1
|
Miao MZ, Lee JS, Yamada KM, Loeser RF. Integrin signalling in joint development, homeostasis and osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:492-509. [PMID: 39014254 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Integrins are key regulators of cell-matrix interactions during joint development and joint tissue homeostasis, as well as in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). The signalling cascades initiated by the interactions of integrins with a complex network of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and intracellular adaptor proteins orchestrate cellular responses necessary for maintaining joint tissue integrity. Dysregulated integrin signalling, triggered by matrix degradation products such as matrikines, disrupts this delicate balance, tipping the scales towards an environment conducive to OA pathogenesis. The interplay between integrin signalling and growth factor pathways further underscores the multifaceted nature of OA. Moreover, emerging insights into the role of endocytic trafficking in regulating integrin signalling add a new layer of complexity to the understanding of OA development. To harness the therapeutic potential of targeting integrins for mitigation of OA, comprehensive understanding of their molecular mechanisms across joint tissues is imperative. Ultimately, deciphering the complexities of integrin signalling will advance the ability to treat OA and alleviate its global burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Miao
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janice S Lee
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Richard F Loeser
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pötter N, Westbrock F, Grad S, Alini M, Stoddart MJ, Schmal H, Kubosch D, Salzmann G, Kubosch EJ. Evaluation of the influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet lysate (PL) and mechanical loading on chondrogenesis in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20188. [PMID: 34642434 PMCID: PMC8510996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the capability of PRP as an adjuvant therapy to autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in combination with multi-axial load with respect to cartilage regeneration. Articular cartilage shows poor repair capacity and therapies for cartilage defects are still lacking. Well-established operative treatments include ACI, and growing evidence shows the beneficial effects of PRP. Platelets contain numerous growth factors, among them transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Dynamic mechanical loading is known to be essential for tissue formation, improving extracellular matrix (ECM) production. For our ACI model monolayer expanded human chondrocytes were seeded into polyurethane scaffolds and embedded in fibrin (hChondro), in PRP-Gel (PRP), or in fibrin with platelet lysate (PL), which was added to the media once a week with a concentration of 50 vol%. The groups were either exposed to static conditions or multi-axial forces in a ball-joint bioreactor for 1 h per day over 2 weeks, mimicking ACI under physiological load. The culture medium was collected and analyzed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG), nitrite and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) content. The cell-scaffold constructs were collected for DNA and GAG quantification; the expression of chondrogenic genes, TGF-β and related receptors, as well as inflammatory genes, were analyzed using qPCR. Loading conditions showed superior chondrogenic differentiation (upregulation of COL2A1, ACAN, COMP and PRG4 expression) than static conditions. PRP and PL groups combined with mechanical loading showed upregulation of COL2A1, ACAN and COMP. The highest amount of total TGF-β1 was quantified in the PL group. Latent TGF-β1 was activated in all loaded groups, while the highest amount was found in the PL group. Load increased TGFBR1/TGFBR2 mRNA ratio, with further increases in response to supplements. In general, loading increased nitrite release into the media. However, over time, the media nitrite content was lower in the PL group compared to the control group. Based on these experiments, we conclude that chondrogenic differentiation is strongest when simulated ACI is performed in combination with dynamic mechanical loading and PRP-gel or PL supplementation. An inflammatory reaction was reduced by PRP and PL, which could be one of the major therapeutic effects. Loading presumably can enhance the action of TGF-β1, which was predominantly activated in loaded PL groups. The combination of load and PRP represents an effective and promising synergy concerning chondrocyte-based cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pötter
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - F Westbrock
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - M Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - M J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Schmal
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - D Kubosch
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Salzmann
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Schulthess Klinik, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E J Kubosch
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tripolino C, Ciaffi J, Pucino V, Ruscitti P, van Leeuwen N, Borghi C, Giacomelli R, Meliconi R, Ursini F. Insulin Signaling in Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672519. [PMID: 33995414 PMCID: PMC8119635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis is burdened by an increased risk of metabolic disorders. Cytokines and other mediators in inflammatory diseases lead to insulin resistance, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Accumulating evidence in the field of immunometabolism suggests that the cause-effect relationship between arthritis and metabolic abnormalities might be bidirectional. Indeed, the immune response can be modulated by various factors such as environmental agents, bacterial products and hormones. Insulin is produced by pancreatic cells and regulates glucose, fat metabolism and cell growth. The action of insulin is mediated through the insulin receptor (IR), localized on the cellular membrane of hepatocytes, myocytes and adipocytes but also on the surface of T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. In murine models, the absence of IR in T-cells coincided with reduced cytokine production, proliferation, and migration. In macrophages, defective insulin signaling resulted in enhanced glycolysis affecting the responses to pathogens. In this review, we focalize on the bidirectional cause-effect relationship between impaired insulin signaling and arthritis analyzing how insulin signaling may be involved in the aberrant immune response implicated in arthritis and how inflammatory mediators affect insulin signaling. Finally, the effect of glucose-lowering agents on arthritis was summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Tripolino
