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Corrigendum to "Development and Evaluation of an Immuno-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Quantify the Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp) Protein in Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine". Vet Med Int 2021. [PMID: 33857268 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4236807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2020/4236807.].
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2
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Soni D, Sahoo I, Mallya AD, Kamthe P, Sahai A, Goel SK, Kulkarni PS, Dhere RM. Development of competitive inhibition ELISA as an effective potency test to analyze human rabies vaccines and assessment of the antigenic epitope of rabies glycoprotein. J Immunol Methods 2020; 492:112939. [PMID: 33309752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potency of all modern tissue culture human rabies vaccines is measured based on the National Institute of Health (NIH) potency test that is laborious, time-consuming, involves large test variations and requires sacrifice of large number of animals. To circumvent these limitations, several researchers and WHO expert working groups have discussed development of alternative in vitro methods to replace the NIH potency test. Although several immunochemical methods have been proposed to quantify rabies glycoprotein (G-protein) using multiple murine monoclonal antibodies, we report an In vitro competitive inhibition ELISA (CIA) method based on the use of a neutralizing rabies glycoprotein site III directed novel therapeutic human rabies monoclonal antibody (RAB1) that shows equivalence to the mice NIH potency test in recognition of neutralization site of the glycoprotein. In vitro potency testing of WHO 7th International Standard for rabies vaccine (IS) by CIA using RAB1 and In-house reference standard (IHRS) as a standard to assess its suitability for the assessment of validation parameters showed accurate and precise values with <15% coefficient variance. The method was validated using 5PL standard curve with linearity r2 > 0.98 and LLOQ of 0.125 IU/mL indicating sensitivity of the method. The method was found to be precise, robust and accurate to quantitate intact rabies glycoprotein in final vaccine and showed a strong correlation (Pearson's r = 0.81) with the NIH potency values of licensed Vero cell rabies vaccine. The CIA test using RAB1 was able to accurately quantitate degradation of rabies vaccine and assess loss in antigenicity of lyophilized and reconstituted liquid rabies vaccine under thermal stress conditions. The method was able to differentiate between potent and reduced potency vaccine samples. The new in vitro competitive inhibition ELISA method using RAB1 thus can be a valid alternative to the NIH test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipen Soni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Itishree Sahoo
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Praveen Kamthe
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Sahai
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Goel
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad S Kulkarni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
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Gairola S, Gautam M, Waghmare S. A novel ELISA for quantification of glycoprotein in human rabies vaccines using a clinically proven virus neutralizing human monoclonal antibody. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1857-1865. [PMID: 31971485 PMCID: PMC7482881 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1709350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Global efforts on the replacement of the in vivo rabies vaccine potency test (NIH method) with in vitro methods for quantification of immunodominant glycoprotein (GP) in rabies vaccine have made significant progress. We report here, a sandwich ELISA method based on the use of a neutralizing rabies GP site III directed human monoclonal antibody (RAB-1) and a polyclonal GP specific antibody recognizing the intact form of viral GP. The method was shown to be robust, specific, linear, precise and accurate in the quantification of intact GP in vaccine samples. The assay was able to differentiate between potent and sub-potent vaccine samples. The assay was shown to be linear over the range of 0.07-2.25 IU/mL with LOD and LLOQ values of 0.035 and 0.070 IU/mL, respectively. The assay was able to quantify the GP content of rabies vaccines derived from rabies vaccine strains, e.g., Pittman-Moore, Pasteur and Flury LEP with acceptable precision (CV < 20%) and also showed good agreement with NIH potency estimates. The binding kinetics of RAB-1 with intact and modified vaccine samples were also characterized using biolayer interferometry (BLI). The developed method may be used as an alternative to the NIH method in quality control testing of human rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Gairola
- Analytical Development Group, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
| | - Manish Gautam
- Analytical Development Group, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
| | - Satish Waghmare
- Analytical Development Group, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
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4
