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Macdonald S, Pereira JH, Liu F, Tegl G, DeGiovanni A, Wardman JF, Deutsch S, Yoshikuni Y, Adams PD, Withers SG. A Synthetic Gene Library Yields a Previously Unknown Glycoside Phosphorylase That Degrades and Assembles Poly-β-1,3-GlcNAc, Completing the Suite of β-Linked GlcNAc Polysaccharides. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:430-440. [PMID: 35505869 PMCID: PMC9052796 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The considerable utility of glycoside phosphorylases (GPs) has led to substantial efforts over the past two decades to expand the breadth of known GP activities. Driven largely by the increase of available genomic DNA sequence data, the gap between the number of sequences in the carbohydrate active enzyme database (CAZy DB) and its functionally characterized members continues to grow. This wealth of sequence data presented an exciting opportunity to explore the ever-expanding CAZy DB to discover new GPs with never-before-described functionalities. Utilizing an in silico sequence analysis of CAZy family GH94, we discovered and then functionally and structurally characterized the new GP β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminide phosphorylase. This new GP was sourced from the genome of the cell-wall-less Mollicute bacterium, Acholeplasma laidlawii and was found to synthesize β-1,3-linked N-acetylglucosaminide linkages. The resulting poly-β-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine represents a new, previously undescribed biopolymer that completes the set of possible β-linked GlcNAc homopolysaccharides together with chitin (β-1,4) and PNAG (poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine). The new biopolymer was denoted acholetin, a combination of the genus Acholeplasma and the polysaccharide chitin, and the new GP was thus denoted acholetin phosphorylase (AchP). Use of the reverse phosphorolysis action of AchP provides an efficient method to enzymatically synthesize acholetin, which is a new biodegradable polymeric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer
S. Macdonald
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, University of British
Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jose H. Pereira
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Gregor Tegl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andy DeGiovanni
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacob F. Wardman
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, University of British
Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Samuel Deutsch
- The US Department
of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence
Berkley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- The US Department
of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence
Berkley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, University of British
Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- E-mail:
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Buta-Hubeny M, Korzeniewska E, Hubeny J, Zieliński W, Rolbiecki D, Harnisz M, Paukszto Ł. Structure of the manure resistome and the associated mobilome for assessing the risk of antimicrobial resistance transmission to crops. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152144. [PMID: 34864022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of bovine and poultry manure on the quantitative and qualitative composition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the environmental mobilome associated with antimicrobial resistance in soil and crops was determined with the use of next generation sequencing methods. The aim of the study was to perform a metagenomic analysis of manure to estimate the risk of the transmission of ARGs and bacterial drug resistance carriers to fertilized soil and crops. The total copy number of ARGs was nearly four times higher in poultry manure (555 ppm) than in bovine manure (140 ppm), and this relationship was also noted in fertilized soil. Poultry manure induced a much greater increase in the concentrations of ARGs in the soil environment (196.4 ppm) than bovine manure (137.8 ppm) immediately after supplementation. The application of poultry manure led to the highest increase in the abundance of genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines (9%), aminoglycosides (3.5%), sulfonamides (3%), bacitracin (2%), chloramphenicol (2%), and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics (1%). Heavy metals were stronger promoters of antibiotic resistance in the environment than antibiotics. Antibiotics exerted a greater influence on maintaining the diversity of ARGs than on increasing their abundance in soil. Large quantities of insertion sequences (IS), including those associated with the mobility of ARGs in the population of ESKAPEE pathogens, are introduced to soil with manure. These IS remain stable for up to several months, which indicates that manure, in particular poultry manure, significantly increases the risk of rapid ARG transfer to the environment. Manure also largely contributes to an increase in the diversity of the resistome and mobilome in the metagenome of bacteria isolated from crops. Bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria appear to play a major role in the transmission of multiple ARGs in crops grown for human and animal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Buta-Hubeny
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jakub Hubeny
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wiktor Zieliński
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Damian Rolbiecki