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Functional Area, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Jacopo Ciaffi
- Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nina van Leeuwen
- Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Unità Operativa Medicina Interna Cardiovascolare-IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Campus Biomedico", Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Meliconi
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Functional Area, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Functional Area, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mobasheri A, Choi H, Martín-Vasallo P. Over-Production of Therapeutic Growth Factors for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Protein Production Platforms and Protein Packaging Cell Lines. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100330. [PMID: 33050357 PMCID: PMC7599991 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis across the world. Most of the existing drugs for OA treat the symptoms of pain and inflammation. There are no drugs that can dure the disease. There are a number of new treatments for OA including cell therapy and gene therapy. This articles outlines the concept behind TissueGene-C, a new biological drug for OA. This new treatment includes cartilage cells mixed with a genetically modified cell line called GP2-293, which is effectively a “drug factory”, over-producing the growth factors that are important for cartilage regeneration and changing the environment inside joints. The mixture is injected into the affected knee joint. These cells are designed to be short-lived and cannot reproduce. Therefore, after they have done their job, they die and are cleared by immune cells. This is a new and modern approach to treating OA and TissueGene-C is the prototype cell therapy for OA. In the future, it is entirely possible to combine different clones of genetically engineered cells like GP2-293 that have been designed to over-produce a growth factor or biological drug with cells from the cartilage endplate of the intervertebral disc to treat degeneration in the spine. Abstract This review article focuses on the current state-of-the-art cellular and molecular biotechnology for the over-production of clinically relevant therapeutic and anabolic growth factors. We discuss how the currently available tools and emerging technologies can be used for the regenerative treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Transfected protein packaging cell lines such as GP-293 cells may be used as “cellular factories” for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins and pro-anabolic growth factors, particularly in the context of cartilage regeneration. However, when irradiated with gamma or x-rays, these cells lose their capacity for replication, which makes them safe for use as a live cell component of intra-articular injections. This innovation is already here, in the form of TissueGene-C, a new biological drug that consists of normal allogeneic primary chondrocytes combined with transduced GP2-293 cells that overexpress the growth factor transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). TissueGene-C has revolutionized the concept of cell therapy, allowing drug companies to develop live cells as biological drug delivery systems for direct intra-articular injection of growth factors whose half-lives are in the order of minutes. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the potential for new innovations in regenerative medicine for degenerative diseases of synovial joints using mammalian protein production platforms, specifically protein packaging cell lines, for over-producing growth factors for cartilage tissue regeneration and give recent examples. Mammalian protein production platforms that incorporate protein packaging eukaryotic cell lines are superior to prokaryotic bacterial expression systems and are likely to have a significant impact on the development of new humanized biological growth factor therapies for treating focal cartilage defects and more generally for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases such as OA, especially when injected directly into the joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Heonsik Choi
- Kolon TissueGene, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Healthcare Research Institute, Kolon Advanced Research Center, Kolon Industries, Inc., Magok-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07793, Korea
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- UD of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Guo X, Kang Z, Qi L, Yang Y, Wang J, Xu J, Gao S. Roles of Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Treating Osteoarthritis. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:107-117. [PMID: 32364765 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanxuan Guo
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanrong Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingbin Qi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cell Engineering, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shane Gao
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meta-Analysis and Evidence Base for the Efficacy of Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Knee Cartilage Repair: Methodological Guidelines and Quality Assessment. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3826054. [PMID: 31089328 PMCID: PMC6476108 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3826054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to review all the published clinical trials on autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in the repair of cartilage lesions of the knee. We performed a comprehensive search in three electronic databases: PubMed, Medline via Ovid, and Web of Science. A systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of PRISMA protocol and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The modified Coleman methodology score was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the effect size for Pain and function change after receiving BM-MSCs. Thirty-three studies—including 724 patients of mean age 44.2 years—were eligible. 50.7% of the included patients received cultured BM-MSCs for knee cartilage repair. There was improvement in the MINORS quality score over time with a positive correlation with the publication year. Meta-analysis indicated better improvement and statistical significance in the Visual Analog Scale for Pain, IKDC Function, Tegner Activity Scale, and Lysholm Knee Score after administration of noncultured BM-MSCs when compared to evaluation before the treatment. Meanwhile, there was a clear methodological defect in most studies with an average modified Coleman methodology score (MCMS) of 55. BM-MSCs revealed a clinically relevant improvement in pain, function, and histological regeneration.
