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Richter A, Blei F, Hu G, Schwitalla JW, Lozano-Andrade CN, Xie J, Jarmusch SA, Wibowo M, Kjeldgaard B, Surabhi S, Xu X, Jautzus T, Phippen CBW, Tyc O, Arentshorst M, Wang Y, Garbeva P, Larsen TO, Ram AFJ, van den Hondel CAM, Maróti G, Kovács ÁT. Enhanced surface colonisation and competition during bacterial adaptation to a fungus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4486. [PMID: 38802389 PMCID: PMC11130161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial-fungal interactions influence microbial community performance of most ecosystems and elicit specific microbial behaviours, including stimulating specialised metabolite production. Here, we use a co-culture experimental evolution approach to investigate bacterial adaptation to the presence of a fungus, using a simple model of bacterial-fungal interactions encompassing the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the fungus Aspergillus niger. We find in one evolving population that B. subtilis was selected for enhanced production of the lipopeptide surfactin and accelerated surface spreading ability, leading to inhibition of fungal expansion and acidification of the environment. These phenotypes were explained by specific mutations in the DegS-DegU two-component system. In the presence of surfactin, fungal hyphae exhibited bulging cells with delocalised secretory vesicles possibly provoking an RlmA-dependent cell wall stress. Thus, our results indicate that the presence of the fungus selects for increased surfactin production, which inhibits fungal growth and facilitates the competitive success of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Richter
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Blei
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Guohai Hu
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jan W Schwitalla
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos N Lozano-Andrade
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jiyu Xie
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Scott A Jarmusch
- Natural Product Discovery Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mario Wibowo
- Natural Product Discovery Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bodil Kjeldgaard
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Surabhi Surabhi
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Xinming Xu
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa Jautzus
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher B W Phippen
- Natural Product Discovery Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olaf Tyc
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mark Arentshorst
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Wang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Natural Product Discovery Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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2
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Nishisaka CS, Ventura JP, Bais HP, Mendes R. Role of Bacillus subtilis exopolymeric genes in modulating rhizosphere microbiome assembly. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2024; 19:33. [PMID: 38745256 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis is well known for promoting plant growth and reducing abiotic and biotic stresses. Mutant gene-defective models can be created to understand important traits associated with rhizosphere fitness. This study aimed to analyze the role of exopolymeric genes in modulating tomato rhizosphere microbiome assembly under a gradient of soil microbiome diversities using the B. subtilis wild-type strain UD1022 and its corresponding mutant strain UD1022eps-TasA, which is defective in exopolysaccharide (EPS) and TasA protein production. RESULTS qPCR revealed that the B. subtilis UD1022eps-TasA- strain has a diminished capacity to colonize tomato roots in soils with diluted microbial diversity. The analysis of bacterial β-diversity revealed significant differences in bacterial and fungal community structures following inoculation with either the wild-type or mutant B. subtilis strains. The Verrucomicrobiota, Patescibacteria, and Nitrospirota phyla were more enriched with the wild-type strain inoculation than with the mutant inoculation. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that when the mutant was inoculated in tomato, the rhizosphere microbial community exhibited a lower level of modularity, fewer nodes, and fewer communities compared to communities inoculated with wild-type B. subtilis. CONCLUSION This study advances our understanding of the EPS and TasA genes, which are not only important for root colonization but also play a significant role in shaping rhizosphere microbiome assembly. Future research should concentrate on specific microbiome genetic traits and their implications for rhizosphere colonization, coupled with rhizosphere microbiome modulation. These efforts will be crucial for optimizing PGPR-based approaches in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sayuri Nishisaka
- Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Ventura
- Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Harsh P Bais
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center (BPI), Newark, DE, USA
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3