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Tavío MM, Ramírez AS, Poveda C, Rosales RS, Malla CF, Poveda JB. Resistance to 16-Membered Macrolides, Tiamulin and Lincomycin in a Swine Isolate of Acholeplasma laidlawii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111415. [PMID: 34827353 PMCID: PMC8615230 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acholeplasma (A.) laidlawii is an opportunistic pathogen with the ability to disseminate resistance determinants to antibiotics; however, its resistance to macrolides has been less studied. The aim of the present study was to characterize the mechanisms responsible for the resistance to macrolides, tiamulin and lincomycin found in a strain of A. laidlawii isolated from a pig with pneumonia. MICs of erythromycin, 15- and 16-membered macrolides, tiamulin and lincomycin were determined by microdilution method with and without reserpine, an inhibitor of ABC efflux pumps and regions of the genome were sequenced. Reserpine only decreased lincomycin MIC but it did not change the MICs of macrolides and tiamulin. The analysis of the DNA sequence of 23S rRNA showed nucleotide substitutions at eight different positions, although none of them were at positions previously related to macrolide resistance. Five mutations were found in the L22 protein, one of them at the stop codon. In addition, two mutations were found in the amino acid sequence of L4. The combination of multiple mutations in the ribosomal proteins L22 and L4 together with substitutions in 23S rRNA DNA sequence was associated with the resistance to macrolides, the pleuromutilin and lincomycin in the studied A. laidlawii strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Tavío
- Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; (M.M.T.); (C.F.M.)
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (C.P.); (R.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Ana S. Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (C.P.); (R.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9284-57432
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (C.P.); (R.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Rubén S. Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (C.P.); (R.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Cristina F. Malla
- Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; (M.M.T.); (C.F.M.)
| | - José B. Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (C.P.); (R.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
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4
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Büning D, Schumacher J, Helling A, Chakroun R, Ennen-Roth F, Gröschel AH, Thom V, Ulbricht M. Soft synthetic microgels as mimics of mycoplasma. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6445-6460. [PMID: 34132722 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial model colloids are of special interest in the development of advanced sterile filters, as they are able to efficiently separate pleomorphic, highly deformable and infectious bacteria such as mycoplasma, which, until now, has been considered rather challenging and laborious. This study presents a full range of different soft to super soft synthetic polymeric microgels, including two types with similar hydrodynamic mean diameter, i.e., 180 nm, and zeta potential, i.e., -25 ± 10 mV, but different deformability, synthesized by inverse miniemulsion terpolymerization of acrylamide, sodium acrylate and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. These microgels were characterized by means of dynamic, electrophoretic and static light scattering techniques. In addition, the deformability of the colloids was investigated by filter cake compressibility studies during ultrafiltration in dead-end mode, analogously to a study of real mycoplasma, i.e., Acholeplasma laidlawii, to allow for a direct comparison. The results indicate that the variation of the synthesis parameters, i.e., crosslinker content, polymeric solid content and content of sodium acrylate, has a significant impact on the swelling behavior of the microgels in aqueous solution as well as on their deformability under filtration conditions. A higher density of chemical crosslinking points results in less swollen and more rigid microgels. Furthermore, these parameters determine electrokinetic properties of the more or less permeable colloids. Overall, it is shown that these soft synthetic microgels can be obtained with tailor-made properties, covering the size of smallest species of and otherwise similar to real mycoplasma. This is a relevant first step towards the future use of synthetic microgels as mimics for mycoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Büning
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jens Schumacher
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Helling
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramzi Chakroun
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Franka Ennen-Roth
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Andre H Gröschel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Volkmar Thom
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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5
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Windsor H, English C. Identification of contaminating mollicutes in mammalian cell culture as spiroplasma species. Biologicals 2021; 71:48-50. [PMID: 33867238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures have provided an ideal habitat for a wide variety of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species since the earliest days of in-vitro culture. The possibility of contamination with Spiroplasma species was addressed by Regulatory Authorities due to the increased commercial use of insect cells, recognising that Spiroplasmas have been isolated from many types of arthropod and also that insect cell cultures support Spiroplasma growth as they have been used for cultivation of fastidious species. In this study we re-examined two cell culture samples previously confirmed as contaminated with mollicutes by cultural methods. One isolate had undergone sequencing which had placed it in the S. citri phylogenetic group, whilst the other had not been identified. Using modern sequencing methods we were able to further identify both isolates to species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Windsor
- Mycoplasma Experience, Brewer Street Dairy Business Park, Bletchingley, Surrey, UK.