Collapse
|
7
|
Association of Human FOS Promoter Variants with the Occurrence of Knee-Osteoarthritis in a Case Control Association Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061382. [PMID: 30893847 PMCID: PMC6471183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to analyse (i) the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the JUN and FOS core promoters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), knee-osteoarthritis (OA), and normal controls (NC); (ii) their functional influence on JUN/FOS transcription levels; and (iii) their associations with the occurrence of RA or knee-OA. JUN and FOS promoter SNPs were identified in an initial screening population using the Non-Isotopic RNase Cleavage Assay (NIRCA); their functional influence was analysed using reporter gene assays. Genotyping was done in RA (n = 298), knee-OA (n = 277), and NC (n = 484) samples. For replication, significant associations were validated in a Finnish cohort (OA: n = 72, NC: n = 548). Initially, two SNPs were detected in the JUN promoter and two additional SNPs in the FOS promoter in perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD). JUN promoter SNP rs4647009 caused significant downregulation of reporter gene expression, whereas reporter gene expression was significantly upregulated in the presence of the FOS promoter SNPs. The homozygous genotype of FOS promoter SNPs showed an association with the susceptibility for knee-OA (odds ratio (OR) 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–3.7, p = 0.0086). This association was successfully replicated in the Finnish Health 2000 study cohort (allelic OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.2–2.5, p = 0.006). FOS Promoter variants may represent relevant susceptibility markers for knee-OA.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gigout A, Guehring H, Froemel D, Meurer A, Ladel C, Reker D, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Lindemann S. Sprifermin (rhFGF18) enables proliferation of chondrocytes producing a hyaline cartilage matrix. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1858-1867. [PMID: 28823647 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 18 has been shown to increase cartilage volume when injected intra-articularly in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) and in patients with knee OA (during clinical development of the recombinant human FGF18, sprifermin). However, the exact nature of this effect is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sprifermin at the cellular level. DESIGN A combination of different chondrocyte culture systems was used and the effects of sprifermin on proliferation, the phenotype and matrix production were evaluated. The involvement of MAPKs in sprifermin signalling was also studied. RESULTS In monolayer, we observed that sprifermin promoted a round cell morphology and stimulated both cellular proliferation and Sox9 expression while strongly decreasing type I collagen expression. In 3D culture, sprifermin increased the number of matrix-producing chondrocytes, improved the type II:I collagen ratio and enabled human OA chondrocytes to produce a hyaline extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, we found that sprifermin displayed a 'hit and run' mode of action, with intermittent exposure required for the compound to fully exert its anabolic effect. Finally, sprifermin appeared to signal through activation of ERK. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that intermittent exposure to sprifermin leads to expansion of hyaline cartilage-producing chondrocytes. These in vitro findings are consistent with the increased cartilage volume observed in the knees of OA patients after intra-articular injection with sprifermin in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gigout
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - H Guehring
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - D Froemel
- Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - A Meurer
- Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - C Ladel
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - D Reker
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - M A Karsdal
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - S Lindemann
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takahashi I, Matsuzaki T, Hoso M. Long-term histopathological developments in knee-joint components in a rat model of osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:590-597. [PMID: 28533591 PMCID: PMC5430254 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was performed to evaluate the long-term histopathological changes in
knee-joint components including synovial membrane and joint capsule in a rat model of
osteoarthritis (OA) induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). [Subjects and Methods] Fifty
male rats were used. OA was induced through intra-articular injection of MIA, and ten rats
were randomly allocated to each of five groups induced with OA for 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks.
At the end of each period, the knee components were examined histopathologically.