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Potency test to discriminate between differentially over-inactivated rabies vaccines: Agreement between the NIH assay and a G-protein based ELISA. Biologicals 2019; 60:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Moreira WC, Machado NS, Freitas JF, Almeida AECC, Moura WCD. Verification of the rabies virus glycoprotein lower limit of immunogenicity by serological assay. J Virol Methods 2019; 264:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Wu X, Carroll DS, Lv W, You L, Ji Y, Shi J, Yan J, Xu G, Meng S. Development of a relative potency test using ELISA for human rabies vaccines. Biologicals 2018; 55:59-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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7
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A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay to assay the rabies virus glycoprotein: application for estimation of human rabies vaccine potency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7288. [PMID: 28779162 PMCID: PMC5544697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the in vivo rabies vaccine potency test (NIH test) by in vitro methods had been discussed by several researcher including WHO expert working groups. In this paper, a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for the assay of rabies virus glycoprotein in rabies vaccine was first established to estimate the rabies vaccine potency by using specific monoclonal antibody that only recognized the native, trimeric and immunogenic form of rabies virus glycoprotein. Potency of the rabies virus glycoprotein was assayed with satisfactory performance under optimal conditions, and the method demonstrated satisfactory results when applied in practical samples. The correlation coefficient of potency values obtained from the present TRFIA and ELISA was 0.912, and 0.903 for those from the present TRFIA and NIH test. These preliminary results confirmed that this TRFIA can replace ELISA with higher performance, and could be a promising replacement of the NIH test. Based upon these results, the present TRFIA seemed to be a convenient tool for evaluating rabies vaccine potency and its products at different stages accordingly.
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Aavula SM, Abhinay G, Nimmagadda SV, Maithal K. A novel in vitro ELISA for estimation of glycoprotein content in human rabies vaccines. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2017; 38:400-410. [PMID: 28436708 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1295056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro methods for quantification of immunodominant glycoprotein in the rabies vaccine formulations serve as good alternative to the cumbersome and variable mice potency assay as a batch release test for the vaccine. The present study presents the development of a sandwich ELISA with optimal concentrations of a high affinity recombinant diabody (D06) and a specific monoclonal antibody (M5B4) against rabies glycoprotein for its quantification in the vaccine formulations. The glycoprotein estimate correlated linearly (r2 = 0.8) to the in vivo potency estimate for the vaccine formulations. This ELISA promises a good forecast of the mice potency values and thereby can serve as a simple, yet effective batch release test for the rabies vaccines replacing the in vivo assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukra M Aavula
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Gontu Abhinay
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Sridevi V Nimmagadda
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Kapil Maithal
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
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9
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Chabaud-Riou M, Moreno N, Guinchard F, Nicolai MC, Niogret-Siohan E, Sève N, Manin C, Guinet-Morlot F, Riou P. G-protein based ELISA as a potency test for rabies vaccines. Biologicals 2017; 46:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Sigoillot-Claude C, Battaglio M, Fiorucci M, Gillet D, Vimort AS, Giraud Y, Laurent S, Vaganay A, Poulet H. A versatile in vitro ELISA test for quantification and quality testing of infectious, inactivated and formulated rabies virus used in veterinary monovalent or combination vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:3843-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Gibert R, Alberti M, Poirier B, Jallet C, Tordo N, Morgeaux S. A relevant in vitro ELISA test in alternative to the in vivo NIH test for human rabies vaccine batch release. Vaccine 2013; 31:6022-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Abhinay G, Dessain S, Srikanth A, Senthilkumar RL, Vidyasagar P, Praveen A, Chandrasekhar Reddy RV, Swapna Reddy E, Rajendra L. A novel site-II directed glycoprotein estimation ELISA to aid rabies vaccine manufacture for veterinary and human use. Vaccine 2013; 32:209-13. [PMID: 24262315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the World Health Organization recommends the use of in vitro techniques to qualify rabies vaccine lot release, very limited proposals have been made to arrive at a harmonized approach for wide scale usage. The present study proposed and evaluated the use of a novel avidin-biotin ELISA as an alternative to these in vivo tests in rabies vaccine manufacture. This assay utilized a neutralizing pan reactive monoclonal antibody (mAb) reactive with the conserved site-II of the natively folded rabies glycoprotein. Linear regression analysis of the in vitro glycoprotein estimates with the in vivo potency values, showed a good correlation (r(2)=0.8) with veterinary vaccines, but a poor correlation (r(2)=0.2) with human vaccines. However, we could qualitatively arrive at cut-off glycoprotein estimates from the ELISA, above which all the vaccines were declared to be protective by mouse challenge studies (>2.5IU/dose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gontu Abhinay
