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Shen J, Zhang C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Wang Q, Li P, Liu R, Wai Wong VK, Zhang C, Sun X. L-type calcium ion channel-mediated activation of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells via thonningianin A (TA) alleviates vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176084. [PMID: 37806540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenesis of vascular calcification is incompletely understood, and until now, there have been no effective therapeutics for vascular calcification. The L-type calcium ion channel in the cell membrane is vital for Ca2+ influx. The effect of L-type calcium ion channels on autophagy remains to be elucidated. Here, the natural compound thonningianin A (TA) was found to ameliorate vascular calcification in T2DM via the activation of L-type calcium ion channels. The results showed that TA had a concentration-dependent ability to decrease the transcriptional and translational expression of the calcification-related proteins runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and osteopontin (OPN) (P < 0.01) via ATG7-dependent autophagy in β-glycerophosphate (β-GP)- and high glucose (HG)-stimulated primary mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MASMCs) and alleviate aortic vascular calcification in VitD3-stimulated T2DM mice. However, nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type calcium ion channels, reversed TA-induced autophagy and Ca2+ influx in MASMCs. Molecular docking analysis revealed that TA was located in the hydrophobic pocket of Cav1.2 α1C and was mainly composed of the residues Ile, Phe, Ala and Met, which confirmed the efficacy of TA in targeting the L-type calcium channel of Cav1.2 on the cell membrane. Moreover, in an in vivo model of vascular calcification in T2DM mice, nifedipine reversed the protective effects of TA on aortic calcification and the expression of the calcification-related proteins RUNX2, BMP2 and OPN (P < 0.01). Collectively, the present results reveal that the activation of cell membrane L-type calcium ion channels can induce autophagy and ameliorate vascular calcification in T2DM. Thonningianin A (TA) can target and act as a potent activator of L-type calcium ion channels. Thus, this research revealed a novel mechanism for autophagy induction via L-type calcium ion channels and provided a potential therapeutic for vascular calcification in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Shen
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, PR China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Runyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National High-level Talents, Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Interventional Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National High-level Talents, Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, China; School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom.
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Guo Y, Bao Q, Hu P, Shi J. Nanomedicine-based co-delivery of a calcium channel inhibitor and a small molecule targeting CD47 for lung cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7306. [PMID: 37951973 PMCID: PMC10640620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-tumoral macrophages in lung tumors present a significant challenge in immunotherapy. Here, we introduce a pH-responsive nanomedicine approach for activating anti-tumoral macrophages and dendritic cells. Using a layered double hydroxide nanosheet carrier, we co-deliver a T-type calcium channel inhibitor (TTA-Q6) and a CD47 inhibitor (RRX-001) into lung tumors. In the tumor acidic environment, TTA-Q6 is released, disrupting cancer cell calcium uptake, causing endoplasmic reticulum stress and inducing calreticulin transfer to the cell surface. Surface calreticulin activates macrophages and triggers dendritic cell maturation, promoting effective antigen presentation and therefore activating antitumor T cells. Simultaneously, RRX-001 reduces CD47 protein levels, aiding in preventing immune escape by calreticulin-rich cancer cells. In lung tumor models in male mice, this combined approach shows anti-tumor effects and immunity against tumor re-exposure, highlighting its potential for lung cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), 200050, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qunqun Bao
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200331, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), 200050, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200331, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), 200050, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200331, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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Santovito D, Steffens S, Barachini S, Madonna R. Autophagy, innate immunity, and cardiac disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1149409. [PMID: 37234771 PMCID: PMC10206260 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1149409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of cell adaptation to metabolic and environmental stress. It mediates the disposal of protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles, although non-conventional features have recently emerged to broadly extend the pathophysiological relevance of autophagy. In baseline conditions, basal autophagy critically regulates cardiac homeostasis to preserve structural and functional integrity and protect against cell damage and genomic instability occurring with aging. Moreover, autophagy is stimulated by multiple cardiac injuries and contributes to mechanisms of response and remodeling following ischemia, pressure overload, and metabolic stress. Besides cardiac cells, autophagy orchestrates the maturation of neutrophils and other immune cells, influencing their function. In this review, we will discuss the evidence supporting the role of autophagy in cardiac homeostasis, aging, and cardioimmunological response to cardiac injury. Finally, we highlight possible translational perspectives of modulating autophagy for therapeutic purposes to improve the care of patients with acute and chronic cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Unit of Milan, Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Serena Barachini