[Results] After 1 and 2 weeks, chondrocytes were weakly stained. After 4 weeks,
fibrillation, fissuring, and eburnation were observed, whereas after 6 weeks, chondrocyte
clustering and osteophyte formation were detected. In the synovial membrane, the
proliferation of spindle-shaped cells and a multilayered structure of the surface cells
were observed at 1 and 2 weeks, but the degree of these changes decreased over time. In
the joint capsule, a narrowing of the space between collagen fiber bundles was observed at
4–8 weeks. [Conclusion] The long-term histopathological changes of the joint components
observed in a rat model of OA induced by MIA were similar to those detected in OA, but
differed at specific times and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikufumi Takahashi
- Section of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa University Hospital: 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.,Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Taro Matsuzaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hoso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Withrow J, Murphy C, Liu Y, Hunter M, Fulzele S, Hamrick MW. Extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:286. [PMID: 27906035 PMCID: PMC5134070 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are both debilitating diseases that cause significant morbidity in the US population. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are now recognized to play important roles in cell-to-cell communication by transporting various proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs. EV-derived proteins and miRNAs impact cell viability and cell differentiation, and are likely to play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of both OA and RA. Some of the processes by which these membrane-bound vesicles can alter joint tissue include extracellular matrix degradation, cell-to-cell communication, modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and antigen presentation. For example, EVs from IL-1β-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes have been shown to induce osteoarthritic changes in chondrocytes. RA models have shown that EVs stimulated with inflammatory cytokines are capable of inducing apoptosis resistance in T cells, presenting antigen to T cells, and causing extracellular damage with matrix-degrading enzymes. EVs derived from rheumatoid models have also been shown to induce secretion of COX-2 and stimulate angiogenesis. Additionally, there is evidence that synovium-derived EVs may be promising biomarkers of disease in both OA and RA. The characterization of EVs in the joint space has also opened up the possibility for delivery of small molecules. This article reviews current knowledge on the role of EVs in both RA and OA, and their potential role as therapeutic targets for modulation of these debilitating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Withrow
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Cameron Murphy
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Altered Expression of Wnt Signaling Pathway Components in Osteogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137170. [PMID: 26352263 PMCID: PMC4564164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by altered homeostasis of joint cartilage and bone, whose functional properties rely on chondrocytes and osteoblasts, belonging to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). WNT signaling acts as a hub integrating and crosstalking with other signaling pathways leading to the regulation of MSC functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of a differential signaling between Healthy and OA-MSCs during osteogenesis. Methods MSCs of seven OA patients and six healthy controls were isolated, characterised and expanded. During in vitro osteogenesis, cells were recovered at days 1, 10 and 21. RNA and protein content was obtained. Expression of WNT pathway genes was evaluated using RT-qPCR. Functional studies were also performed to study the MSC osteogenic commitment and functional and post-traslational status of β-catenin and several receptor tyrosine kinases. Results Several genes were downregulated in OA-MSCs during osteogenesis in vitro. These included soluble Wnts, inhibitors, receptors, co-receptors, several kinases and transcription factors. Basal levels of β-catenin were higher in OA-MSCs, but calcium deposition and expression of osteogenic genes was similar between Healthy and OA-MSCs. Interestingly an increased phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) signaling node was present in OA-MSCs. Conclusion Our results point to the existence in OA-MSCs of alterations in expression of Wnt pathway components during in vitro osteogenesis that are partially compensated by post-translational mechanisms modulating the function of other pathways. We also point the relevance of other signaling pathways in OA pathophysiology suggesting their role in the maintenance of joint homeostasis through modulation of MSC osteogenic potential.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lefebvre V, Bhattaram P. Prg4-expressing cells: articular stem cells or differentiated progeny in the articular chondrocyte lineage? Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1151-4. [PMID: 25623059 DOI: 10.1002/art.39045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
13
|