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Scott Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Adabala Srikanth
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - R L Senthilkumar
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pitta Vidyasagar
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Alagangula Praveen
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Erri Swapna Reddy
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lingala Rajendra
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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13
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Smith TG, Ellison JA, Ma X, Kuzmina N, Carson WC, Rupprecht CE. An electrochemiluminescence assay for analysis of rabies virus glycoprotein content in rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:3333-8. [PMID: 23742991 PMCID: PMC4568986 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine potency testing is necessary to evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccine preparations before human or veterinary application. Currently, the NIH test is recommended by the WHO expert committee to evaluate RABV vaccine potency. However, numerous disadvantages are inherent concerning cost, number of animals and biosafety requirements. As such, several in vitro methods have been proposed for the evaluation of vaccines based on RABV glycoprotein (G) quality and quantity, which is expected to correlate with vaccine potency. In this study an antigen-capture electrochemiluminescent (ECL) assay was developed utilizing anti-RABV G monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to quantify RABV G. One MAb 2-21-14 was specific for a conformational epitope so that only immunogenic, natively folded G was captured in the assay. MAb 2-21-14 or a second MAb (62-80-6) that binds a linear epitope was used for detection of RABV G. Vaccine efficacy was also assessed in vivo using pre-exposure vaccination of mice. Purified native RABV G induced a RABV neutralizing antibody (rVNA) response with a geometric mean titer of 4.2IU/ml and protected 100% of immunized mice against RABV challenge, while an experimental vaccine with a lower quality and quantity of G induced a rVNA titer<0.05IU/ml and protected <50% of immunized mice. These preliminary results support the hypothesis that in vivo immunogenicity may be predicted from the in vitro measurement of RABV G using an ECL assay. Based upon these results, the ECL assay may have utility in replacement of the NIH test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd G Smith
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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14
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Stokes W, McFarland R, Kulpa-Eddy J, Gatewood D, Levis R, Halder M, Pulle G, Kojima H, Casey W, Gaydamaka A, Miller T, Brown K, Lewis C, Chapsal JM, Bruckner L, Gairola S, Kamphuis E, Rupprecht CE, Wunderli P, McElhinney L, De Mattia F, Gamoh K, Hill R, Reed D, Doelling V, Johnson N, Allen D, Rinckel L, Jones B. Report on the international workshop on alternative methods for human and veterinary rabies vaccine testing: State of the science and planning the way forward. Biologicals 2012; 40:369-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang F, Hu R. A semi-quantitative serological method to assess the potency of inactivated rabies vaccine for veterinary use. Virol Sin 2012; 27:259-64. [PMID: 22899435 PMCID: PMC8218049 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Potency is one of the most important indexes of inactivated vaccines. A number of methods have been established to assay the potency, of which the NIH test and single-dose mouse protection test are the "prescribed methods". Here, we report a method to semi-quantitatively assay the potency of an inactivated rabies vaccine, which uses fewer animals and takes less time to complete. Depending on the quality requirements of a vaccine (e.g. minimum potency), a rabies reference vaccine is, for example, diluted to the minimum potency, and 50 μL of the dilution is taken to inoculate 10 mice. The same amount of the test rabies vaccine is inoculated into another 10 mice. After two weeks, all mice are bled and serum samples are assayed for viral neutralizing antibody by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test. By comparing the median and interquartile range of antibody titers of the reference vaccine with those of the test vaccine, the test vaccine potency can be semi-quantitatively judged as to whether it is in accord with the required quality. The reliability of this method was also confirmed in dogs. The procedure can be recommended for batch potency testing during inactivated rabies vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
