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Mock MB, Summers RM. Microbial metabolism of caffeine and potential applications in bioremediation. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae080. [PMID: 38549434 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
With increasing global consumption of caffeine-rich products, such as coffee, tea, and energy drinks, there is also an increase in urban and processing waste full of residual caffeine with limited disposal options. This waste caffeine has been found to leach into the surrounding environment where it poses a threat to microorganisms, insects, small animals, and entire ecosystems. Growing interest in harnessing this environmental contaminant has led to the discovery of 79 bacterial strains, eight yeast strains, and 32 fungal strains capable of metabolizing caffeine by N-demethylation and/or C-8 oxidation. Recently observed promiscuity of caffeine-degrading enzymes in vivo has opened up the possibility of engineering bacterial strains capable of producing a wide variety of caffeine derivatives from a renewable resource. These engineered strains can be used to reduce the negative environmental impact of leached caffeine-rich waste through bioremediation efforts supplemented by our increasing understanding of new techniques such as cell immobilization. Here, we compile all of the known caffeine-degrading microbial strains, discuss their metabolism and related enzymology, and investigate their potential application in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Mock
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Ryan M Summers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
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Lin Z, Wei J, Hu Y, Pi D, Jiang M, Lang T. Caffeine Synthesis and Its Mechanism and Application by Microbial Degradation, A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2721. [PMID: 37509813 PMCID: PMC10380055 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a metabolite derived from purine nucleotides, typically accounting for 2-5% of the dry weight of tea and 1-2% of the dry weight of coffee. In the tea and coffee plants, the main synthesis pathway of caffeine is a four-step sequence consisting of three methylation reactions and one nucleosidase reaction using xanthine as a precursor. In bacteria, caffeine degradation occurs mainly through the pathways of N-demethylation and C-8 oxidation. However, a study fully and systematically summarizing the metabolism and application of caffeine in microorganisms has not been established elsewhere. In the present study, we provide a review of the biosynthesis, microbial degradation, gene expression, and application of caffeine microbial degradation. The present review aims to further elaborate the mechanism of caffeine metabolism by microorganisms and explore the development prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yongqiang Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Dujuan Pi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Tao Lang
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
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Yu Z, Deng H, Qu H, Zhang B, Lei G, Chen J, Feng X, Wu D, Huang Y, Ji Z. Penicillium simplicissimum possessing high potential to develop decaffeinated Qingzhuan tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shanmugam MK, Gummadi SN. Optimization by uniform Design U
8
(8
3
) approach for enhanced caffeine degradation in synthetic wastewater in bioreactor. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:308-316. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Shanmugam
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
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Effect of Pseudomonas moorei KB4 Cells' Immobilisation on Their Degradation Potential and Tolerance towards Paracetamol. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040820. [PMID: 33557429 PMCID: PMC7915102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas moorei KB4 is capable of degrading paracetamol, but high concentrations of this drug may cause an accumulation of toxic metabolites. It is known that immobilisation can have a protective effect on bacterial cells; therefore, the toxicity and degradation rate of paracetamol by the immobilised strain KB4 were assessed. Strain KB4 was immobilised on a plant sponge. A toxicity assessment was performed by measuring the concentration of ATP using the colony-forming unit (CFU) method. The kinetic parameters of paracetamol degradation were estimated using the Hill equation. Toxicity analysis showed a protective effect of the carrier at low concentrations of paracetamol. Moreover, a pronounced phenomenon of hormesis was observed in the immobilised systems. The obtained kinetic parameters and the course of the kinetic curves clearly indicate a decrease in the degradation activity of cells after their immobilisation. There was a delay in degradation in the systems with free cells without glucose and immobilised cells with glucose. However, it was demonstrated that the immobilised systems can degrade at least ten succeeding cycles of 20 mg/L paracetamol degradation. The obtained results indicate that the immobilised strain may become a useful tool in the process of paracetamol degradation.
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Zhou B, Ma C, Zheng C, Xia T, Ma B, Liu X. 3-Methylxanthine production through biodegradation of theobromine by Aspergillus sydowii PT-2. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:269. [PMID: 32854634 PMCID: PMC7453516 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylxanthines, including caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, are natural and synthetic compounds in tea, which could be metabolized by certain kinds of bacteria and fungi. Previous studies confirmed that several microbial isolates from Pu-erh tea could degrade and convert caffeine and theophylline. We speculated that these candidate isolates also could degrade and convert theobromine through N-demethylation and oxidation. In this study, seven tea-derived fungal strains were inoculated into various theobromine agar medias and theobromine liquid mediums to assess their capacity in theobromine utilization. Related metabolites with theobromine degradation were detected by using HPLC in the liquid culture to investigate their potential application in the production of 3-methylxanthine. Results Based on theobromine utilization capacity, Aspergillus niger PT-1, Aspergillus sydowii PT-2, Aspergillus ustus PT-6 and Aspergillus tamarii PT-7 have demonstrated the potential for theobromine biodegradation. Particularly, A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 could degrade theobromine significantly (p < 0.05) in all given liquid mediums. 3,7-Dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, 3-methyluric acid, xanthine, and uric acid were detected in A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 culture, respectively, which confirmed the existence of N-demethylation and oxidation in theobromine catabolism. 3-Methylxanthine was common and main demethylated metabolite of theobromine in the liquid culture. 3-Methylxanthine in A. sydowii PT-2 culture showed a linear relation with initial theobromine concentrations that 177.12 ± 14.06 mg/L 3-methylxanthine was accumulated in TLM-S with 300 mg/L theobromine. Additionally, pH at 5 and metal ion of Fe2+ promoted 3-methylxanthine production significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study is the first to confirm that A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 degrade theobromine through N-demethylation and oxidation, respectively. A. sydowii PT-2 showed the potential application in 3-methylxanthine production with theobromine as feedstock through the N-demethylation at N-7 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxing Zhou
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Cunqiang Ma
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, Henan, China. .,Kunming Dapu Tea Industry Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China.