Platelet-rich plasma: why intra-articular? A systematic review of preclinical studies and clinical evidence on PRP for joint degeneration. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:2459-74. [PMID: 24275957 PMCID: PMC4541701 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this review was to analyze the available evidence on the clinical application of this biological approach for the injective treatment of cartilage lesions and joint degeneration, together with preclinical studies to support the rationale for the use of platelet concentrates, to shed some light and give indications on what to treat and what to expect from intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). METHODS All in vitro, in vivo preclinical and clinical studies on PRP injective treatment in the English language concerning the effect of PRP on cartilage, synovial tissue, menisci, and mesenchymal stem cells were considered. A systematic review on the PubMed database was performed using the following words: (platelet-rich plasma or PRP or platelet concentrate or platelet lysate or platelet supernatant) and (cartilage or chondrocytes or synoviocytes or menisci or mesenchymal stem cells). RESULTS Fifty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria: 26 were in vitro, 9 were in vivo, 2 were both in vivo and in vitro, and 22 were clinical studies. The analysis showed an increasing number of published studies over time. Preclinical evidence supports the use of PRP injections that might promote a favourable environment for joint tissues healing. Only a few high-quality clinical trials have been published, which showed a clinical improvement limited over time and mainly documented in younger patients not affected by advanced knee degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Besides the limits and sometimes controversial findings, the preclinical literature shows an overall support toward this PRP application. An intra-articular injection does not just target cartilage; instead, PRP might influence the entire joint environment, leading to a short-term clinical improvement. Many biological variables might influence the clinical outcome and have to be studied to optimize PRP injective treatment of cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim BJ, Choi BH, Jin LH, Park SR, Min BH. Comparison between subchondral bone change and cartilage degeneration in collagenase- and DMM- induced osteoarthritis (OA) models in mice. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-013-1080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
15
|
Cillero-Pastor B, Rego-Pérez I, Oreiro N, Fernandez-Lopez C, Blanco FJ. Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction modulates metalloproteases -1, -3 and -13 in human normal chondrocytes in culture. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:235. [PMID: 23937653 PMCID: PMC3750811 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrion has an important role in the osteoarthritis (OA) pathology. We have previously demonstrated that the alteration of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) contributes to the inflammatory response of the chondrocyte. However its implication in the process of cartilage destruction is not well understood yet. In this study we have investigated the relationship between the MRC dysfunction and the regulation of metalloproteases (MMPs) in human normal chondrocytes in culture. METHODS Human normal chondrocytes were isolated from human knees obtained form autopsies of donors without previous history of rheumatic disease. Rotenone, 3-Nitropropionic acid (NPA), Antimycin A (AA), Sodium azide and Oligomycin were used to inhibit the activity of the mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, IV and V respectively. The mRNA expression of MMPs -1, -3 and -13 was studied by real time PCR. The intracellular presence of MMP proteins was evaluated by western blot. The liberation of these proteins to the extracellular media was evaluated by ELISA. The presence of proteoglycans in tissue was performed with tolouidin blue and safranin/fast green. Immunohistochemistry was used for evaluating MMPs on tissue. RESULTS Firstly, cells were treated with the inhibitors of the MRC for 24 hours and mRNA expression was evaluated. An up regulation of MMP-1 and -3 mRNA levels was observed after the treatment with Oligomycin 5 and 100 μg/ml (inhibitor of the complex V) for 24 hours. MMP-13 mRNA expression was reduced after the incubation with AA 20 and 60 μg/ml (inhibitor of complex III) and Oligomycin. Results were validated at protein level observing an increase in the intracellular levels of MMP-1 and -3 after Oligomycin 25 μg/ml stimulation [(15.20±8.46 and 4.59±1.83 vs. basal=1, respectively (n=4; *P<0.05)]. However, AA and Oligomycin reduced the intracellular levels of the MMP-13 protein (0.70±0.16 and 0.3±0.24, respectively vs. basal=1). In order to know whether the MRC dysfunction had an effect on the liberation of MMPs, their levels were evaluated in the supernatants. After 36 hours of stimulation, values were: MMP-1=18.06±10.35 with Oligomycin 25 μg/ml vs. basal=1, and MMP-3=8.49±4.32 with Oligomycin 5 μg/ml vs. basal=1 (n=5; *P<0.05). MMP-13 levels in the supernatants were reduced after AA 60 μg/ml treatment (0.50±0.13 vs. basal=1) and Oligomycin 25 μg/ml (0.41±0.14 vs. basal=1); (n=5; *P<0.05). The treatment of explants with Oligomycin, showed an increase in the positivity of MMP-1 and -3. Explants stimulated with AA or Oligomycin revealed a decrease in MMP-13 expression. Proteoglycan staining demonstrated a reduction of proteoglycan levels in the tissues treated with Oligomycin. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that MRC dysfunction modulates the MMPs expression in human normal chondrocytes demonstrating its role in the regulation of the cartilage destruction.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lories RJ, de Vlam K. Is psoriatic arthritis a result of abnormalities in acquired or innate immunity? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012; 14:375-82. [PMID: 22527951 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-012-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis is a common chronic inflammatory joint disease in which both inflammation and tissue damage contribute to the patient's outcome. Abnormal activation of the innate and the adaptive immune system contributes to the chronic disease process. Novel insights into these immune pathways are further corroborated by genetic evidence. In this review, we compare the current paradigm of psoriasis to mechanisms that likely play a role in psoriatic arthritis and provide an overview of the role of immune mechanisms in the different features of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rik J Lories