| | - Christie English
- Mycoplasma Experience, Brewer Street Dairy Business Park, Bletchingley, Surrey, UK
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6
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Chernova OA, Chernov VM, Mouzykantov AA, Baranova NB, Edelstein IA, Aminov RI. Antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms among Mollicutes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 57:106253. [PMID: 33264670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the Mollicutes class are the smallest, wall-less bacteria capable of independent reproduction. They are widespread in nature, most are commensals, and some are pathogens of humans, animals and plants. They are also the main contaminants of cell cultures and vaccine preparations. Despite limited biosynthetic capabilities, they are highly adaptable and capable of surviving under various stress and extreme conditions, including antimicrobial selective pressure. This review describes current understanding of antibiotic resistance (ABR) mechanisms in Mollicutes. Protective mechanisms in these bacteria include point mutations, which may include non-target genes, and unique gene exchange mechanisms, contributing to transfer of ABR genes. Better understanding of the mechanisms of emergence and dissemination of ABR in Mollicutes is crucial to control these hypermutable bacteria and prevent the occurrence of highly ABR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav M Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Mouzykantov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya B Baranova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Inna A Edelstein
- Smolensk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Smolensk, Russian Federation
| | - Rustam I Aminov
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.
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7
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Rational evaluation of human serum albumin coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for xenogenic-free stem cell therapies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Gebo JET, Lau AF. Sterility Testing for Cellular Therapies: What Is the Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory? J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e01492-19. [PMID: 32321785 PMCID: PMC7315024 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01492-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterility testing of cellular therapy products along with the associated environmental monitoring requirements for aseptic facilities, including compounding pharmacies, continues to impact clinical microbiology laboratories, as evidenced by the numerous discussions recurring on American Society for Microbiology Division C and ClinMicroNet listservs. This minireview provides an overview of this complex field of current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) based on biopharmaceutical industry standards and summarizes the compendial and alternative rapid microbial test methods available for product sterility and Mycoplasma testing. In addition, this minireview highlights major overarching regulatory requirements governing any laboratory performing product testing as regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These requirements are different from the more familiar clinical requirements of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1988 (CLIA '88), the College of American Pathologists (CAP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), all of which have no jurisdiction in this area. As the cellular therapy field continues to advance and an increasing number of medical centers participate in clinical trials of these novel therapies, it is critical that laboratories have a sound understanding of the major regulations and cGMP practices governing microbiological testing in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E T Gebo
- Sterility Testing Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna F Lau
- Sterility Testing Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Fratz-Berilla EJ, Angart P, Graham RJ, Powers DN, Mohammad A, Kohnhorst C, Faison T, Velugula-Yellela SR, Trunfio N, Agarabi C. Impacts on product quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies produced in CHO cell bioreactor cultures during intentional mycoplasma contamination events. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2802-2815. [PMID: 32436993 PMCID: PMC7496122 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A mycoplasma contamination event in a biomanufacturing facility can result in costly cleanups and potential drug shortages. Mycoplasma may survive in mammalian cell cultures with only subtle changes to the culture and penetrate the standard 0.2‐µm filters used in the clarification of harvested cell culture fluid. Previously, we reported a study regarding the ability of Mycoplasma arginini to persist in a single‐use, perfusion rocking bioreactor system containing a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cell line expressing a model monoclonal immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) antibody. Our previous work showed that M. arginini affects CHO cell growth profile, viability, nutrient consumption, oxygen use, and waste production at varying timepoints after M. arginini introduction to the culture. Careful evaluation of certain identified process parameters over time may be used to indicate mycoplasma contamination in CHO cell cultures in a bioreactor before detection from a traditional method. In this report, we studied the changes in the IgG1 product quality produced by CHO cells considered to be induced by the M. arginini contamination events. We observed