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Murphy AR, Truong YB, O'Brien CM, Glattauer V. Bio-inspired human in vitro outer retinal models: Bruch's membrane and its cellular interactions. Acta Biomater 2020; 104:1-16. [PMID: 31945506 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, however, treatments to completely stop the progression of these debilitating conditions are non-existent. Researchers require sophisticated models that can accurately represent the native structure of human retinal tissue to study these disorders. Current in vitro models used to study the retina are limited in their ability to fully recapitulate the structure and function of the retina, Bruch's membrane and the underlying choroid. Recent developments in the field of induced pluripotent stem cell technology has demonstrated the capability of retinal pigment epithelial cells to recapitulate AMD-like pathology. However, such studies utilise unsophisticated, bio-inert membranes to act as Bruch's membrane and support iPSC-derived retinal cells. This review presents a concise summary of the properties and function of the Bruch's membrane-retinal pigment epithelium complex, the initial pathogenic site of AMD as well as the current status for materials and fabrication approaches used to generate in vitro models of this complex tissue. Finally, this review explores required advances in the field of in vitro retinal modelling. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Retinal degenerative disorders such as age-related macular degeneration are worldwide leading causes of blindness. Previous attempts to model the Bruch's membrane-retinal pigment epithelial complex, the initial pathogenic site of age-related macular degeneration, have lacked the sophistication to elucidate valuable insights into disease mechanisms. Here we provide a detailed account of the morphological, physical and chemical properties of Bruch's membrane which may aid the fabrication of more sophisticated and physiologically accurate in vitro models of the retina, as well as various fabrication techniques to recreate this structure. This review also further highlights some recent advances in some additional challenging aspects of retinal tissue modelling including integrated fluid flow and photoreceptor alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Murphy
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Yen B Truong
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Carmel M O'Brien
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Science, Technology, Research and Innovation Precinct (STRIP), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Yang JW, Tseng ML, Fu YM, Kang CH, Cheng YT, Kuo PH, Tzeng CK, Chiou SH, Wu CY, Chen GY. Printable Graphene Oxide Micropatterns for a Bio-Subretinal Chip. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800365. [PMID: 30051620 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, implantable artificial subretinal chips using electronic components have replaced photoreceptors to serve as the most feasible treatment for retinal diseases. As such a chip that is meant to be implanted and used for very long periods, growing retinal cells on it to improve the electrical stimulation efficiency and attraction of neuronal elements remains a challenge. Here, an inkjet printing technology is employed to create graphene oxide (GO) micropatterns onto microelectrodes of a photovoltaic-powered implantable retinal chip. These GO micropatterns allow human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells to specially attach and grow in each microelectrode. In addition, the cell proliferation, viability, and tight junction of RPE cells are improved during culturing. The development of a simple surface-coating technology would pave the way for the development of the first fully integrated and encapsulated retinal prostheses with biocompatible on-chip microelectrodes for long-term implantation, which could be effectively applied in retina tissue engineering and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Liang Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Fu
- Microsystems Integration Laboratory; Department of Electronics Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Che-Hao Kang
- Microsystems Integration Laboratory; Department of Electronics Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Cheng
- Microsystems Integration Laboratory; Department of Electronics Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Kuo
- Department of Electrical Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuan Tzeng
- Department of Electrical Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei 112 Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei 112 Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Electrical and Computer Engineering; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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Masigol M, Barua N, Lokitz BS, Hansen RR. Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30010667 DOI: 10.3791/57562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl dimethyl azlactone) (PGMA-b-PVDMA), are presented. Due to the high reactivity of azlactone groups towards amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups, PGMA-b-PVDMA surfaces can be modified with secondary molecules to create chemically or biologically functionalized interfaces for a variety of applications. Previous reports of patterned PGMA-b-PVDMA interfaces have used traditional top-down patterning techniques that generate non-uniform films and poorly controlled background chemistries. Here, we describe customized patterning techniques that enable precise deposition of highly uniform PGMA-b-PVDMA films in backgrounds that are chemically inert or that have biomolecule-repellent properties. Importantly, these methods are designed to deposit PGMA-b-PVDMA films in a manner that completely preserves azlactone functionality through each processing step. Patterned films show well-controlled thicknesses that correspond to polymer brushes (~90 nm) or to highly crosslinked structures (~1-10 μm). Brush patterns are generated using either the parylene lift-off or interface directed assembly methods described and are useful for precise modulation of overall chemical surface reactivity by adjusting either the PGMA-b-PVDMA pattern density or the length of the VDMA block. In contrast, the thick, crosslinked PGMA-b-PVDMA patterns are obtained using a customized micro-contact printing technique and offer the benefit of higher loading or capture of secondary material due to higher surface area to volume ratios. Detailed experimental steps, critical film characterizations, and trouble-shooting guides for each fabrication method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niloy Barua
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kansas State University
| | - Bradley S Lokitz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Ryan R Hansen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kansas State University;
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Retterer ST, Morrell-Falvey JL, Doktycz MJ. Nano-Enabled Approaches to Chemical Imaging in Biosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:351-373. [PMID: 29490189 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting how biosystems function require knowledge about the dynamic physicochemical environments with which they interact and alter by their presence. Yet, identifying specific components, tracking the dynamics of the system, and monitoring local environmental conditions without disrupting biosystem function present significant challenges for analytical measurements. Nanomaterials, by their very size and nature, can act as probes and interfaces to biosystems and offer solutions to some of these challenges. At the nanoscale, material properties emerge that can be exploited for localizing biomolecules and making chemical measurements at cellular and subcellular scales. Here, we review advances in chemical imaging enabled by nanoscale structures, in the use of nanoparticles as chemical and environmental probes, and in the development of micro- and nanoscale fluidic devices to define and manipulate local environments and facilitate chemical measurements of complex biosystems. Integration of these nano-enabled methods will lead to an unprecedented understanding of biosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Retterer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA;