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Paul S, Parvez SS, Goswami A, Banik A. Exopolysaccharides from agriculturally important microorganisms: Conferring soil nutrient status and plant health. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129954. [PMID: 38336329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A wide variety of microorganisms secretes extracellular polymeric substances or commonly known as exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have been studied to influence plant growth via various mechanisms. EPS-producing microorganisms have been found to have positive effects on plant health such as by facilitating nutrient entrapment in the soil, or by improving soil quality, especially by helping in mitigating various abiotic stress conditions. The various types of microbial polysaccharides allow for the compartmentalization of the microbial community enabling them to endure undressing stress conditions. With the growing population, there is a constant need for developing sustainable agriculture where we could use various PGPR to help the plant cope with various stress conditions and simultaneously enhance the crop yield. These polysaccharides have also found application in various sectors, especially in the biomedical fields, manifesting their potential to act as antitumor drugs, play a significant role in immune evasion, and reveal various therapeutic potentials. These constitute high levels of bioactive polysaccharides which possess a wide range of implementation starting from industrial applications to novel food applications. In this current review, we aim at presenting a comprehensive study of how these microbial extracellular polymeric substances influence agricultural productivity along with their other commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushreeta Paul
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Soyal Parvez
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anusree Goswami
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avishek Banik
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Nooranidoost M, Cogan N, Stoodley P, Gloag ES, Hussaini MY. Bayesian estimation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa viscoelastic properties based on creep responses of wild type, rugose, and mucoid variant biofilms. Biofilm 2023; 5:100133. [PMID: 37396464 PMCID: PMC10313507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms are relevant for a variety of disease settings, including pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis. Biofilms are initiated by individual bacteria that undergo a phenotypic switch and produce an extracellular polymeric slime (EPS). However, the viscoelastic characteristics of biofilms at different stages of formation and the contributions of different EPS constituents have not been fully explored. For this purpose, we develop and parameterize a mathematical model to study the rheological behavior of three biofilms - P. aeruginosa wild type PAO1, isogenic rugose small colony variant (RSCV), and mucoid variant biofilms against a range of experimental data. Using Bayesian inference to estimate these viscoelastic properties, we quantify the rheological characteristics of the biofilm EPS. We employ a Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm to estimate these properties of P. aeruginosa variant biofilms in comparison to those of wild type. This information helps us understand the rheological behavior of biofilms at different stages of their development. The mechanical properties of wild type biofilms change significantly over time and are more sensitive to small changes in their composition than the other two mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N.G. Cogan
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Erin S. Gloag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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5
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Angelini LL, Dos Santos RAC, Fox G, Paruthiyil S, Gozzi K, Shemesh M, Chai Y. Pulcherrimin protects Bacillus subtilis against oxidative stress during biofilm development. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37468524 PMCID: PMC10356805 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulcherrimin is an iron-binding reddish pigment produced by various bacterial and yeast species. In the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, this pigment is synthesized intracellularly as the colorless pulcherriminic acid by using two molecules of tRNA-charged leucine as the substrate; pulcherriminic acid molecules are then secreted and bind to ferric iron extracellularly to form the red-colored pigment pulcherrimin. The biological importance of pulcherrimin is not well understood. A previous study showed that secretion of pulcherrimin caused iron depletion in the surroundings and growth arrest on cells located at the edge of a B. subtilis colony biofilm. In this study, we identified that pulcherrimin is primarily produced under biofilm conditions and provides protection to cells in the biofilm against oxidative stress. We presented molecular evidence on how pulcherrimin lowers the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviates oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ROS accumulation in a mature biofilm. We also performed global transcriptome profiling to identify differentially expressed genes in the pulcherrimin-deficient mutant compared with the wild type, and further characterized the regulation of genes by pulcherrimin that are related to iron homeostasis, DNA damage response (DDR), and oxidative stress response. Based on our findings, we propose pulcherrimin as an important antioxidant that modulates B. subtilis biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Fox
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Srinand Paruthiyil
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Gozzi
