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Jiao Y, Tong CSW, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Nicholls JM, Rainer TH. Intraperitoneal versus intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide in causing sepsis severity in a murine model: a preliminary comparison. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:18. [PMID: 38741131 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired respiratory infection is the commonest cause of sepsis presenting to emergency departments. Yet current experimental animal models simulate peritoneal sepsis with intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the predominant route. We aimed to compare the progression of organ injury between I.P. LPS and intranasal (I.N.) LPS in order to establish a better endotoxemia murine model of respiratory sepsis. Eight weeks old male BALB/c mice received LPS-Escherichia coli doses at 0.15, 1, 10, 20, 40 and 100 mg per kg body weight (e.g. LPS-10 is a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight). Disease severity was monitored by a modified Mouse Clinical Assessment Score for Sepsis (M-CASS; range 0-21). A M-CASS score ≥ 10 or a weight reduction of ≥ 20%, was used as a criterion for euthanasia. The primary outcome was the survival rate (either no death or no need for euthanasia). The progression of disease was specified as M-CASS, body weight, blood glucose, histopathological changes to lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain and heart tissues. Survival rate in I.P. LPS-20 mice was 0% (2/3 died; 1/3 euthanized with M-CASS > 10) at 24 h. Survival rate in all doses of I.N. LPS was 100% (20/20; 3-4 per group) at 96 h. 24 h mean M-CASS post-I.P. LPS-10 was 6.4/21 significantly higher than I.N. LPS-10 of 1.7/21 (Unpaired t test, P < 0.05). Organ injury was present at 96 h in the I.P. LPS-10 group: lung (3/3; 100%), spleen (3/3; 100%) and liver (1/3; 33%). At 24 h in the I.P. LPS-20 group, kidney injury was observed in the euthanized mouse. At 96 h in the post-I.N. LPS-20 group, only lung injury was observed in 2/3 (67%) mice (Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's, P < 0.01). At 24 h in the post-I.N. LPS-100 group all (4/4) mice had evidence of lung injury. Variable doses of I.N. LPS in mice produced lung injury but did not produce sepsis. Higher doses of I.P. LPS induced multi-organ injury but not respiratory sepsis. Lethal models of respiratory virus, e.g., influenza A, might provide alternative avenues that can be explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Jiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cindy S W Tong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy H Rainer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Ma Y, Wang W, Li C, Han F, He M, Zhong Y, Huang D, Chen W, Qian H. Ursodeoxycholic Acid-Decorated Zwitterionic Nanoparticles for Orally Liver-Targeted Close-Looped Insulin Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302677. [PMID: 38245865 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Oral insulin therapies targeting the liver and further simulating close-looped secretion face significant challenges due to multiple trans-epithelial barriers. Herein, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-decorated zwitterionic nanoparticles (NPs) (UC-CMs@ins) are designed to overcome these barriers, target the liver, and respond to glycemia, thereby achieving oral one-time-per-day therapy. UC-CMs@ins show excellent mucus permeability through the introduction of zwitterion (carboxy betaine, CB). Furthermore, UC-CMs@ins possess superior cellular internalization via proton-assisted amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1, CB-receptor) and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, UDCA-receptor) pathways. Moreover, UC-CMs@ins exhibit excellent endolysosomal escape ability and improve the basolateral release of insulin into the bloodstream via the ileal bile acid-binding protein and the heteromeric organic solute transporter (OSTα- OSTβ) routes compared with non-UDCA-decorated C-CMs@ins. Therefore, CB and UDCA jointly overcome mucus and intestinal barriers. Additionally, UC-CMs@ins prevent insulin degradation in the gastrointestinal tract for crosslinked structure, improve insulin accumulation in the liver for UDCA introduction, and effectively regulate glycemia for "closed-loop" glucose control. Surprisingly, oral ingestion of UC-CMs@ins shows a superior effect on glycemia (≈22 h, normoglycemia) and improves postprandial glycemic levels in diabetic mice, illustrating the enormous potential of the prepared NPs as a platform for oral insulin administration in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Caihua Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Fuwei Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Mujiao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Dechun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
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Kulchar RJ, Singh R, Ding S, Alexander E, Leong KW, Daniell H. Delivery of biologics: Topical administration. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122312. [PMID: 37690380 PMCID: PMC10840840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Biologics are unaffordable to a large majority of the global population because of prohibitively expensive fermentation systems, purification and the requirement for cold chain for storage and transportation. Limitations of current production and delivery systems of biologics were evident during the recent pandemic when <2.5% of vaccines produced were available to low-income countries and ∼19 million doses were discarded in Africa due to lack of cold-chain infrastructure. Among FDA-approved biologics since 2015, >90% are delivered using invasive methods. While oral or topical drugs are highly preferred by patients because of their affordability and convenience, only two oral drugs have been approved by FDA since 2015. A newly launched oral biologic costs only ∼3% of the average cost of injectable biologics because of the simplified regulatory approval process by elimination of prohibitively expensive fermentation, purification, cold storage/transportation. In addition, the cost of developing a new biologic injectable product (∼$2.5 billion) has been dramatically reduced through oral or topical delivery. Topical delivery has the unique advantage of targeted delivery of high concentration protein drugs, without getting diluted in circulating blood. However, only very few topical drugs have been approved by the FDA. Therefore, this review highlights recent advances in oral or topical delivery of proteins at early or advanced stages of human clinical trials using chewing gums, patches or sprays, or nucleic acid drugs directly, or in combination with, nanoparticles and offers future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Kulchar
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Suwan Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena Alexander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City NY 10032, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City NY 10032, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
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Daniell H, Kulchar RJ, Herzog RW, Kulis M, Leong KW. Plant cell-based drug delivery enhances affordability of biologics. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1186-1187. [PMID: 37550435 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rachel J Kulchar
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mike Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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