changes in critical quality attributes correlated with the duration of contamination, including increased acidic charge variants and high mannose species, which were further modeled using principal component analysis to explore the relationships among M. arginini contamination, CHO cell growth and metabolites, and IgG1 product quality attributes. Finally, partial least square models using NIR spectral data were used to establish predictions of high levels (≥104 colony‐forming unit [CFU/ml]) of M. arginini contamination, but prediction of levels below 104 CFU/ml were not reliable. Contamination of CHO cells with M. arginini resulted in significant reduction of antibody product quality, highlighting the importance of rapid microbiological testing and mycoplasma testing during particularly long upstream bioprocesses to ensure product safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Fratz-Berilla
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Phillip Angart
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ryan J Graham
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - David N Powers
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Talia Faison
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sai Rashmika Velugula-Yellela
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Cyrus Agarabi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
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10
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Recovery of Metals from Waste Lithium Ion Battery Leachates Using Biogenic Hydrogen Sulfide. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium ion battery (LIB) waste is increasing globally and contains an abundance of valuable metals that can be recovered for re-use. This study aimed to evaluate the recovery of metals from LIB waste leachate using hydrogen sulfide generated by a consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in a lactate-fed fluidised bed reactor (FBR). The microbial community analysis showed Desulfovibrio as the most abundant genus in a dynamic and diverse bioreactor consortium. During periods of biogenic hydrogen sulfide production, the average dissolved sulfide concentration was 507 mg L−1 and the average volumetric sulfate reduction rate was 278 mg L−1 d−1. Over 99% precipitation efficiency was achieved for Al, Ni, Co, and Cu using biogenic sulfide and NaOH, accounting for 96% of the metal value contained in the LIB waste leachate. The purity indices of the precipitates were highest for Co, being above 0.7 for the precipitate at pH 10. However, the process was not selective for individual metals due to simultaneous precipitation and the complexity of the metal content of the LIB waste. Overall, the process facilitated the production of high value mixed metal precipitates, which could be purified further or used as feedstock for other processes, such as the production of steel.
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11
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Vedyaykin AD, Ponomareva EV, Khodorkovskii MA, Borchsenius SN, Vishnyakov IE. Mechanisms of Bacterial Cell Division. Microbiology (Reading) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261719030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Manukyan L, Li P, Gustafsson S, Mihranyan A. Growth media filtration using nanocellulose-based virus removal filter for upstream biopharmaceutical processing. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Angart P, Kohnhorst C, Chiang MJ, Arden NS. Considerations for risk and control of mycoplasma in bioprocessing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Al-Farha AAB, Hemmatzadeh F, Khazandi M, Hoare A, Petrovski K. Evaluation of effects of Mycoplasma mastitis on milk composition in dairy cattle from South Australia. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:351. [PMID: 29178880 PMCID: PMC5702085 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma mastitis is increasingly posing significant impact on dairy industry. Although the effects of major conventional mastitis pathogens on milk components has been widely addressed in the literature, limited data on the effects of different Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma spp. on milk quality and quantity is available. The aim of this study was to determine the casual relationship of Mycoplasma spp. and A. laidlawii to mastitis and compare them to subclinical mastitis caused by conventional mastitis pathogens from a single dairy herd in South Australia; Mycoplasma spp. and A. laidlawii were detected using PCR applied directly to milk samples. The herd had mastitis problem with high somatic cell count and low response rate to conventional antimicrobial therapy. A total of 288 cow-level milk samples were collected aseptically and used in this study. RESULTS Conventional culture showed a predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by coagulase-positive staphylococci, Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. PCR results showed a high prevalence of mycoplasmas (76.7%), including A. laidlawii (10.8%), M. bovis (6.2%), M. bovirhinis (5.6%), M. arginini (2%), and (52.1%) of cows were co-infected with two or more Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. Mycoplasma co-infection significantly increased somatic cell counts (SCC) similar to conventional mastitis pathogens and compared to non-infected cows with 389.3, 550.3 and 67.3 respectively; and decreased the milk yield with 29.0, 29.9 and 34.4 l, respectively. Mycoplasma co-infection caused significant increase in protein percentage, and significant decrease in fat percentage and total milk solids, similar to other conventional mastitis pathogens. In contrast, changes in milk composition and yield caused by various individual Mycoplasma species were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Mycoplasma mastitis had on-farm economic consequences similar to common conventional mastitis pathogens. Results of our study indicate that co-infection Mycoplasma mastitis caused similar effect on milk composition to other mastitis pathogens and we hope these findings raise the awareness of the importance of their detection on routine diagnostic panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Al-Bar Al-Farha