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Institute, Derech Hamacabim, POB 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Das J, Kumar R, Yadav SK, Jha G. Nicotinic Acid Catabolism Modulates Bacterial Mycophagy in Burkholderia gladioli Strain NGJ1. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0445722. [PMID: 37014254 PMCID: PMC10269826 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04457-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 exhibits mycophagous activity on a broad range of fungi, including Rhizoctonia solani, a devastating plant pathogen. Here, we demonstrate that the nicotinic acid (NA) catabolic pathway in NGJ1 is required for mycophagy. NGJ1 is auxotrophic to NA and it potentially senses R. solani as a NA source. Mutation in the nicC and nicX genes involved in NA catabolism renders defects in mycophagy and the mutant bacteria are unable to utilize R. solani extract as the sole nutrient source. As supplementation of NA, but not FA (fumaric acid, the end product of NA catabolism) restores the mycophagous ability of ΔnicC/ΔnicX mutants, we anticipate that NA is not required as a carbon source for the bacterium during mycophagy. Notably, nicR, a MarR-type of transcriptional regulator that functions as a negative regulator of the NA catabolic pathway is upregulated in ΔnicC/ΔnicX mutant and upon NA supplementation the nicR expression is reduced to the basal level in both the mutants. The ΔnicR mutant produces excessive biofilm and is completely defective in swimming motility. On the other hand, ΔnicC/ΔnicX mutants are compromised in swimming motility as well as biofilm formation, potentially due to the upregulation of nicR. Our data suggest that a defect in NA catabolism alters the NA pool in the bacterium and upregulates nicR which in turn suppresses bacterial motility as well as biofilm formation, leading to mycophagy defects. IMPORTANCE Mycophagy is an important trait through which certain bacteria forage over fungal mycelia and utilize fungal biomass as a nutrient source to thrive in hostile environments. The present study emphasizes that nicotinic acid (NA) is important for bacterial motility and biofilm formation during mycophagy by Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1. Defects in NA catabolism potentially alter the cellular NA pool, upregulate the expression of nicR, a negative regulator of biofilm, and therefore suppress bacterial motility as well as biofilm formation, leading to mycophagy defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyati Das
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Yadav
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Highmore CJ, Melaugh G, Morris RJ, Parker J, Direito SOL, Romero M, Soukarieh F, Robertson SN, Bamford NC. Translational challenges and opportunities in biofilm science: a BRIEF for the future. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:68. [PMID: 36038607 PMCID: PMC9424220 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are increasingly recognised as a critical global issue in a multitude of industries impacting health, food and water security, marine sector, and industrial processes resulting in estimated economic cost of $5 trillion USD annually. A major barrier to the translation of biofilm science is the gap between industrial practices and academic research across the biofilms field. Therefore, there is an urgent need for biofilm research to notice and react to industrially relevant issues to achieve transferable outputs. Regulatory frameworks necessarily bridge gaps between different players, but require a clear, science-driven non-biased underpinning to successfully translate research. Here we introduce a 2-dimensional framework, termed the Biofilm Research-Industrial Engagement Framework (BRIEF) for classifying existing biofilm technologies according to their level of scientific insight, including the understanding of the underlying biofilm system, and their industrial utility accounting for current industrial practices. We evidence the BRIEF with three case studies of biofilm science across healthcare, food & agriculture, and wastewater sectors highlighting the multifaceted issues around the effective translation of biofilm research. Based on these studies, we introduce some advisory guidelines to enhance the translational impact of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Highmore
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - G Melaugh
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.,School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - R J Morris
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - J Parker
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - S O L Direito
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - M Romero
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - F Soukarieh
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - S N Robertson
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK. .,Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
| | - N C Bamford
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK. .,Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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8
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Abstract
Anoxic microsites arising in fungal biofilms may foster the presence of obligate anaerobes. Here, we analyzed whether and to which degree hyphae of Coprinopsis cinerea thriving in oxic habitats enable the germination, growth, and dispersal of the obligate anaerobic soil bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. Time-resolved optical oxygen mapping, microscopy, and metabolite analysis revealed the formation and persistence of anoxic circum hyphal niches, allowing for spore germination, growth, and fermentative activity of the obligate anaerobe in an otherwise inhabitable environment. Hypoxic liquid films containing 80% ± 10% of atmospheric oxygen saturation around single air-exposed hyphae thereby allowed for efficient clostridial dispersal amid spatially separated (>0.5 cm) anoxic sites. Hyphae hence may serve as good networks for the activity and spatial organization of obligate anaerobic bacteria in oxygenated heterogeneous environments such as soil.