- Hematology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Cardiology Division, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology & Critical Care Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Correa BH, Moreira CR, Hildebrand ME, Vieira LB. The Role of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Basal Ganglia Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:183-201. [PMID: 35339179 PMCID: PMC10190140 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220327211156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays a central role in regulating many cellular processes and influences cell survival. Several mechanisms can disrupt Ca2+ homeostasis to trigger cell death, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) act as the main source of Ca2+ entry into electrically excitable cells, such as neurons, and they are also expressed in glial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The dysregulation of VGCC activity has been reported in both Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's (HD). PD and HD are progressive neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) of the basal ganglia characterized by motor impairment as well as cognitive and psychiatric dysfunctions. This review will examine the putative role of neuronal VGCCs in the pathogenesis and treatment of central movement disorders, focusing on PD and HD. The link between basal ganglia disorders and VGCC physiology will provide a framework for understanding the neurodegenerative processes that occur in PD and HD, as well as a possible path towards identifying new therapeutic targets for the treatment of these debilitating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo H.M. Correa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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吴 江, 吴 永, 杨 韵, 余 靖, 傅 饶, 孙 悦, 肖 谦. [Mibefradil improves skeletal muscle mass, function and structure in obese mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1032-1037. [PMID: 35869766 PMCID: PMC9308873 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.07.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of mibefradil on skeletal muscle mass, function and structure in obese mice. METHODS Fifteen 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized equally into normal diet group (control group), high-fat diet (HFD) group and high-fat diet +mibefradil intervention group (HFD +Mibe group). The grip strength of the mice was measured using an electronic grip strength meter, and the muscle content of the hindlimb was analyzed by X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels of the mice were measured with GPO-PAP method. The cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers was observed with HE staining. The changes in the level of autophagy in the muscles were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay, and the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was detected with Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with those in the control group, the mice in HFD group had a significantly greater body weight, lower relative grip strength, smaller average cross sectional area of the muscle fibers, and a lower hindlimb muscle ratio (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence assay revealed a homogenous distribution of LC3 emitting light red fluorescence in the cytoplasm in the muscle cells in HFD group and HFD+Mibe group, while bright spots of red fluorescence were detected in HFD group. In HFD group, the muscular tissues of the mice showed an increased expression level of LC3 II protein with lowered expressions of p62 protein and phosphorylated AKT and mTOR (P < 0.05). Mibefradil treatment significantly reduced body weight of the mice, lowered the expression level of p62 protein, and increased forelimb grip strength, hindlimb muscle ratio, cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers, and the expression levels of LC3 II protein and phosphorylated AKT and mTOR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Mibefradil treatment can moderate high-fat diet-induced weight gain and improve muscle mass and function in obese mice possibly by activating AKT/mTOR signal pathway to improve lipid metabolism and inhibit obesityinduced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- 江豪 吴
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院老年病科,重庆 400016Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 永鑫 吴
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院老年病科,重庆 400016Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 韵菲 杨
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院老年病科,重庆 400016Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 靖 余
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院老年病科,重庆 400016Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 饶 傅
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院老年病科,重庆 400016Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 悦 孙
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院老年病科,重庆 400016Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 谦 肖
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院老年病科,重庆 400016Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Tetralol derivative NNC-55-0396 induces glioblastoma cell death by activating IRE1α, JNK1 and calcium signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112881. [PMID: 35367758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mibefradil and NNC-55-0396, tetralol derivatives with a proven -ability to block T-type calcium channels in excitable cells, reduce cancer cell viability in vitro, causing cell death. Furthermore, they reduce tumor growth in preclinical models of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a brain tumor of poor prognosis. Here we found that GBM cells treated with cytotoxic concentrations of NNC-55-0396 paradoxically increased cytosolic calcium levels through the activation of inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ER stress. We used pharmacological inhibitors and gene silencing to dissect the cell death pathway stimulated by NNC-55-0396 in GBM cell lines and biopsy-derived cultures. Calcium chelation or IP3R inhibition prevented NNC-55-0396-mediated cytotoxicity, indicating that ER calcium efflux is the cause of cell death. Upstream of calcium mobilization, NNC-55-0396 activated the IRE1α arm of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) resulting in the nuclear translocation of pro-apoptotic CHOP. Consistent with these findings, silencing IRE1α or JNK1 rescued the cell death elicited by NNC-55-0396. Therefore, we demonstrate that activation of IRE1α and calcium signaling accounts for the cytotoxicity of NNC-55-0396 in GBM cells. The delineation of the signaling pathway that mediates the abrupt cell death triggered by this compound can help the development of new therapies for GBM.
