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Tang YY, Wang DC, Chen YY, Xu WD, Huang AF. Th1-related transcription factors and cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1305590. [PMID: 38164134 PMCID: PMC10757975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory disorder related to immunity dysfunction. The Th1 cell family including Th1 cells, transcription factor T-bet, and related cytokines IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, IL-18, TGF-β, and IL-12 have been widely discussed in autoimmunity, such as SLE. In this review, we will comprehensively discuss the expression profile of the Th1 cell family in both SLE patients and animal models and clarify how the family members are involved in lupus development. Interestingly, T-bet-related age-associated B cells (ABCs) and low-dose IL-2 treatment in lupus were emergently discussed as well. Collection of the evidence will better understand the roles of the Th1 cell family in lupus pathogenesis, especially targeting IL-2 in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Tang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Da-Cheng Wang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - You-Yue Chen
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Bentley ER, Little SR. Local delivery strategies to restore immune homeostasis in the context of inflammation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113971. [PMID: 34530013 PMCID: PMC8556365 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is maintained by a precise balance between effector immune cells and regulatory immune cells. Chronic deviations from immune homeostasis, driven by a greater ratio of effector to regulatory cues, can promote the development and propagation of inflammatory diseases/conditions (i.e., autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, etc.). Current methods to treat chronic inflammation rely upon systemic administration of non-specific small molecules, resulting in broad immunosuppression with unwanted side effects. Consequently, recent studies have developed more localized and specific immunomodulatory approaches to treat inflammation through the use of local biomaterial-based delivery systems. In particular, this review focuses on (1) local biomaterial-based delivery systems, (2) common materials used for polymeric-delivery systems and (3) emerging immunomodulatory trends used to treat inflammation with increased specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Bentley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 940 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Forbes Tower, Suite 7057, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Hu J, Xu J, Li M, Zhang Y, Yi H, Chen J, Dong L, Zhang J, Huang Z. Targeting Lymph Node Sinus Macrophages to Inhibit Lymph Node Metastasis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:650-662. [PMID: 31121477 PMCID: PMC6529739 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are important peripheral immune organs in which numerous important immune responses occur. During the process of lymphatic metastasis, lymph nodes are also sites through which tumor cells must pass. Therefore, it is essential to develop a drug delivery system that can specifically transfer immunostimulatory medicine into lymph nodes to block lymphatic metastasis. Here, we developed a nucleic acid drug delivery system containing cationic agarose (C-agarose) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. C-agarose has a high affinity for Siglec-1 on the surface of lymph node sinus macrophages, which have a high specificity for targeting lymph nodes. Subcutaneous implantation of C-agarose+CpG gel caused the accumulation of CpG in the lymph node sinus macrophages and generated antitumor immune responses in the lymph node. C-agarose+CpG gel treatment decreased the metastasis size in the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) and lung metastatic nodules and suppressed tumor growth in both a mouse 4T1 breast cancer model and a B16F10 melanoma model. On this basis, this study proposes a nonsurgical invasive lymph node targeting immunotherapy concept that may provide a new approach for antitumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jinhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Huaiqiang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
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Liu L, He H, Liang R, Yi H, Meng X, Chen Z, Pan H, Ma Y, Cai L. ROS-Inducing Micelles Sensitize Tumor-Associated Macrophages to TLR3 Stimulation for Potent Immunotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2146-2155. [PMID: 29669207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One approach to cancer immunotherapy is the repolarization of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to antitumor M1 macrophages. The present study developed galactose-functionalized zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) grafted poly(l-lysine)- b-poly(ethylene glycol) polypeptide micelles (ZnPP PM) for TAM-targeted immunopotentiator delivery, which aimed at in vivo repolarization of TAMs to antitumor M1 macrophages. The outcomes revealed that ROS-inducing ZnPP PM demonstrated specificity for the in vitro and in vivo targeting of macrophages, elevated the level of ROS, and lowered STAT3 expression in BM-TAMs. Poly I:C (PIC, a TLR3 agonist)-loaded ZnPP PM (ZnPP PM/PIC) efficiently repolarized TAMs to M1 macrophages, which were reliant on ROS generation. Further, ZnPP PM/PIC substantially elevated the activated NK cells and T lymphocytes in B16-F10 melanoma tumors, which caused vigorous tumor regression. Therefore, the TAM-targeted transport of an immunologic adjuvant with ZnPP-grafted nanovectors may be a potential strategy to repolarize TAMs to M1 macrophages in situ for effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huamei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijing Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huqiang Yi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikuan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , People's Republic of China
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Miura N, Akita H, Tateshita N, Nakamura T, Harashima H. Modifying Antigen-Encapsulating Liposomes with KALA Facilitates MHC Class I Antigen Presentation and Enhances Anti-tumor Effects. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1003-1013. [PMID: 28236573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For a successful anti-cancer vaccine, antigen presentation on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is a requirement. To accomplish this, an antigen must be delivered to the cytoplasm by overcoming the endosome/lysosome. We previously reported that a lipid nanoparticle modified with a KALA peptide (WEAKLAKALAKALAKHLAKALAKALKA), an α-helical cationic peptide, permits the encapsulated pDNA to be efficiently delivered to the cytoplasm in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Herein, we report on the use of KALA-modified liposomes as an antigen carrier, in an attempt to induce potent antigen-specific cellular immunity. The subcutaneous injection of KALA-modified ovalbumin (OVA)-encapsulating liposomes (KALA-OVA-LPs) elicited a much more potent OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and anti-tumor effect in comparison with particles that were modified with octa-arginine (R8), a cell-penetrating peptide (R8-OVA-LPs). In addition, the numbers of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells were increased by immunization the KALA-OVA-LPs. The treatment of BMDCs with KALA-OVA-LPs induced a substantial MHC class I antigen presentation. Furthermore, the acidic pH-dependent membrane destabilization activity of KALA-OVA-LPs strongly suggests that they are able to escape from endosomes/lysosomes and thereby deliver their cargos to the cytoplasm. Collectively, the KALA-modified liposome is a potential antigen delivery platform for use as a protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Miura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 263-8675, Japan.