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | | | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA;
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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Chen Y, Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki T, Doi M, Okamura H. Effect of Daily Light on c-Fos Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus under Jet Lag Conditions. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2018; 51:73-80. [PMID: 29867280 PMCID: PMC5976887 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.18001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Jet-lag symptoms arise from temporal misalignment between the internal circadian clock and external solar time when traveling across multiple time zones. Light is known as a strong timing cue of the circadian clock. We here examined the effect of daily light on the process of jet lag by detecting c-Fos expression in the master clock neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) under 8-hr phase-advanced jet lag condition. In WT mice, c-Fos-immunoreactivity was found at 1–2 hours on the first day after light/dark (LD) phase-advance. This induction was also observed on the second and third days, although their levels were diminished day by day. In contrast, c-Fos induction in the SCN of V1a–/–V1b–/– mice, which show virtually no jet lag symptoms even after 8-hr phase-advance, was only detected on the first day. These results indicate that external light has affected SCN neuronal activity for 3 days after LD phase-advance in WT mice suggesting the continuous progress of activity change of SCN neurons under jet lag conditions. Noteworthy, limited c-Fos induction in V1a–/–V1b–/– SCN is also consistent with the rapid reentrainment of the SCN clock in mutant mice after 8-hr LD phase-advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIEM), Nagoya University
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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Shi P, Tan YSE, Yeong WY, Li HY, Laude A. A bilayer photoreceptor-retinal tissue model with gradient cell density design: A study of microvalve-based bioprinting. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1297-1306. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pujiang Shi
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Yong Sheng Edgar Tan
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Hoi Yeung Li
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Augustinus Laude
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute; Tan Tock Seng Hospital; Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore
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Baker QB, Podgorski GJ, Vargis E, Flann NS. A computational study of VEGF production by patterned retinal epithelial cell colonies as a model for neovascular macular degeneration. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 28775765 PMCID: PMC5540422 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The configuration of necrotic areas within the retinal pigmented epithelium is an important element in the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the exudative (wet) and non-exudative (dry) forms of the disease, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells respond to adjacent atrophied regions by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that in turn recruits new blood vessels which lead to a further reduction in retinal function and vision. In vitro models exist for studying VEGF expression in wet AMD (Vargis et al., Biomaterials 35(13):3999–4004, 2014), but are limited in the patterns of necrotic and intact RPE epithelium they can produce and in their ability to finely resolve VEGF expression dynamics. Results In this work, an in silico hybrid agent-based model was developed and validated using the results of this cell culture model of VEGF expression in AMD. The computational model was used to extend the cell culture investigation to explore the dynamics of VEGF expression in different sized patches of RPE cells and the role of negative feedback in VEGF expression. Results of the simulation and the cell culture studies were in excellent qualitative agreement, and close quantitative agreement. Conclusions The model indicated that the configuration of necrotic and RPE cell-containing regions have a major impact on VEGF expression dynamics and made precise predictions of VEGF expression dynamics by groups of RPE cells of various sizes and configurations. Coupled with biological studies, this model may give insights into key molecular mechanisms of AMD progression and open routes to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J Podgorski
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Biological Engineering Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA
| | - Nicholas S Flann
- Synthetic Biomanufacturing Institute, Logan, 84322 USA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, 98109 USA.,Computer Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84335 USA
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Tian Y, Zonca MR, Imbrogno J, Unser AM, Sfakis L, Temple S, Belfort G, Xie Y. Polarized, Cobblestone, Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Maturation on a Synthetic PEG Matrix. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:890-902. [PMID: 33429561 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell attachment is essential for the growth and polarization of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Currently, surface coatings derived from biological proteins are used as the gold standard for cell culture. However, downstream processing and purification of these biological products can be cumbersome and expensive. In this study, we constructed a library of chemically modified nanofibers to mimic the Bruch's membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. Using atmospheric-pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization with a high-throughput screening platform to modify the nanofibers, we identified three polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafted nanofiber surfaces (PEG methyl ether methacrylate, n = 4, 8, and 45) from a library of 62 different surfaces as favorable for RPE cell attachment, proliferation, and maturation in vitro with cobblestone morphology. Compared with the biologically derived culture matrices such as vitronectin-based peptide Synthemax, our newly discovered synthetic PEG surfaces exhibit similar growth and polarization of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. However, they are chemically defined, are easy to synthesize on a large scale, are cost-effective, are stable with long-term storage capability, and provide a more physiologically accurate environment for RPE cell culture. To our knowledge, no one has reported that PEG derivatives directly support attachment and growth of RPE cells with cobblestone morphology. This study offers a unique PEG-modified 3D cell culture system that supports RPE proliferation, differentiation, and maturation with cobblestone morphology, providing a new avenue for RPE cell culture, disease modeling, and cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Michael R Zonca
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Andrea M Unser
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Lauren Sfakis
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Georges Belfort
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, United States
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