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Targeting T-type channels in cancer: What is on and what is off? Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:743-758. [PMID: 34838727 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, various studies have demonstrated a pivotal role of T-type calcium channels (TTCCs) in tumor progression. Cytotoxic effects of TTCC pharmacological blockers have been reported in vitro and in preclinical models. However, their roles in cancer physiology are only beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss evidence for the signaling pathways and cellular processes stemming from TTCC activity, mainly inferred by inverse reasoning from pharmacological blocks and, only in a few studies, by gene silencing or channel activation. A thorough analysis indicates that drug-induced cytotoxicity is partially an off-target effect. Dissection of on/off-target activity is paramount to elucidate the physiological roles of TTCCs, and to deliver efficacious therapies suited to different cancer types and stages.
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Calcium Signaling Regulates Autophagy and Apoptosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082125. [PMID: 34440894 PMCID: PMC8394685 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) functions as a second messenger that is critical in regulating fundamental physiological functions such as cell growth/development, cell survival, neuronal development and/or the maintenance of cellular functions. The coordination among various proteins/pumps/Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ storage in various organelles is critical in maintaining cytosolic Ca2+ levels that provide the spatial resolution needed for cellular homeostasis. An important regulatory aspect of Ca2+ homeostasis is a store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanism that is activated by the depletion of Ca2+ from internal ER stores and has gained much attention for influencing functions in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Ca2+ has been shown to regulate opposing functions such as autophagy, that promote cell survival; on the other hand, Ca2+ also regulates programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis. The functional significance of the TRP/Orai channels has been elaborately studied; however, information on how they can modulate opposing functions and modulate function in excitable and non-excitable cells is limited. Importantly, perturbations in SOCE have been implicated in a spectrum of pathological neurodegenerative conditions. The critical role of autophagy machinery in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, would presumably unveil avenues for plausible therapeutic interventions for these diseases. We thus review the role of SOCE-regulated Ca2+ signaling in modulating these diverse functions in stem cell, immune regulation and neuromodulation.