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Northern Technical University, Technical Foundation, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Manouchehr Khazandi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Andrew Hoare
- South East Vets, Mt Gambier, South Australia 5290 Australia
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
- Davies Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
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15
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Xeno-Free Strategies for Safe Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Expansion: Supplements and Coatings. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6597815. [PMID: 29158740 PMCID: PMC5660800 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6597815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) have generated great interest in regenerative medicine mainly due to their multidifferentiation potential and immunomodulatory role. Although hMSC can be obtained from different tissues, the number of available cells is always low for clinical applications, thus requiring in vitro expansion. Most of the current protocols for hMSC expansion make use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a nutrient-rich supplement. However, regulatory guidelines encourage novel xeno-free alternatives to define safer and standardized protocols for hMSC expansion that preserve their intrinsic therapeutic potential. Since hMSCs are adherent cells, the attachment surface and cell-adhesive components also play a crucial role on their successful expansion. This review focuses on the advantages/disadvantages of FBS-free media and surfaces/coatings that avoid the use of animal serum, overcoming ethical issues and improving the expansion of hMSC for clinical applications in a safe and reproducible way.
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16
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Li P, Niu Q, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Ma X, Kim SW, Lin M, Huang R. Microbial shifts in the porcine distal gut in response to diets supplemented with Enterococcus Faecalis as alternatives to antibiotics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41395. [PMID: 28165001 PMCID: PMC5292720 DOI: 10.1038/srep41395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in host health and nutrient digestion of animals. Probiotics have become one of effective alternatives to antibiotics enhancing animal health and performance through modulating gut microbiota. Previously, our research demonstrated that dietary Enterococcus Faecalis UC-100 substituting antibiotics enhanced growth and health of weaned pigs. To investigate the alterations of microbiota in the distal gut of pigs fed E. faecalis UC-100 substituting antibiotics, this study assessed fecal microbiota in pigs from different dietary treatments: the basal diet group, the E. faecalis group, and the antibiotic group on d 0, 14, and 28 of feeding through 16 S rRNA sequencing. Twenty-one phyla and 137 genera were shared by all pigs, whereas 12 genera were uniquely identified in the E. faecalis group on d 14 and 28. Bacterial abundance and diversity in the E. faecalis group, bacterial diversity in the antibiotic group, especially abundances of Fibrobacteres phylum and 12 genera in the E. faecalis group and antibiotics group were lower than that in the basal diet group on d 28. These results showed that microbial shifts in the porcine gut in response to diets containing E. faecalis were similar to the response to which containing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghua Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Qing Niu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Qingtian Wei
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Yeqiu Zhang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Mingxin Lin
- Changxing Ecoagriculture Co. Limited, Yixing, 214246, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
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17
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Salling HK, Bang-Christensen SR. Multi-primer qPCR assay capable of highly efficient and specific detection of the vast majority of all known Mycoplasma. Biologicals 2016; 44:129-38. [PMID: 27067447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bacteria are able to pass through sterilizing grade filters due to their small size and lack of a cell wall, making them a common contaminant of biopharmaceutical productions. The classical method for detecting Mycoplasma is described in the European Pharmacopeia (Ph.Eur) 2.6.7. The method takes 28 days to perform, due to the slow growing nature of some Mycoplasma species. The Ph.Eur has described Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) as a rapid alternative to the classical method. Here we present the development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay capable of unambiguous detection of Mycoplasma with high sensitivity and specificity. The broadness of detection and the specificity towards Mycoplasma has been investigated by in silico analysis of the primer sequences followed by testing on purified Mycoplasma DNA as well as DNA from closely related genera. The assay will in all probability detect at least 356 species and strains of Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma and Acholeplasma with high sensitivity. To our knowledge this assay has the most uniform amplification efficiency over the broadest range of species and it is extremely specific towards Mycoplasma. With appropriate validation, the assay can be applied as a powerful tool for rapid Mycoplasma detection in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Salling