| | - Naho Tateshita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 263-8675, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
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Huang Z, Gan J, Jia L, Guo G, Wang C, Zang Y, Ding Z, Chen J, Zhang J, Dong L. An orally administrated nucleotide-delivery vehicle targeting colonic macrophages for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Biomaterials 2015; 48:26-36. [PMID: 25701029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Anti-TNF-α therapies have shown protective effects against colitis, but an efficient tool for target suppression of its secretion - ideally via oral administration - remains in urgent demand. In the colon tissue, TNF-α is mainly secreted by the colonic macrophages. Here, we report an orally-administrated microspheric vehicle that can target the colonic macrophages and suppress the local expression of TNF-α for IBD treatment. This vehicle is formed by cationic konjac glucomannan (cKGM), phytagel and an antisense oligonucleotide against TNF-α. It was given to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitic mice via gastric perfusion. The unique swelling properties of cKGM enabled the spontaneous release of cKGM& antisense nucleotide (ASO) nano-complex from the phytagel scaffold into the colon lumen, where the ASO was transferred into colonic macrophages via receptor-mediated phagocytosis. The treatment significantly decreased the local level of TNF-α and alleviated the symptoms of colitis in the mice. In summary, our study demonstrates a convenient, orally-administrated drug delivery system that effectively targets colonic macrophages for suppression of TNF-α expression. It may represent a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jingjing Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guangxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yuhui Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Huang Z, Wang Z, Long S, Jiang H, Chen J, Zhang J, Dong L. A 3-D artificial colon tissue mimic for the evaluation of nanoparticle-based drug delivery system. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2051-61. [PMID: 24456069 DOI: 10.1021/mp400723j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional engineered nanoparticles are promising drug delivery carriers. As the construction of a functional nanocarrier always needs the optimization of multiple technical variables, efficient in vitro high-throughput evaluation methods would help to shorten the development cycle. In the present study, we generated a tissue mimic of the colon of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Generally, Caco-2 cells and THP-1 cells were grown in a 3-D matrix with different number, spatial distribution and specific extracellular cell matrix (ECM) composition according to real healthy and inflamed animal colon tissues. After interlerukin-1β/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the artificial model closely resembled the pathological features of IBD patient's colon, including massive cytokines and mucus production, epithelium defect and leukocytic infiltration. The tissue and cellular uptake of three different nanoparticles in the artificial model was similar to that in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) colitic mice. Most importantly, our artificial tissue can be placed into 96-well plates for high-throughput screening of drug delivery carriers for the treatment of IBD. Our study suggested a readily achievable way to improve current methodologies for the development of colon targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, ‡State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and §Jiangsu Provincial Laboratory for Nano-Technology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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Ooms K, Van Gorp H, Van Gaever T, Nauwynck HJ, Delputte PL. Development of a recombinant antibody to target peptides and proteins to sialoadhesin-expressing macrophages. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:33. [PMID: 23575465 PMCID: PMC3626838 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sialoadhesin (Sn)-expressing monocytes/macrophages have been associated with several diseases like inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as viral infections, and they also appear to play a role in the initiation of an adaptive immune response. This makes Sn-expressing cells not only attractive targets for cell-directed therapies, but also an appealing target for vaccination. Furthermore, since Sn was shown to be an endocytic receptor, the conjugation of effector molecules to an Sn-specific ligand should allow intracellular delivery of these conjugates. Previously, we developed functional Sn-specific immunoconjugates that were generated via chemical coupling. Although successful, the system requires significant optimization for each immunoconjugate to be made. To generate a more flexible and controlled system, we developed a recombinant antibody vector allowing the creation of genetic antibody fusion constructs. This paper reports on the characterization of the recombinant antibody and the evaluation of its use for Sn-directed targeting. Results The variable domains of the porcine Sn-specific monoclonal antibody 41D3 were sequenced and cloned in frame with a mouse IgG1 backbone. Transfection of HEK293T cells with the resulting plasmid led to the secretion of fully assembled IgG into the culture medium. This recombinant antibody rec41D3 was shown to specifically bind to porcine Sn with a comparable affinity as the native monoclonal antibody. In addition, rec41D3 also induced Sn endocytosis in primary macrophages and resided for prolonged times in early/late endosomes. To allow the generation of antibody fusion constructs, a multiple cloning site was introduced at the C-terminus of the heavy chain. Two fusion constructs were generated, one containing a V5 peptide tag and one containing an eGFP molecule. Both constructs were shown to be efficiently produced in HEK293T cells and easily purified using standard protein G chromatography. In addition, both V5 and eGFP were shown to be co-internalized together with rec41D3 into Sn-expressing primary macrophages. Conclusions A recombinant antibody allowing targeted delivery of peptides and proteins to Sn-expressing macrophages was developed. Production and purification of antibody fusion constructs was possible without major optimization and with batch to batch consistency, confirming the development of a versatile antibody vector to evaluate Sn-directed targeting strategies in a porcine animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ooms
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
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