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Mibefradil Alleviates High-Glucose-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated Autophagy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:246-254. [PMID: 32433360 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy causes heart failure and is associated with hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Mibefradil, which acts as a T-type calcium channel blocker, exerts beneficial effects in patients with heart failure. In this study, we explored the effects and mechanism of mibefradil on high-glucose-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. H9c2 cells were incubated in a high-glucose medium and then treated with different concentrations of mibefradil in the presence or absence of the Akt inhibitor MK2206 or mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Cell size was evaluated through immunofluorescence, and mRNA expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers (atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and β-myosin heavy chain) was assessed by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR were evaluated using Western blotting, and autophagosome formation was detected using transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate that mibefradil reduced the size of H9c2 cells, decreased mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and β-myosin heavy chain, and decreased the level of autophagic flux. However, MK2206 and rapamycin induced autophagy and reversed the effects of mibefradil on high-glucose-induced H9c2 cells. In conclusion, mibefradil ameliorated high-glucose-induced cardiac hypertrophy by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and inhibiting excessive autophagy. Our study shows that mibefradil can be used therapeutically to ameliorate cardiac hypertrophy in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Abstract
Ion exchange between intracellular and extracellular spaces is the basic mechanism for controlling cell metabolism and signal transduction. This process is mediated by ion channels and transporters on the plasma membrane, or intracellular membranes that surround various organelles, in response to environmental stimuli. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is one of the lysosomal-dependent degradation pathways that maintains homeostasis through the degradation and recycling of cellular components (e.g., dysfunctional proteins and damaged organelles). Although autophagy-related (ATG) proteins play a central role in regulating the formation of autophagy-related member structures (e.g., phagophores, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes), the autophagic process also involves changes in expression and function of ion channels and transporters. Here we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate autophagy in mammalian cells, with special attention to the ion channels and transporters. We also highlight prospects for the development of drugs targeting ion channels and transporters in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Kaur N, Raja R, Ruiz-Velasco A, Liu W. Cellular Protein Quality Control in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: From Bench to Bedside. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:585309. [PMID: 33195472 PMCID: PMC7593653 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.585309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a serious comorbidity and the most common cause of mortality in diabetes patients. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) features impaired cellular structure and function, culminating in heart failure; however, there is a dearth of specific clinical therapy for treating DCM. Protein homeostasis is pivotal for the maintenance of cellular viability under physiological and pathological conditions, particularly in the irreplaceable cardiomyocytes; therefore, it is tightly regulated by a protein quality control (PQC) system. Three evolutionarily conserved molecular processes, the unfolded protein response (UPR), the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and autophagy, enhance protein turnover and preserve protein homeostasis by suppressing protein translation, degrading misfolded or unfolded proteins in cytosol or organelles, disposing of damaged and toxic proteins, recycling essential amino acids, and eliminating insoluble protein aggregates. In response to increased cellular protein demand under pathological insults, including the diabetic condition, a coordinated PQC system retains cardiac protein homeostasis and heart performance, on the contrary, inappropriate PQC function exaggerates cardiac proteotoxicity with subsequent heart dysfunction. Further investigation of the PQC mechanisms in diabetes propels a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of DCM and opens new prospective treatment strategies for heart disease and heart failure in diabetes patients. In this review, the function and regulation of cardiac PQC machinery in diabetes mellitus, and the therapeutic potential for the diabetic heart are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Kaur
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rida Raja
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Velasco
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Chen M, Li S, Hao M, Chen J, Zhao Z, Hong S, Min J, Tang J, Hu M, Hong L. T-type calcium channel blockade induces apoptosis in C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle via endoplasmic reticulum stress activation. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2122-2136. [PMID: 32865339 PMCID: PMC7530395 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of T‐type calcium channel (TCC) function has been reported to result in decreased cell viability and impaired muscle regeneration, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We previously found that expression of TCC is reduced in aged pelvic floor muscle of multiple vaginal delivery mice, and this is related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation and autophagy flux blockade. In the present work, we further investigated the effects of TCC function loss on C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle, which is mediated by promotion of ERS and ultimately contributes to mitochondrial‐related apoptotic cell death. We found that application of a TCC inhibitor induced mitochondria‐related apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner and also reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP), induced mito‐ROS generation, and enhanced expression of mitochondrial apoptosis proteins. Functional inhibition of TCC induced ERS, resulting in disorder of Ca2+ homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum, and ultimately leading to cell apoptosis in C2C12 myotubes. Tibialis anterior muscles of T‐type α1H channel knockout mice displayed a smaller skeletal muscle fiber size and elevated ERS‐mediated apoptosis signaling. Our data point to a novel mechanism whereby TCC blockade leads to ERS activation and terminal mitochondrial‐related apoptotic events in C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Suting Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Menglei Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jue Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhihan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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13