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9
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He M, Jia Y, Liu X, Peng X, Li C, Yang S, Xu Q, Lin J, Zhao G. Perillaldehyde protects against Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal load and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and LOX-1. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1366-1373. [PMID: 35759617 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2093382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to explore the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of perillaldehyde (PAE) in Aspergillus fumigatus (A.fumigatus) keratitis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS The biofilm formation, adherence assay, propidium iodide uptake test were used to determine the possible mechanism of PAE in terms of antifungal effects in vitro. The severity of corneal infection was evaluated by clinical scores. The immunofluorescence staining was adopt to detect the number of macrophages in infected corneas. Draize test was performed to assess the ocular toxicity of PAE. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot reflected the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) in mice corneas and RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS PAE was able to inhibit the formation of biofilm, reduce conidial adhesion, and damage the integrity of membranes to exert antifungal activity. In C57BL/6 mice models, PAE alleviated the severity of infected corneas, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and had low ocular toxicity. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, CCL-2 and LOX-1 could be significantly decreased by the application of PAE after A.fumigatus infection in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that PAE protected against A.fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal load, accumulation of macrophages, and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - You Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Zhou Y, Wang H, Xu S, Liu K, Qi H, Wang M, Chen X, Berg G, Ma Z, Cernava T, Chen Y. Bacterial-fungal interactions under agricultural settings: from physical to chemical interactions. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:22. [PMID: 37676347 PMCID: PMC10442017 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi are dominant members of environmental microbiomes. Various bacterial-fungal interactions (BFIs) and their mutual regulation are important factors for ecosystem functioning and health. Such interactions can be highly dynamic, and often require spatiotemporally resolved assessments to understand the interplay which ranges from antagonism to mutualism. Many of these interactions are still poorly understood, especially in terms of the underlying chemical and molecular interplay, which is crucial for inter-kingdom communication and interference. BFIs are highly relevant under agricultural settings; they can be determinative for crop health. Advancing our knowledge related to mechanisms underpinning the interactions between bacteria and fungi will provide an extended basis for biological control of pests and pathogens in agriculture. Moreover, it will facilitate a better understanding of complex microbial community networks that commonly occur in nature. This will allow us to determine factors that are crucial for community assembly under different environmental conditions and pave the way for constructing synthetic communities for various biotechnological applications. Here, we summarize the current advances in the field of BFIs with an emphasis on agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sunde Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Sadiq FA, Hansen MF, Burmølle M, Heyndrickx M, Flint S, Lu W, Chen W, Zhang H. Towards understanding mechanisms and functional consequences of bacterial interactions with members of various kingdoms in complex biofilms that abound in nature. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6595875. [PMID: 35640890 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial world represents a phenomenal diversity of microorganisms from different kingdoms of life which occupy an impressive set of ecological niches. Most, if not all, microorganisms once colonise a surface develop architecturally complex surface-adhered communities which we refer to as biofilms. They are embedded in polymeric structural scaffolds serve as a dynamic milieu for intercellular communication through physical and chemical signalling. Deciphering microbial ecology of biofilms in various natural or engineered settings has revealed co-existence of microorganisms from all domains of life, including Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. The coexistence of these dynamic microbes is not arbitrary, as a highly coordinated architectural setup and physiological complexity show ecological interdependence and myriads of underlying interactions. In this review, we describe how species from different kingdoms interact in biofilms and discuss the functional consequences of such interactions. We highlight metabolic advances of collaboration among species from different kingdoms, and advocate that these interactions are of great importance and need to be addressed in future research. Since trans-kingdom biofilms impact diverse contexts, ranging from complicated infections to efficient growth of plants, future knowledge within this field will be beneficial for medical microbiology, biotechnology, and our general understanding of microbial life in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Mads Frederik Hansen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag, 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wenwei Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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12
