeck M, Sredni B, Nitzan Y. A potential antimicrobial treatment against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae using the tellurium compound AS101. Arch Microbiol 2009; 191:631-8. [PMID: 19529918 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-009-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the extensive spread of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, the non-toxic immunomodulator, ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-o, o') tellurate (AS101), was introduced for the first time in this study. Eleven strains of K. pneumoniae were tested: five were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains and six were non-ESBL-producing strains. The MIC and MBC of ten strains were 9 microg/ml AS101 and 18 microg/ml for one strain. AS101 treatment inhibited bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner on protein-rich media. No inhibition by AS101 was observed on poorer media. In combination with beta-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) or cysteamine, AS101 inhibited bacterial growth in both types of media. Growth inhibition was also shown following AS101 treatment at both lag and log phases. Our data indicate that AS101 enters the bacterium through its porins, causing bacterial destruction. The mechanism of cell death was characterized using several techniques: (a) scanning electron microscopy showed that bacteria treated with AS101 or in combination with cysteamine exhibited evidence of cell-wall damage; (b) X-ray microanalysis demonstrated damage to Na/K pumps; and (c) transmission electron microscopy demonstrated cell lysis. These phenomena suggest that AS101 has antibacterial potential against K. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Daniel-Hoffmann
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Abondanza TS, Oliveira CR, Barbosa CMV, Pereira FEG, Cunha RLOR, Caires ACF, Comasseto JV, Queiroz MLS, Valadares MC, Bincoletto C. Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis induction in human HL60 leukaemic cells treated with a novel organotellurium(IV) compound RT-04. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2540-5. [PMID: 18495315 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Organotellurium(IV) compounds have been reported to have multiple biological activities including cysteine protease-inhibitory activity, mainly cathepsin B. As cathepsin B is a highly predictive indicator for prognosis and diagnosis of cancer, a possible antitumor potential for these new compounds is expected. In this work, it was investigated the effectiveness of organotellurium(IV) RT-04 to produce lethal effects in the human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line HL60. Using the MTT tetrazolium reduction test, and trypan blue exclusion assay, the IC50 for the compound after 24 h incubation was 6.8 and 0.35 microM, respectively. Moreover, the compound was found to trigger apoptosis in HL60 cells, inducing DNA fragmentation and caspase-3, -6, and -9 activations. The apoptsosis-induced by RT-04 is probably related to the diminished Bcl-2 expression, observed by RT-PCR, in HL60-treated cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that the RT-04 treatment (2.76 mg/kg given for three consecutive days) produces no significant toxic effects for bone marrow and spleen CFU-GM. However, higher doses (5.0 and 10 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent reduction in the number of CFU-GM of RT-04-treated mice. These results suggest that RT-04 is able to induce apoptosis in HL60 cells by Bcl-2 expression down-modulation. Further studies are necessary to better clarify the effects of this compound on bone marrow normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Abondanza
- Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
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Frei GM, Kremer M, Hanschmann KM, Krause S, Albeck M, Sredni B, Schnierle BS. Antitumour effects in mycosis fungoides of the immunomodulatory, tellurium-based compound, AS101. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:578-86. [PMID: 18241275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunomodulator AS101 [ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-O,O') tellurate], a nontoxic tellurium (IV) compound, has antitumoral effects which were demonstrated in several preclinical and clinical studies. OBJECTIVES To investigate the antitumour activity of AS101 on cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), of which mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most frequent disease variant. METHODS We used a newly established mouse xenograft model for MF to test the effect of AS101 in vivo and analysed apoptosis induction in vitro. RESULTS When injected intratumorally, AS101 delayed tumour growth in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, AS101 induced a dose-dependent G2/M arrest in the CTCL cell lines Hut78 and MyLa. Moreover, higher concentrations of AS101 induced apoptosis in MyLa cells. Programmed cell death was associated with the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3. AS101 also elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; the antioxidant, Mn superoxide dismutase, significantly reduced the degree of apoptosis, suggesting that ROS play a key role in apoptosis induction. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that AS101 may be a promising antitumour drug for CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Frei
- Safdié Institute for AIDS and Immunology Research, The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan Unviersity, Ramat Gam 52900, Israel
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Yosef S, Brodsky M, Sredni B, Albeck A, Albeck M. Octa-O-bis-(R,R)-Tartarate Ditellurane (SAS)—a Novel Bioactive Organotellurium(IV) Compound: Synthesis, Characterization, and Protease Inhibitory Activity. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1601-6. [PMID: 17680580 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Octa-O-bis-(R,R)-Tartarate Ditellurane (SAS) is a new Te(IV) compound, comprised of two tellurium atoms, each liganded by four oxygen atoms from two carboxylates and two alkoxides of two tartaric acids. Unlike many other Te(IV) compounds, SAS was highly stable in aqueous solution. It interacted with thiols to form an unstable Te(SR)(4) product. The product of the interaction of SAS with cysteine was isolated and characterized by mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. SAS selectively inactivated cysteine proteases, but it did not inactivate other families of proteolytic enzymes. It displayed selectivity towards the cysteine protease cathepsin B, a human enzyme of pharmaceutical interest, with a second order rate constant k(i)/K(i)=5900 M(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Yosef
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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