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Biopharm Purification Development & Virology, Hagedornsvej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - S R Bang-Christensen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Biopharm Purification Development & Virology, Hagedornsvej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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18
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Vishnyakov IE, Levitskii SA, Borchsenius SN. The effect of heat shock on phytopathogenic mycoplasma Acholeplasma laidlawii PG-8A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x15020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Bouwman-Boer Y, Fenton-May V, Le Brun P. Microbiology. PRACTICAL PHARMACEUTICS 2015. [PMCID: PMC7123110 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15814-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bouwman-Boer
- Laboratory of Dutch Pharmacists, Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association KNMP, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - V'Iain Fenton-May
- Former Quality Control Pharmacist to the Welsh Hospitals, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Le Brun
- The Hague Hospital Pharmacy, The Hague, The Netherlands
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20
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Chernov VM, Mouzykantov AA, Baranova NB, Medvedeva ES, Grygorieva TY, Trushin MV, Vishnyakov IE, Sabantsev AV, Borchsenius SN, Chernova OA. Extracellular membrane vesicles secreted by mycoplasma Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 are enriched in virulence proteins. J Proteomics 2014; 110:117-28. [PMID: 25088052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas (class Mollicutes), the smallest prokaryotes capable of self-replication, as well as Archaea, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria constitutively produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, little is known regarding the content and functions of mycoplasma vesicles. Here, we present for the first time a proteomics-based characterisation of extracellular membrane vesicles from Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8. The ubiquitous mycoplasma is widespread in nature, found in humans, animals and plants, and is the causative agent of phytomycoplasmoses and the predominant contaminant of cell cultures. Taking a proteomics approach using LC-ESI-MS/MS, we identified 97 proteins. Analysis of the identified proteins indicated that A. laidlawii-derived EVs are enriched in virulence proteins that may play critical roles in mycoplasma-induced pathogenesis. Our data will help to elucidate the functions of mycoplasma-derived EVs and to develop effective methods to control infections and contaminations of cell cultures by mycoplasmas. In the present study, we have documented for the first time the proteins in EVs secreted by mycoplasma vesicular proteins identified in this study are likely involved in the adaptation of bacteria to stressors, survival in microbial communities and pathogen-host interactions. These findings suggest that the secretion of EVs is an evolutionally conserved and universal process that occurs in organisms from the simplest wall-less bacteria to complex organisms and indicate the necessity of developing new approaches to control infects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav M Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexey A Mouzykantov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia B Baranova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena S Medvedeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tatiana Yu Grygorieva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maxim V Trushin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
| | | | - Anton V Sabantsev
- Institute for Nanobiotechnologies, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Olga A Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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21
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Adaptation of mycoplasmas to antimicrobial agents: Acholeplasma laidlawii extracellular vesicles mediate the export of ciprofloxacin and a mutant gene related to the antibiotic target. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:150615. [PMID: 24605048 PMCID: PMC3925563 DOI: 10.1155/2014/150615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrated that extracellular membrane vesicles are involved with the development of resistance to fluoroquinolones by mycoplasmas (class Mollicutes). This study assessed the differences in susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8. The mechanisms of mycoplasma resistance to antibiotics may be associated with a mutation in a gene related to the target of quinolones, which could modulate the vesiculation level. A. laidlawii extracellular vesicles mediated the export of the nucleotide sequences of the antibiotic target gene as well as the traffic of ciprofloxacin. These results may facilitate the development of effective approaches to control mycoplasma infections, as well as the contamination of cell cultures and vaccine preparations.