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Ren W, Penttilä R, Kasanen R, Asiegbu FO. Bacteria Community Inhabiting Heterobasidion Fruiting Body and Associated Wood of Different Decay Classes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864619. [PMID: 35591994 PMCID: PMC9111749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of Heterobasidion-induced wood decay of living trees has been previously studied; however, less is known about the bacteria biota of its perennial fruiting body and the adhering wood tissue. In this study, we investigated the bacteria biota of the Heterobasidion fruiting body and its adhering deadwood. Out of 7,462 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), about 5,918 OTUs were obtained from the fruiting body and 5,469 OTUs were obtained from the associated dead wood. Interestingly, an average of 52.6% of bacteria biota in the fruiting body was shared with the associated dead wood. The overall and unique OTUs had trends of decreasing from decay classes 1 to 3 but increasing in decay class 4. The fruiting body had the highest overall and unique OTUs number in the fourth decay class, whereas wood had the highest OTU in decay class 1. Sphingomonas spp. was significantly higher in the fruiting body, and phylum Firmicutes was more dominant in wood tissue. The FAPROTAX functional structure analysis revealed nutrition, energy, degradation, and plant-pathogen-related functions of the communities. Our results also showed that bacteria communities in both substrates experienced a process of a new community reconstruction through the various decay stages. The process was not synchronic in the two substrates, but the community structures and functions were well-differentiated in the final decay class. The bacteria community was highly dynamic; the microbiota activeness, community stability, and functions changed with the decay process. The third decay class was an important turning point for community restructuring. Host properties, environmental factors, and microbial interactions jointly influenced the final community structure. Bacteria community in the fruiting body attached to the living standing tree was suppressed compared with those associated with dead wood. Bacteria appear to spread from wood tissue of the standing living tree to the fruiting body, but after the tree is killed, bacteria moved from fruiting body to wood. It is most likely that some of the resident endophytic bacteria within the fruiting body are either parasitic, depending on it for their nutrition, or are mutualistic symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzi Ren
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Penttilä
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kasanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O. Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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You X, Kallies R, Kühn I, Schmidt M, Harms H, Chatzinotas A, Wick LY. Phage co-transport with hyphal-riding bacteria fuels bacterial invasion in a water-unsaturated microbial model system. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1275-1283. [PMID: 34903848 PMCID: PMC9039081 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonmotile microorganisms often enter new habitats by co-transport with motile microorganisms. Here, we report that also lytic phages can co-transport with hyphal-riding bacteria and facilitate bacterial colonization of a new habitat. This is comparable to the concept of biological invasions in macroecology. In analogy to invasion frameworks in plant and animal ecology, we tailored spatially organized, water-unsaturated model microcosms using hyphae of Pythium ultimum as invasion paths and flagellated soil-bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as carrier for co-transport of Escherichia virus T4. P. putida KT2440 efficiently dispersed along P. ultimum to new habitats and dispatched T4 phages across air gaps transporting ≈0.6 phages bacteria−1. No T4 displacement along hyphae was observed in the absence of carrier bacteria. If E. coli occupied the new habitat, T4 co-transport fueled the fitness of invading P. putida KT2440, while the absence of phage co-transport led to poor colonization followed by extinction. Our data emphasize the importance of hyphal transport of bacteria and associated phages in regulating fitness and composition of microbial populations in water-unsaturated systems. As such co-transport seems analogous to macroecological invasion processes, hyphosphere systems with motile bacteria and co-transported phages could be useful models for testing hypotheses in invasion ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin You
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - René Kallies
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstr. 33, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Lukas Y Wick
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Kjeldgaard B, Neves AR, Fonseca C, Kovács ÁT, Domínguez-Cuevas P. Quantitative High-Throughput Screening Methods Designed for Identification of Bacterial Biocontrol Strains with Antifungal Properties. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0143321. [PMID: 35254137 PMCID: PMC9045326 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01433-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Large screens of bacterial strain collections to identify potential biocontrol agents often are time-consuming and costly and fail to provide quantitative results. In this study, we present two quantitative and high-throughput methods to assess the inhibitory capacity of bacterial biocontrol candidates against fungal phytopathogens. One method measures the inhibitory effect of bacterial culture supernatant components on the fungal growth, while the other accounts for direct interaction between growing bacteria and the fungus by cocultivating the two organisms. The antagonistic supernatant method quantifies the culture components' antifungal activity by calculating the cumulative impact of supernatant addition relative to the growth of a nontreated fungal control, while the antagonistic cocultivation method identifies the minimal bacterial cell concentration required to inhibit fungal growth by coinoculating fungal spores with bacterial culture dilution series. Thereby, both methods provide quantitative measures of biocontrol efficiency and allow prominent fungal inhibitors to be distinguished from less effective strains. The combination of the two methods sheds light on the types of inhibition mechanisms and provides the basis for further mode-of-action studies. We demonstrate the efficacy of the methods using Bacillus spp. with different levels of antifungal activities as model antagonists and quantify their inhibitory potencies against classic plant pathogens. IMPORTANCE Fungal phytopathogens are responsible for tremendous agricultural losses on an annual basis. While microbial biocontrol agents represent a promising solution to the problem, there is a growing need for high-throughput methods to evaluate and quantify inhibitory properties of new potential biocontrol agents for agricultural application. In this study, we present two high-throughput and quantitative fungal inhibition methods that are suitable for commercial biocontrol screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Kjeldgaard