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Kulpa-Eddy J, Srinivas G, Halder M, Hill R, Brown K, Roth J, Draayer H, Galvin J, Claassen I, Gifford G, Woodland R, Doelling V, Jones B, Stokes WS. Non-animal replacement methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions. PROCEDIA IN VACCINOLOGY 2011; 5:60-83. [PMID: 32288914 PMCID: PMC7129755 DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NICEATM and ICCVAM convened an international workshop to review the state of the science of human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing methods and to identify opportunities to advance new and improved methods that can further reduce, refine, and replace animal use. Six topics were addressed in detail by speakers and workshop participants and are reported in a series of six reports. This workshop report, the second in the series, provides recommendations for current and future use of non-animal methods and strategies for veterinary vaccine potency testing. Workshop participants recommended that future efforts to replace animal use give priority to vaccines (1) that use large numbers of animals per test and for which many serials are produced annually, (2) that involve significant animal pain and distress during procedures, (3) for which the functional protective antigen has been identified, (4) that involve foreign animal/zoonotic organisms that are dangerous to humans, and (5) that involve pathogens that can be easily spread to wildlife populations. Vaccines identified as the highest priorities were those for rabies, Leptospira spp., Clostridium spp., Erysipelas, foreign animal diseases (FAD), poultry diseases, and fish diseases. Further research on the identification, purification, and characterization of vaccine protective antigens in veterinary vaccines was also identified as a priority. Workshop participants recommended priority research, development, and validation activities to address critical knowledge and data gaps, including opportunities to apply new science and technology. Recommendations included (1) investigations into the relative impact of various adjuvants on antigen quantification assays, (2) investigations into extraction methods that could be used for vaccines containing adjuvants that can interfere with antigen assays, and (3) review of the current status of rabies and tetanus human vaccine in vitro potency methods for their potential application to the corresponding veterinary vaccines. Workshop participants recommended enhanced international harmonization and cooperation and closer collaborations between human and veterinary researchers to expedite progress. Implementation of the workshop recommendations is expected to advance alternative in vitro methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing that will benefit animal welfare and replace animal use while ensuring continued protection of human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Kulpa-Eddy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Riverdale, Maryland, USA
| | - Geetha Srinivas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| | - Richard Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Karen Brown
- Pair O'Docs Enterprises, Parkville, Missouri, USA
| | - James Roth
- Center for Food Safety Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - Ivo Claassen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Glen Gifford
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian Centre for Veterinary Biologics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ralph Woodland
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Doelling
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brett Jones
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - William S Stokes
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Aavula SM, Nimmagadda SV, Biradhar N, Sula S, Chandran D, Lingala R, Villuppanoor SA. Generation and Characterization of an scFv Directed against Site II of Rabies Glycoprotein. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:652147. [PMID: 22007309 PMCID: PMC3189463 DOI: 10.4061/2011/652147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody phage display technology is a vital tool that facilitates identification of specific binding molecules to a target enabling the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human, or mouse antibody product candidates essentially directed towards disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. In this study, a recombinant single-chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) A11 was isolated from immune spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus (Pasteur strain) using standard methodology and was characterized for its specificity towards the rabies virus glycoprotein. Epitope mapping using peptide libraries and truncated glycoprotein polypeptides suggested that A11 bound to the antigenic site II of rabies glycoprotein against which a majority of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies are directed. The use of the above technology could, therefore, allow development of scFvs with different specificities against the rabies glycoprotein as an alternative to the more cumbersome protocols used for the development of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukra M Aavula
- Research and Development Center, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
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18