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Hu YD, Tang CL, Jiang JZ, Lv HY, Wu YB, Qin XD, Shi S, Zhao B, Zhu XN, Xia ZY. Neuroprotective Effects of Dexmedetomidine Preconditioning on Oxygen-glucose Deprivation-reoxygenation Injury in PC12 Cells via Regulation of Ca 2+-STIM1/Orai1 Signaling. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:699-707. [PMID: 32862381 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a potent and highly selective agonist for α2-adrenergic receptors (α2AR), exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing apoptosis through decreased neuronal Ca2+ influx. However, the exact action mechanism of DEX and its effects on oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury in vitro are unknown. We demonstrate that DEX pretreatment reduced OGD/R injury in PC12 cells, as evidenced by decreased oxidative stress, autophagy, and neuronal apoptosis. Specifically, DEX pretreatment decreased the expression levels of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1), and reduced the concentration of intracellular calcium pools. In addition, variations in cytosolic calcium concentration altered apoptosis rate of PC12 cells after exposure to hypoxic conditions, which were modulated through STIM1/Orai1 signaling. Moreover, DEX pretreatment decreased the expression levels of Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), hallmark markers of autophagy, and the formation of autophagosomes. In conclusion, these results suggested that DEX exerts neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress, autophagy, and neuronal apoptosis after OGD/R injury via modulation of Ca2+-STIM1/Orai1 signaling. Our results offer insights into the molecular mechanisms of DEX in protecting against neuronal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-da Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chao-Liang Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201907, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuan-Bo Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Xiu-de Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, the Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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14
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Li S, Hao M, Li B, Chen M, Chen J, Tang J, Hong S, Min J, Hu M, Hong L. CACNA1H downregulation induces skeletal muscle atrophy involving endoplasmic reticulum stress activation and autophagy flux blockade. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32332705 PMCID: PMC7181873 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple vaginal delivery (MVD) is an important factor for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function decline and pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). PFD is common in middle-aged and elderly women, but its pathogenesis is not clear. In this study, we found that the expression of CACNA1H was lower in the PFM of old mice after MVD compared with old or adult mice. In in-vitro studies, we found that treatment with the T-type Ca2+ channel (T-channel) inhibitor NNC-55 or downregulation of the CACNA1H gene by siRNA intervention promoted myotube atrophy and apoptosis. Mechanistically, we revealed that NNC-55 increased the expression of GRP78 and DDIT3 in myotubes, indicating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation, and that the IRE1 and PERK pathways might be involved in this effect. NNC-55 induced the formation of autophagosomes but inhibited autophagy flux. Moreover, rapamycin, an autophagy activator, did not rescue myotube atrophy or apoptosis induced by NNC-55, and the autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and HCQ accelerated this damage. Further studies showed that the ERS inhibitors 4-PBA and TUDAC relieved NNC-55-induced damage and autophagy flux blockade. Finally, we found multisite muscle atrophy and decreased muscle function in Cacna1h−/− (TH-null) mice, as well as increased autophagy inhibition and apoptotic signals in the PFM of old WT mice after MVD and TH-null mice. Taken together, our results suggest that MVD-associated PFD is partially attributed to CACNA1H downregulation-induced PFM atrophy and that ERS is a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suting Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglei Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingshu Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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15
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De Munck DG, De Meyer GR, Martinet W. Autophagy as an emerging therapeutic target for age-related vascular pathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:131-145. [PMID: 31985292 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1723079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence of age-related vascular diseases such as arterial stiffness, hypertension and atherosclerosis, is rising dramatically and is substantially impacting healthcare systems. Mounting evidence suggests that there is an important role for autophagy in maintaining (cardio)vascular health. Impaired vascular autophagy has been linked to arterial aging and the initiation of vascular disease.Areas covered: The function and implications of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells are discussed in healthy blood vessels and arterial disease. Furthermore, we discuss current treatment options for vascular disease and their links with autophagy. A literature search was conducted in PubMed up to October 2019.Expert opinion: Although the therapeutic potential of inducing autophagy in age-related vascular pathologies is considerable, several issues should be addressed before autophagy induction can be clinically used to treat vascular disease. These issues include uncertainty regarding the most effective drug target as well as the lack of potency and selectivity of autophagy inducing drugs. Moreover, drug tolerance or autophagy mediated cell death have been reported as possible adverse effects. Special attention is required for determining the cause of autophagy deficiency to optimize the treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien G De Munck
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Ry De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Juárez E, Ruiz A, Cortez O, Sada E, Torres M. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity induced by loperamide in mycobacterial infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:29-36. [PMID: 30268801 PMCID: PMC7185470 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loperamide modulates macrophages immune responses towards mycobacteria. Loperamide is an immunoregulator of inflammation during mycobacterial infection. Loperamide induces immunomodulatory responses and bactericidal mechanisms. The activation of opioid receptors by loperamide is involved in its immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Juárez
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Omar Cortez
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Sada
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Martha Torres
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico.