- Discovery, R&D, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ákos T. Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Fessia A, Barra P, Barros G, Nesci A. Could Bacillus biofilms enhance the effectivity of biocontrol strategies in the phyllosphere? J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2148-2166. [PMID: 35476896 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.), a major crop in Argentina and a staple food around the world, is affected by the emergence and re-emergence of foliar diseases. Agrochemicals are the main control strategy nowadays, but they can cause resistance in insects and microbial pathogens and have negative effects on the environment and human health. An emerging alternative is the use of living organisms, i.e. microbial biocontrol agents, to suppress plant pathogen populations. This is a risk-free approach when the organisms acting as biocontrol agents come from the same ecosystem as the foliar pathogens they are meant to antagonize. Some epiphytic microorganisms may form biofilm by becoming aggregated and attached to a surface, as is the case of spore-forming bacteria from the genus Bacillus. Their ability to sporulate and their tolerance to long storage periods make them a frequently used biocontrol agent. Moreover, the biofilm that they create protects them against different abiotic and biotic factors and helps them to acquire nutrients, which ensures their survival on the plants they protect. This review analyzes the interactions that the phyllosphere-inhabiting Bacillus genus establishes with its environment through biofilm, and how this lifestyle could serve to design effective biological control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluminé Fessia
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Barra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Germán Barros
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Nesci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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16
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Arnaouteli S, Bamford NC, Stanley-Wall NR, Kovács ÁT. Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation and social interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:600-614. [PMID: 33824496 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a process in which microbial cells aggregate to form collectives that are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is used to dissect the mechanisms controlling matrix production and the subsequent transition from a motile planktonic cell state to a sessile biofilm state. The collective nature of life in a biofilm allows emergent properties to manifest, and B. subtilis biofilms are linked with novel industrial uses as well as probiotic and biocontrol processes. In this Review, we outline the molecular details of the biofilm matrix and the regulatory pathways and external factors that control its production. We explore the beneficial outcomes associated with biofilms. Finally, we highlight major advances in our understanding of concepts of microbial evolution and community behaviour that have resulted from studies of the innate heterogeneity of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arnaouteli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicola R Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Motaung TE, Peremore C, Wingfield B, Steenkamp E. Plant-associated fungal biofilms-knowns and unknowns. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5956487. [PMID: 33150944 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly all microbes, including fungi, grow firmly attached to surfaces as a biofilm. Yet, attention toward fungal interactions with plants and the environment is dedicated to free-floating (planktonic) cells. Fungal biofilms are generally thought to configure interactions across and among plant populations. Despite this, plant fungal biofilm research lags far behind the research on biofilms of medically important fungi. The deficit in noticing and exploring this research avenue could limit disease management and plant improvement programs. Here, we provide the current state of knowledge of fungal biofilms and the different pivotal ecological roles they impart in the context of disease, through leveraging evidence across medically important fungi, secondary metabolite production, plant beneficial functions and climate change. We also provide views on several important information gaps potentially hampering plant fungal biofilm research, and propose a way forward to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso E Motaung
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Chizné Peremore
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Brenda Wingfield
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma Steenkamp
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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18