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 300 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tavares Júnior WC, Faria FMD, Figueiredo R, Matushita JPK, Silva LC, Kakehasi AM. Fadiga óssea: causa de dor em joelhos na osteoartrite. Radiol Bras 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-39842012000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dor no joelho é o sintoma mais comum na osteoartrite, sendo a principal causa de incapacidade crônica em idosos e uma das principais fontes de morbidade atribuível à osteoartrite em geral. As causas de dor no joelho em pessoas com osteoartrite não são facilmente entendidas e o conhecimento sobre as causas da dor é fundamental para que futuramente sejam realizadas intervenções específicas. A fadiga óssea representa o remodelamento do osso subcondral na osteoartrite, levando a uma consequente alteração na forma do osso e/ou perda óssea. No entanto, a fadiga óssea não é algo facilmente interpretado, pois é de difícil detecção na ausência de defeitos claros da cortical e pela sobreposição de estruturas ósseas nas radiografias convencionais. A fadiga óssea está associada não apenas a dor no joelho, mas também a rigidez e incapacidade. Se a fadiga ocorre antes da osteoartrite avançada, isso sugere que alterações no osso subcondral podem ocorrer simultaneamente a alterações da cartilagem e que tratamentos visando sua preservação podem não ser eficazes. Lesões com padrão de edema ósseo estão associadas e são fatores preditivos para fadiga óssea. Este trabalho tem por objetivo rever a literatura mostrando a importância da fadiga óssea e de como diagnosticar esta alteração nos exames de imagem.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lodewyckx L, Cailotto F, Thysen S, Luyten FP, Lories RJ. Tight regulation of wingless-type signaling in the articular cartilage - subchondral bone biomechanical unit: transcriptomics in Frzb-knockout mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R16. [PMID: 22264237 PMCID: PMC3392806 DOI: 10.1186/ar3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this research was to study molecular changes in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the tibial plateau from mice deficient in frizzled-related protein (Frzb) compared to wild-type mice by transcriptome analysis. Methods Gene-expression analysis of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of three wild-type and three Frzb-/- mice was performed by microarray. Data from three wild-type and two Frzb-/- samples could be used for pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes and were explored with PANTHER, DAVID and GSEA bioinformatics tools. Activation of the wingless-type (WNT) pathway was analysed using Western blot. The effects of Frzb gain and loss of function on chondrogenesis and cell proliferation was examined using ATDC5 micro-masses and mouse ribcage chondrocytes. Results Extracellular matrix-associated integrin and cadherin pathways, as well as WNT pathway genes were up-regulated in Frzb-/- samples. Several WNT receptors, target genes and other antagonists were up-regulated, but no difference in active β-catenin was found. Analysis of ATDC5 cell micro-masses overexpressing FRZB indicated an up-regulation of aggrecan and Col2a1, and down-regulation of molecules related to damage and repair in cartilage, Col3a1 and Col5a1. Silencing of Frzb resulted in down-regulation of aggrecan and Col2a1. Pathways associated with cell cycle were down-regulated in this transcriptome analysis. Ribcage chondrocytes derived from Frzb-/- mice showed decreased proliferation compared to wild-type cells. Conclusions Our analysis provides evidence for tight regulation of WNT signalling, shifts in extracellular matrix components and effects on cell proliferation and differentiation in the articular cartilage - subchondral bone unit in Frzb-/- mice. These data further support an important role for FRZB in joint homeostasis and highlight the complex biology of WNT signaling in the joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Lodewyckx
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Attur M, Ben-Artzi A, Yang Q, Al-Mussawir HE, Worman HJ, Palmer G, Abramson SB. Perturbation of nuclear lamin A causes cell death in chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1940-9. [PMID: 22231515 DOI: 10.1002/art.34360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in LMNA encoding the A-type lamins cause several diseases, including those with features of premature aging and skeletal abnormalities. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of lamin A in cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and the effects of its overexpression on chondrocyte senescence and apoptosis. METHODS Human chondrocyte-like cells (SW-1353) were used. RNA isolated from human OA and non-OA cartilage was used for profiling messenger RNA expression, using Affymetrix microarray analysis. The effects of lamin A overexpression on mitochondrial function and apoptosis were examined by assessing mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, and cytochrome c release, and with a TUNEL assay. Western blotting was performed to determine protein expression. RESULTS Lamin A expression was markedly elevated in OA cartilage samples compared with non-OA control samples. Western blot analysis confirmed increased expression of lamin A in OA compared with non-OA cartilage. Interleukin-1β treatment inhibited lamin A accumulation, whereas treatment with prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) caused a marked increase in lamin A accumulation. These effects of exogenous PGE(2) on lamin A expression were mediated via the EP(2) /EP(4) receptors. Transfected chondrocytes that expressed lamin A displayed markers of early senescence/apoptosis. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that lamin A is up-regulated in OA chondrocytes, and that increased nuclear accumulation of lamin A in response to catabolic stress may account for the premature aging phenotype and apoptosis of OA chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukundan Attur
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of arthritis and represents an enormous healthcare burden in industrialized societies. Current therapeutic approaches for OA are limited and are insufficient to prevent the initiation and progression of the disease. Genetic studies of patients with OA can help to unravel the molecular mechanisms responsible for specific disease manifestations, including joint damage, nociception and chronic pain. Indeed, these studies have identified molecules, such as growth/differentiation factor 5, involved in signaling cascades that are important for the pathology of joint components. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered a likely role in OA for the genes encoding structural extracellular matrix components (such as DVWA) and molecules involved in prostaglandin metabolism (such as DQB1 and BTNL2). A ∼300 kilobase region in chromosome 7q22 is also associated with OA susceptibility. Finally, the identification of individuals at a high risk of OA and of total joint arthroplasty failure might be facilitated by the use of combinations of genetic markers, allowing for the application of preventive and disease-management strategies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Intema F, Hazewinkel HAW, Gouwens D, Bijlsma JWJ, Weinans H, Lafeber FPJG, Mastbergen SC. In early OA, thinning of the subchondral plate is directly related to cartilage damage: results from a canine ACLT-meniscectomy model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:691-8. [PMID: 20175978 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) includes cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation, and bone changes. Slowly, the sequence and inter-relationship of these features is becoming clearer. Early models of OA suggest thinning of the subchondral plate in addition to trabecular bone changes. In the present study subchondral bone changes were studied in the canine anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-meniscectomy model. This model is characterized by intra-joint variability with respect to cartilage damage (predominantly medial) and loading (lateral unloading due to a shifted axis). METHODS In 13 Labrador dogs, OA was induced by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament and removal of the medial meniscus. Twelve weeks later, cartilage integrity was evaluated histologically using the modified Mankin score (0-11), and proteoglycan content was determined by Alcian Blue assay. Bone architecture of the tibia was quantified by micro-CT. RESULTS Cartilage damage was severe in the medial compartment (Mankin score +3.5, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content -28%) and mild in the lateral compartment (Mankin score +1.6, GAG content -15%). Thinning and porosity of the subchondral plate were only present on the medial side (-21%, +87%, respectively). Interestingly, changes in trabecular bone structure did almost not occur in the medial compartment (volume fraction -7%) but were clear in the lateral compartment (-20%). CONCLUSION Thinning of the subchondral plate is a localized phenomenon related to cartilage degeneration while trabecular bone changes are related to mechanical (un)loading. The different mechanisms responsible for bone changes in OA should be taken in account when designing and interpreting studies interfering with bone turnover in the treatment of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Intema
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cappelli A, Nannicini C, Valenti S, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Mennuni L, Giordani A, Caselli G, Stasi LP, Makovec F, Giorgi G, Vomero S. Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of Pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolin-1-one and Oxoisoindoline Derivatives as Aggrecanase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:739-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