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Expression and solubilization of insect cell-based rabies virus glycoprotein and assessment of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1673-9. [PMID: 21813661 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05258-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of serious public health and economic significance worldwide. The rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) has been the major target for subunit vaccine development, since it harbors domains responsible for induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies, infectivity, and neurovirulence. The glycoprotein (G) was cloned using the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) and expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells. In order to obtain a soluble form of G suitable for experimentation in mice, 18 different combinations of buffers and detergents were evaluated for their ability to solubilize the insect cell membrane-associated G. The combination that involved 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) detergent in lysis buffer 1, formulated with Tris, NaCl, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and EDTA, gave the highest yield of soluble G, as evidenced by the experimental data. Subsequently, several other parameters, such as the concentration of CHAPS and the duration and temperature of the treatment for the effective solubilization of G, were optimized. The CHAPS detergent, buffered at a concentration of 0.4% to 0.7% (wt/vol) at room temperature (23 to 25°C) for 30 min to 1 h using buffer 1, containing 10% DMSO, resulted in consistently high yields. The G solubilized using CHAPS detergent was found to be immunogenic when tested in mice, as evidenced by high virus-neutralizing antibody titers in sera and 100% protection upon virulent intracerebral challenge with the challenge virus standard (CVS) strain of rabies virus. The results of the mice study indicated that G solubilized with CHAPS detergent retained the immunologically relevant domains in the native conformation, thereby paving the way for producing a cell-free and efficacious subunit vaccine.
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19
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Zanluca C, Aires LRDP, Mueller PP, Santos VVD, Carrieri ML, Pinto AR, Zanetti CR. Novel monoclonal antibodies that bind to wild and fixed rabies virus strains. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:66-73. [PMID: 21536074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against rabies virus, including IgG3κ, IgG2aκ, IgMκ, and an IgG2bκ isotype, were produced and characterized using neutralization, ELISA, immunodot-blot, and immunofluorescence assays. MAb 8D11, which recognized rabies virus glycoprotein, was found to neutralize rabies virus in vitro. When submitted to an immunofluorescence assay, seven MAbs showed different reactivity against 35 Brazilian rabies virus isolates. Three MAbs (LIA 02, 3E6, and 9C7) only failed to recognize one or two virus isolates, whereas MAb 6H8 was found to be reactive against all virus isolates tested. MAbs were also evaluated for their immunoreactivity against fixed rabies virus strains present in human and veterinary commercial vaccines. MAbs LIA 02, 6H8, and 9C7 reacted against all vaccine strains, while the remaining MAbs recognized at least 76% of vaccine strains tested. This research provides a set of MAbs with potential application for improving existing or developing new diagnostic tests and immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Zanluca
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Stokes WS, Brown K, Kulpa-Eddy J, Srinivas G, Halder M, Draayer H, Galvin J, Claassen I, Gifford G, Woodland R, Doelling V, Jones B. Improving animal welfare and reducing animal use for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Recombinant diabody-based immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of rabies virus glycoprotein. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1261-8. [PMID: 20573881 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00204-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The potency of rabies vaccines, determined using the NIH mouse protection test, can be directly correlated to the amount of rabies virus glycoprotein (RV GP) present in the vaccine. In an effort to develop a simple and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant diabody for quantification of RV GP, the variable heavy (V(H)) and light chain (V(L)) domains of an RV GP-specific human monoclonal antibody (MAb) secreted by a human x mouse heterohybridoma (human MAb R16E5) was amplified, linked using splicing by overlap extension PCR (SOE PCR), and expressed as a recombinant diabody (D06) in the pET28a bacterial expression system. The diabody D06 was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography on a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose column and characterized. The purified diabody was used in combination with a well-characterized RV GP-specific mouse MAb, M5B4, to develop an immunocapture ELISA (IC-ELISA) for the quantification of RV GP in human rabies vaccine preparations. The maximum detection limit of the IC-ELISA using the M5B4-D06 combination was up to 31.25 ng/ml of RV GP. The specificity of the diabody was established by its nonreactivity toward other human viral antigens as determined by ELISA and toward RV GP as determined by immunoblot transfer assay and competitive ELISA with the parent human MAb R16E5 and MAb M5B4. The adjusted r(2) value obtained by the regression through the origin model was 0.902, and the equation for predicted potency values for M5B4-D06-based IC-ELISA and MAb M5B4 IC-ELISA were 0.5651x and 0.8044x, respectively, where x is the estimate of RV GP from the IC-ELISA in micrograms. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed the estimates of the two methods differed significantly (P < 0.001), while the predicted potencies by the two tests did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The IC-ELISA can be readily adapted to measure the RV GP content in purified antigen, and a vaccine can be formulated based on the estimated GP.