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17
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van Bavel JJA, Vos MA, van der Heyden MAG. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Antiarrhythmic Drugs: An Autophagic Perspective. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29527175 PMCID: PMC5829447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of cellular material by lysosomes is known as autophagy, and its main function is to maintain cellular homeostasis for growth, proliferation and survival of the cell. In recent years, research has focused on the characterization of autophagy pathways. Targeting of autophagy mediators has been described predominantly in cancer treatment, but also in neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Although the number of studies is still limited, there are indications that activity of autophagy pathways increases under arrhythmic conditions. Moreover, an increasing number of antiarrhythmic and non-cardiac drugs are found to affect autophagy pathways. We, therefore, suggest that future work should recognize the largely unaddressed effects of antiarrhythmic agents and other classes of drugs on autophagy pathway activation and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J A van Bavel
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marcel A G van der Heyden
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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18
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Kondratskyi A, Kondratska K, Skryma R, Klionsky DJ, Prevarskaya N. Ion channels in the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy 2017; 14:3-21. [PMID: 28980859 PMCID: PMC5846505 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1384887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process in which the cell degrades and recycles its own constituents. Given the crucial role of autophagy in physiology, deregulation of autophagic machinery is associated with various diseases. Hence, a thorough understanding of autophagy regulatory mechanisms is crucially important for the elaboration of efficient treatments for different diseases. Recently, ion channels, mediating ion fluxes across cellular membranes, have emerged as important regulators of both basal and induced autophagy. However, the mechanisms by which specific ion channels regulate autophagy are still poorly understood, thus underscoring the need for further research in this field. Here we discuss the involvement of major types of ion channels in autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Kondratskyi
- Inserm, U-1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Kateryna Kondratska
- Inserm, U-1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Roman Skryma
- Inserm, U-1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Inserm, U-1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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19
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Shaikh S, Troncoso R, Criollo A, Bravo-Sagua R, García L, Morselli E, Cifuentes M, Quest AFG, Hill JA, Lavandero S. Regulation of cardiomyocyte autophagy by calcium. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E587-E596. [PMID: 26884385 PMCID: PMC4835942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00374.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling plays a crucial role in a multitude of events within the cardiomyocyte, including cell cycle control, growth, apoptosis, and autophagy. With respect to calcium-dependent regulation of autophagy, ion channels and exchangers, receptors, and intracellular mediators play fundamental roles. In this review, we discuss calcium-dependent regulation of cardiomyocyte autophagy, a lysosomal mechanism that is often cytoprotective, serving to defend against disease-related stress and nutrient insufficiency. We also highlight the importance of the subcellular distribution of calcium and related proteins, interorganelle communication, and other key signaling events that govern cardiomyocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Shaikh
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena García
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Cifuentes
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division) and
- Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division) and
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