McGonagle D, Tan AL, Carey J, Benjamin M. The anatomical basis for a novel classification of osteoarthritis and allied disorders. J Anat 2010; 216:279-91. [PMID: 20070426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) has historically been classified as 'primary' where no discernible cause was evident and 'secondary' where a triggering factor was apparent. Irrespective of the triggering events, late-stage OA is usually characterized by articular cartilage attrition and consequently the anatomical basis for disease has been viewed in terms of cartilage. However, the widespread application of magnetic resonance imaging in early OA has confirmed several different anatomical abnormalities within diseased joints. A key observation has been that several types of primary or idiopathic OA show ligament-related pathology at the time of clinical presentation, so these categories of disease are no longer idiopathic - at least from the anatomical perspective. There is also ample evidence for OA initiation in other structures including menisci and bones in addition to articular cartilage. Therefore, a new classification for OA is proposed, which is based on the anatomical sites of earliest discernible joint structural involvement. The major proposed subgroups within this classification are ligament-, cartilage-, bone-, meniscal- and synovial-related, in addition to disease that is mixed pattern or multifocal in origin. We show how such a structural classification for OA provides a useful reference framework for staging the magnitude of disease. For late-stage or end-stage/whole organ disease, the final common pathway of these different scenarios, joint replacement strategies are likely to remain the only viable option. However, for younger subjects in particular, near the time of clinical disease onset, this scheme has implications for therapy targeted to specific anatomical locations. Thus, in the same way that tumours can be classified and staged according to their tissue of origin and extent of involvement, OA can likewise be anatomically classified and staged. This has implications for therapeutic strategies including regenerative medicine therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McGonagle
- The NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds and Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Valdes AM. Molecular pathogenesis and genetics of osteoarthritis: implications for personalized medicine. Per Med 2010; 7:49-63. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.09.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
25
|
Franke S, Sommer M, Rüster C, Bondeva T, Marticke J, Hofmann G, Hein G, Wolf G. Advanced glycation end products induce cell cycle arrest and proinflammatory changes in osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synovial cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R136. [PMID: 19735566 PMCID: PMC2787298 DOI: 10.1186/ar2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been introduced to be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The influence of AGEs on osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) has been incompletely understood as yet. The present study investigates a potential influence of AGE-modified bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) on cell growth, and on the expression of proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic markers in cultured FLS. METHODS FLS were established from OA joints and stimulated with AGE-BSA. The mRNA expression of p27Kip1, RAGE (receptor for AGEs), nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 (NFkappaB p65), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin was measured by real-time PCR. The respective protein expression was evaluated by western blot analysis or ELISA. NFkappaB activation was investigated by luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Cell cycle analysis, cell proliferation and markers of necrosis and early apoptosis were assessed. The specificity of the response was tested in the presence of an anti-RAGE antibody. RESULTS AGE-BSA was actively taken up into the cells as determined by immunohistochemistry and western blots. AGE-induced p27Kip1 mRNA and protein expression was associated with cell cycle arrest and an increase in necrotic, but not apoptotic cells. NFkappaB activation was confirmed by EMSAs including supershift experiments. Anti-RAGE antibodies attenuated all AGE-BSA induced responses. The increased expression of RAGE, IL-6 and TNF-alpha together with NFkappaB activation indicates AGE-mediated inflammation. The decreased expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin may reflect a diminished osteoclastogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that AGEs modulate growth and expression of genes involved in the pathophysiological process of OA. This may lead to functional and structural impairment of the joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Franke
- Department Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, 07740, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luyten FP, Tylzanowski P, Lories RJ. Wnt signaling and osteoarthritis. Bone 2009; 44:522-7. [PMID: 19136083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common disease, clinically manifested by joint pain, swelling and progressive loss of function. The severity of disease manifestations can vary but most of the patients only need intermittent symptom relief without major interventions. However, there is a group of patients that shows fast progression of the disease process leading to disability and ultimately joint replacement. Apart from symptom relief, no treatments have been identified that arrest or reverse the disease process. Therefore, there has been increasing attention devoted to the understanding of the mechanisms that are driving the disease process. Among these mechanisms, the biology of the cartilage-subchondral bone unit has been highlighted as key in osteoarthritis, and pathways that involve both cartilage and bone formation and turnover have become prime targets for modulation, and thus therapeutic intervention. Studies in developmental, genetic and joint disease models indicate that Wnt signaling is critically involved in these processes. Consequently, targeting Wnt signaling in a selective and tissue specific manner is an exciting opportunity for the development of disease modifying drugs for osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Luyten
- Laboratory of Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|