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Müller T, Dietzschold B, Ertl H, Fooks AR, Freuling C, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Kliemt J, Meslin FX, Rupprecht CE, Tordo N, Wanderler AI, Kieny MP. Development of a mouse monoclonal antibody cocktail for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e542. [PMID: 19888334 PMCID: PMC2765635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the demand for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) treatments has increased exponentially in recent years, the limited supply of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG and ERIG) has failed to provide the required passive immune component in PEP in countries where canine rabies is endemic. Replacement of HRIG and ERIG with a potentially cheaper and efficacious alternative biological for treatment of rabies in humans, therefore, remains a high priority. In this study, we set out to assess a mouse monoclonal antibody (MoMAb) cocktail with the ultimate goal to develop a product at the lowest possible cost that can be used in developing countries as a replacement for RIG in PEP. Five MoMAbs, E559.9.14, 1112-1, 62-71-3, M727-5-1, and M777-16-3, were selected from available panels based on stringent criteria, such as biological activity, neutralizing potency, binding specificity, spectrum of neutralization of lyssaviruses, and history of each hybridoma. Four of these MoMAbs recognize epitopes in antigenic site II and one recognizes an epitope in antigenic site III on the rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein, as determined by nucleotide sequence analysis of the glycoprotein gene of unique MoMAb neutralization-escape mutants. The MoMAbs were produced under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions. Unique combinations (cocktails) were prepared, using different concentrations of the MoMAbs that were capable of targeting non-overlapping epitopes of antigenic sites II and III. Blind in vitro efficacy studies showed the MoMab cocktails neutralized a broad spectrum of lyssaviruses except for lyssaviruses belonging to phylogroups II and III. In vivo, MoMAb cocktails resulted in protection as a component of PEP that was comparable to HRIG. In conclusion, all three novel combinations of MoMAbs were shown to have equal efficacy to HRIG and therefore could be considered a potentially less expensive alternative biological agent for use in PEP and prevention of rabies in humans. Human mortality from endemic canine rabies is estimated to be 55,000 deaths per year in Africa and Asia, yet rabies remains a neglected disease throughout most of these countries. More than 99% of human rabies cases are caused by infections resulting from a dog-bite injury. In the vast majority of human exposures to rabies, patients require post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes both passive (rabies immunoglobulin, RIG) and active immunization (rabies vaccine). The number of victims requiring PEP has increased exponentially in recent years, and human and equine RIG (HRIG and ERIG) were not sufficiently available in countries where canine rabies is endemic. Rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of mouse (Mo) origin have been identified as promising alternatives to HRIG and ERIG. We have developed and assessed both in vitro and in vivo unique mouse monoclonal antibody (MoMAb) cocktails, which are highly efficacious. Three novel combinations were shown to have an equal or superior efficacy to HRIG and therefore could be considered a potentially less expensive alternative for passive prophylactic use to prevent the development of rabies in humans, particularly where needed most in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Wusterhausen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Dietzschold
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Neurovirology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hildegund Ertl
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterization of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Department of Virology, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad Freuling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Wusterhausen, Germany
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology in Carnivores, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeannette Kliemt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Wusterhausen, Germany
| | - Francois X. Meslin
- Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZD), Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), Cluster HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases (HTM), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles E. Rupprecht
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Rabies Section, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Noël Tordo
- Unit Antiviral Strategy, CNRS URA-3015, Institut Pasteur, Rabies Unit, Paris, France
| | - Alexander I. Wanderler
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology in Carnivores, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Paule Kieny