| | - Chengqin Zheng
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Bingsong Ma
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
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Isolation, characterization and application of theophylline-degrading Aspergillus fungi. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:72. [PMID: 32192512 PMCID: PMC7082937 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline are main purine alkaloid in tea. Theophylline is the downstream metabolite and it remains at a very low level in Camellia sinensis. In our previous study, Aspergillus sydowii could convert caffeine into theophylline in solid-state fermentation of pu-erh tea through N-demethylation. In this study, tea-derived fungi caused theophylline degradation in the solid-state fermentation. The purpose of this study is identify and isolate theophylline-degrading fungi and investigate their application in production of methylxanthines with theophylline as feedstock through microbial conversion. Results Seven tea-derived fungi were collected and identified by ITS, β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences, Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger and A. sydowii associated with solid-state fermentation of pu-erh tea have shown ability to degrade theophylline in liquid culture. Particularly, A. ustus and A. tamarii could degrade theophylline highly significantly (p < 0.01). 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 3-methyluric acid, xanthine and uric acid were detected consecutively by HPLC in A. ustus and A. tamarii, respectively. The data from absolute quantification analysis suggested that 3-methylxanthine and xanthine were the main degraded metabolites in A. ustus and A. tamarii, respectively. 129.48 ± 5.81 mg/L of 3-methylxanthine and 159.11 ± 10.8 mg/L of xanthine were produced by A. ustus and A. tamarii in 300 mg/L of theophylline liquid medium, respectively. Conclusions For the first time, we confirmed that isolated A. ustus, A. tamarii degrade theophylline through N-demethylation and oxidation. We were able to biologically produce 3-methylxanthine and xanthine efficiently from theophylline through a new microbial synthesis platform with A. ustus and A. tamarii as appropriate starter strains.
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Production of theophylline via aerobic fermentation of pu-erh tea using tea-derived fungi. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:261. [PMID: 31771506 PMCID: PMC6878699 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caffeine is one of the most abundant methylxanthines in tea, and it remains stable in processing of general teas. In the secondary metabolism of microorganism, theophylline is the main conversion product in caffeine catabolism through demethylation. Microorganisms, involved in the solid-state fermentation of pu-erh tea, have a certain impact on caffeine level. Inoculating an appropriate starter strain that is able to convert caffeine to theophylline would be an alternative way to obtain theophylline in tea. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the effective strain converting caffeine to theophylline in pu-erh tea, and discuss the optimal conditions for theophylline production. Results Caffeine content was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) and theophylline content was increased significantly (p < 0.05) during the aerobic fermentation of pu-erh tea. Five dominant fungi were isolated from the aerobic fermentation and identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus pallidofulvus, Aspergillus sesamicola and Penicillium mangini, respectively. Especially, A. pallidofulvus, A. sesamicola and P. mangini were detected in pu-erh tea for the first time. All isolates except A. sydowii TET-2, enhanced caffeine content and had no significant influence on theophylline content. In the aerobic fermentation of A. sydowii TET-2, 28.8 mg/g of caffeine was degraded, 93.18% of degraded caffeine was converted to theophylline, and 24.60 mg/g of theophylline was produced. A. sydowii PET-2 could convert caffeine to theophylline significantly, and had application potential in the production of theophylline. The optimum conditions of theophylline production in the aerobic fermentation were 1) initial moisture content of 35% (w/w), 2) inoculation quantity of 8%, and 3) incubation temperature at 35 °C. Conclusions For the first time, we find that A. sydowii PET-2 could convert caffeine to theophylline, and has the potential value in theophylline production through aerobic fermentation.
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Jiang Y, Lu Y, Huang Y, Chen S, Ji Z. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 heterologously expressing NdmABCDE with higher ability of caffeine degradation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sun Y, Zhao L, Li X, Hao Y, Xu H, Weng L, Li Y. Stimulation of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on soil microbial communities to promote metolachlor degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:219-228. [PMID: 30798023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of metolachlor in surface soil is extremely important to its potential mobility and overall persistence. In this study, the effects of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on the degradation of metolachlor at two concentration levels (5 and 20 mg kg-1) in soil were investigated via the column experiment. The degradation kinetics of metolachlor indicate that addition of earthworms enhances metolachlor degradation significantly (P < 0.05), with the enhanced degradation rate of 30% and 63% in the low and high concentration treatments at the 15th day, respectively. Fungi rather than bacteria are primarily responsible for metolachlor degradation in soil, and earthworms stimulate metolachlor degradation mainly by stimulating the metolachlor-degrading functional microorganisms and improving fungal community structure. Earthworms prefer to promote the possible fungal degraders like order Sordariales, Microascales, Hypocreales and Mortierellales and the possible bacteria genus Rubritalea and strengthen the relationships between these primary fungi. Two metabolites metolachlor oxanilic (MOXA) and moetolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (MESA) are detected in soil and earthworms in the high concentration treatments. Earthworms stimulate the formation of MOXA and yet inhibit the formation of MESA in soil. Another metabolite metolachlor-2-hydroxy (M2H) is also detected in earthworms, which is reported firstly. The study provides an important information for the remediation of metolachlor-polluted soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China; Land and Environmental College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yueqi Hao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Win YY, Singh M, Sadiq MB, Anal AK. Isolation and identification of caffeine-degrading bacteria from coffee plantation area. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2019.1570854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi Win
- Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Manisha Singh
- Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anil Kumar Anal
- Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
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