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Bartholomew HP, Bradshaw M, Jurick WM, Fonseca JM. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Mycotoxin Production During Postharvest Decay and Their Influence on Tritrophic Host-Pathogen-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:611881. [PMID: 33643240 PMCID: PMC7907610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.611881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a prevalent problem for stored fruits, grains, and vegetables. Alternariol, aflatoxin, and patulin, produced by Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp., are the major mycotoxins that negatively affect human and animal health and reduce fruit and produce quality. Control strategies for these toxins are varied, but one method that is increasing in interest is through host microbiome manipulation, mirroring a biocontrol approach. While the majority of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites (SM) produced by fungi impact host–fungal interactions, there is also an interplay between the various organisms within the host microbiome. In addition to SMs, these interactions involve compounds such as signaling molecules, plant defense and growth hormones, and metabolites produced by both the plants and microbial community. Therefore, studies to understand the impact of the various toxins impacting the beneficial and harmful microorganisms that reside within the microbiome is warranted, and could lead to identification of safe analogs for antimicrobial activity to reduce fruit decay. Additionally, exploring the composition of the microbial carposphere of host plants is likely to shed light on developing a microbial consortium to maintain quality during storage and abate mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly P Bartholomew
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Michael Bradshaw
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jorge M Fonseca
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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19
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Albarracín Orio AG, Petras D, Tobares RA, Aksenov AA, Wang M, Juncosa F, Sayago P, Moyano AJ, Dorrestein PC, Smania AM. Fungal-bacterial interaction selects for quorum sensing mutants with increased production of natural antifungal compounds. Commun Biol 2020; 3:670. [PMID: 33184402 PMCID: PMC7661731 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microorganisms coexist and interact showing antagonistic or mutualistic behaviors. Here, we show that an environmental strain of Bacillus subtilis undergoes heritable phenotypic variation upon interaction with the soil fungal pathogen Setophoma terrestris (ST). Metabolomics analysis revealed differential profiles in B. subtilis before (pre-ST) and after (post-ST) interacting with the fungus, which paradoxically involved the absence of lipopeptides surfactin and plipastatin and yet acquisition of antifungal activity in post-ST variants. The profile of volatile compounds showed that 2-heptanone and 2-octanone were the most discriminating metabolites present at higher concentrations in post-ST during the interaction process. Both ketones showed strong antifungal activity, which was lost with the addition of exogenous surfactin. Whole-genome analyses indicate that mutations in ComQPXA quorum-sensing system, constituted the genetic bases of post-ST conversion, which rewired B. subtilis metabolism towards the depletion of surfactins and the production of antifungal compounds during its antagonistic interaction with S. terrestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Albarracín Orio
- IRNASUS, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Córdoba, Argentina.
- CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Córdoba, Argentina.
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Daniel Petras
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Romina A Tobares
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Florencia Juncosa
- IRNASUS, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pamela Sayago
- IRNASUS, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Moyano
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrea M Smania
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Córdoba, Argentina.
- CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Córdoba, Argentina.
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20
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Steffan BN, Venkatesh N, Keller NP. Let's Get Physical: Bacterial-Fungal Interactions and Their Consequences in Agriculture and Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E243. [PMID: 33114069 PMCID: PMC7712096 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi serve as a biological scaffold for bacterial attachment. In some specialized interactions, the bacteria will invade the fungal host, which in turn provides protection and nutrients for the bacteria. Mechanisms of the physical interactions between fungi and bacteria have been studied in both clinical and agricultural settings, as discussed in this review. Fungi and bacteria that are a part of these dynamic interactions can have altered growth and development as well as changes in microbial fitness as it pertains to antibiotic resistance, nutrient acquisition, and microbial dispersal. Consequences of these interactions are not just limited to the respective microorganisms, but also have major impacts in the health of humans and plants alike. Examining the mechanisms behind the physical interactions of fungi and bacteria will provide us with an understanding of multi-kingdom community processes and allow for the development of therapeutic approaches for disease in both ecological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne N. Steffan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Nandhitha Venkatesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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21
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Kiesewalter HT, Lozano-Andrade CN, Maróti G, Snyder D, Cooper VS, Jørgensen TS, Weber T, Kovács ÁT. Complete Genome Sequences of 13 Bacillus subtilis Soil Isolates for Studying Secondary Metabolite Diversity. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:e01406-19. [PMID: 31919181 PMCID: PMC6952667 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01406-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a plant-benefiting soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium with secondary metabolite production potential. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of 13 B. subtilis strains isolated from different soil samples in Germany and Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko T Kiesewalter
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carlos N Lozano-Andrade
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dan Snyder
- Microbial Genome Sequencing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vaughn S Cooper
- Microbial Genome Sequencing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tue Sparholt Jørgensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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