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, Vaccines & Biologicals, Health Technology & Pharmaceuticals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Krämer B, Schildger H, Behrensdorf-Nicol HA, Hanschmann KM, Duchow K. The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test is a suitable method for batch potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines. Biologicals 2009; 37:119-26. [PMID: 19181541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Pharmacopoeia proposes two methods for potency determination of inactivated rabies vaccines for veterinary use: The first one is a classical mouse challenge test, which is imprecise, time-consuming, and causes severe distress to the test animals. Alternatively, the potency may be determined serologically by measuring the neutralizing antibody titers induced after vaccination of mice by using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Although this method is faster and less painful for the animals, it is not widely used yet, and only little data exist concerning the comparability of both methods. We have therefore performed a comparative study, in which we demonstrated a good correlation between the challenge test results and the mean titers determined by RFFIT. Furthermore, all vaccine batches failing the challenge test were also recognized as insufficient in the serological assay. This publication further describes the influence of different vaccine administration routes on the resulting antibody titers, and it proposes various modifications to the serological assay protocol which could improve its overall practicability. Finally, we recommend that the serological assay be used for the potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Krämer
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, Langen, Germany.
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Mousli M, Turki I, Kharmachi H, Saadi M, Dellagi K. Recombinant single-chain Fv antibody fragment–alkaline phosphatase conjugate: A novel in vitro tool to estimate rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in vaccine manufacture. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:246-56. [PMID: 17845821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design a novel in vitro tool by using recombinant protein technology to qualify the whole reagent preparation procedure, to be used to quantify rabies viral antigen preparation in a simple and rapid format for potency control of rabies vaccines. 50AD1 is a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the rabies virus glycoprotein that binds to native conformational antigenic site III. In the present study, the DNA fragments encoding the variable domains of 50AD1 were inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector so as to produce a single-chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) genetically fused to the bacterial alkaline phosphatase (AP). The recombinant fusion protein preserved both the AP enzymatic activity and the antigen-binding activity against the rabies virus glycoprotein nearly identical to the parental antibody, and was used successfully in different assays including ELISA, dot-blot and cell culture tests. The present study shows that the genetic fusion protein provides a new tool for one-step rabies virus immunodetection, which can be produced in homogeneous bifunctional reagent, easily, quickly and reproducibly. In addition, this recombinant immunoconjugate is a promising alternative reagent for applications involving immunodetection, it presents a similar sensitivity and specificity to that obtained with classical reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mousli
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie, Vaccinologie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP74, 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
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Nagarajan T, Rupprecht CE, Dessain SK, Rangarajan PN, Thiagarajan D, Srinivasan VA. Human monoclonal antibody and vaccine approaches to prevent human rabies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 317:67-101. [PMID: 17990790 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72146-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, being a major zoonotic disease, significantly impacts global public health. It is invariably fatal once clinical signs are apparent. The majority of human rabies deaths occur in developing countries. India alone reports more than 50% of the global rabies deaths. Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, effective rabies prevention in humans with category III bites requires the combined administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and vaccine. Cell culture rabies vaccines have become widely available in developing countries, virtually replacing the inferior and unsafe nerve tissue vaccines. Limitations inherent to the conventional RIG of either equine or human origin have prompted scientists to look for monoclonal antibody-based human RIG as an alternative. Fully human monoclonal antibodies have been found to be safer and equally efficacious than conventional RIG when tested in mice and hamsters. In this chapter, rabies epidemiology, reservoir control measures, post-exposure prophylaxis of human rabies, and combination therapy for rabies are discussed. Novel human monoclonal antibodies, their production, and the significance of plants as expression platforms are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagarajan
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, India.
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