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22
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Martínez-Cano DJ, Reyes-Prieto M, Martínez-Romero E, Partida-Martínez LP, Latorre A, Moya A, Delaye L. Evolution of small prokaryotic genomes. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:742. [PMID: 25610432 PMCID: PMC4285135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As revealed by genome sequencing, the biology of prokaryotes with reduced genomes is strikingly diverse. These include free-living prokaryotes with ∼800 genes as well as endosymbiotic bacteria with as few as ∼140 genes. Comparative genomics is revealing the evolutionary mechanisms that led to these small genomes. In the case of free-living prokaryotes, natural selection directly favored genome reduction, while in the case of endosymbiotic prokaryotes neutral processes played a more prominent role. However, new experimental data suggest that selective processes may be at operation as well for endosymbiotic prokaryotes at least during the first stages of genome reduction. Endosymbiotic prokaryotes have evolved diverse strategies for living with reduced gene sets inside a host-defined medium. These include utilization of host-encoded functions (some of them coded by genes acquired by gene transfer from the endosymbiont and/or other bacteria); metabolic complementation between co-symbionts; and forming consortiums with other bacteria within the host. Recent genome sequencing projects of intracellular mutualistic bacteria showed that previously believed universal evolutionary trends like reduced G+C content and conservation of genome synteny are not always present in highly reduced genomes. Finally, the simplified molecular machinery of some of these organisms with small genomes may be used to aid in the design of artificial minimal cells. Here we review recent genomic discoveries of the biology of prokaryotes endowed with small gene sets and discuss the evolutionary mechanisms that have been proposed to explain their peculiar nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Reyes-Prieto
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Luis Delaye
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Cinvestav Unidad IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Luis Delaye, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Kilometer 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, Mexico e-mail:
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23
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Nihira T, Saito Y, Kitaoka M, Nishimoto M, Otsubo K, Nakai H. Characterization of a laminaribiose phosphorylase from Acholeplasma laidlawii PG-8A and production of 1,3-β-D-glucosyl disaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2012; 361:49-54. [PMID: 22982171 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We identified a glycoside hydrolase family 94 homolog (ACL0729) from Acholeplasma laidlawii PG-8A as a laminaribiose (1,3-β-D-glucobiose) phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.31). The recombinant ACL0729 produced in Escherichia coli catalyzed phosphorolysis of laminaribiose with inversion of the anomeric configuration in a typical sequential bi bi mechanism releasing α-D-glucose 1-phosphate and D-glucose. Laminaritriose (1,3-β-D-glucotriose) was not an efficient substrate for ACL0729. The phosphorolysis is reversible, enabling synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucosyl disaccharides by reverse phosphorolysis with strict regioselectivity from α-D-glucose 1-phosphate as the donor and suitable monosaccharide acceptors (D-glucose, 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranose, D-xylose, D-glucuronic acid, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, and D-mannose) with C-3 and C-4 equatorial hydroxyl groups. The D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranose caused significantly strong competitive substrate inhibition compared with other glucobiose phosphorylases reported, in which the acceptor competitively inhibited the binding of the donor substrate. By contrast, none of the examined disaccharides served as acceptor in the synthetic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Nihira
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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24
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Unadapted and adapted to starvation Acholeplasma laidlawii cells induce different responses of Oryza sativa, as determined by proteome analysis. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2920-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Dabrazhynetskaya A, Volokhov D, David S, Ikonomi P, Brewer A, Chang A, Chizhikov V. Preparation of reference strains for validation and comparison of mycoplasma testing methods. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:904-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Medvedeva ES, Davydova MN. Adaptation of mycoplasmas to environmental conditions: features of the proteome shift in Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 at persistent exposure to stressors. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011; 438:134-7. [PMID: 21725891 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672911030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V M Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
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