Discovery and synthesis of 2-amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4(5H)-ones as GPCR ligands; an approach to develop breast cancer drugs via GPCR associated PAR1 and PI3Kinase inhibition mechanism

Analgesic Activity of 5-Acetamido-2-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Derivatives and an In-Vivo and In-Silico Analysis of Their Target Interactions

The design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with better activity and lower side effects are big challenges today. In this work, two 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives were proposed, increasing the alkyl position (methyl) in an acetamide moiety, and synthesized, and their structural elucidation was performed using 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The changes in methyl in larger groups such as phenyl and benzyl aim to increase their selectivity over cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). These 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives were prepared using classic methods of acylation reactions with anhydride or acyl chloride. Pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties were predicted using computational tools, and their binding affinity (kcal/mol) with COX-2 receptors (Mus musculus and Homo sapiens) was analyzed using docking studies (PDB ID 4PH9, 5KIR, 1PXX and 5F1A). An in-silico study showed that 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid derivates have a better bioavailability and binding affinity with the COX-2 receptor, and in-vivo anti-nociceptive activity was investigated by means of a writhing test induced by acetic acid and a hot plate. PS3, at doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg, reduced painful activity by 74% and 75%, respectively, when compared to the control group (20 mg/kg). Regarding the anti-nociceptive activity, the benzyl showed reductions in painful activity when compared to acetaminophen and 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid. However, the proposed derivatives are potentially more active than 5-acetamido-2-hydroxy benzoic acid and they support the design of novel and safer derivative candidates. Consequently, more studies need to be conducted to evaluate the different pharmacological actions, the toxicity of possible metabolites that can be generated, and their potential use in inflammation and pain therapy.

Bioinformatics Prediction and in vivo Verification Identify SLC7A5 as Immune Infiltration Related Biomarker in Breast Cancer

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Levels in Macrophages; An Approach to Develop Indazolpyridin-Methanones as a Novel Inflammation Medication

Background: Macrophages play a serious part in the instigation, upkeep, and resolution of inflammation. They are activated or deactivated during inflammation progression. Activation signals include cytokines (IF-γ, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and TNF-α), extracellular matrix proteins, and other chemical mediators. Activated macrophages are deactivated by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) and cytokine antagonists that are mainly produced by macrophages. Based on this, the present study aimed to develop novel (E)-Benzylidene-indazolpyridin methanones (Cpd-1-10) as effective anti-inflammatory agents by analyzing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in macrophages.

Objectives: To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of indazolpyridin-methanones by examining pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukin levels in J77A.1 macrophages.

Methods: Expression of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels measured by ELISA method. Anti-cancer and cytotoxicity studies were carried out by MTT assay. COX-2 seems to be associated with cancers and atypical developments in the duodenal tract. So, a competitive ELISA based COX-2 inhibition assay was done. To validate the inhibitory potentials and to get more insight into the interaction of COX-2 with Cpd1-10, molecular docking was performed.

Results: Briefly, the COX-2 inhibitory relative activity was found to be in between the range of 80-92% (Diclofenac showed 84%, IC50 0.95 µM).

Conclusion: Cytotoxicity effect of the compounds against breast cancer cell lines found excellent and an extended anticancer study ensured that these compounds are also alternative therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Among all the tested cancer cell lines, the anti-cancer effect on breast cancer was exceptional for the most active compounds Cpd5 and Cpd9.

Exploration of anti-breast cancer effects of Terminalia chebula extract on DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague Dawley rats

Background

Plant extracts are effectively acting as the natural medicinal cocktail, non-side effective, efficacious, and freely available. The present study aimed to unveil the pharmacological and medicinal effects of Terminalia chebula plant extract in 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague Dawley rats. The plant extract obtained was subjected to in vivo antioxidant and anticancer studies in various concentrations after an analytical technique such as FTIR, GCMS, and HPLC-based chemo-profiling in Sprague Dawley rats.

Results

Apart from the antiproliferative effect on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10a), we have measured the changes in body weight, along with other tumor parameters such as tumor volume, tumor incidence, tumor weight, tumor burden, serum biochemical parameters, and histopathological findings of breast tissue. As the oxidative stress further enhances the development of cancer, the antioxidant property of the plant extract demonstrates its use against cancer treatment. One hundred fifty milligrams per milliliter (IC50 250 μg/mL) concentration of the ethanolic extract was vital for the proliferation of MCF-7 cell lines (Fig. 7a). Meanwhile, 300 μg/mL (IC50 150 μg/mL) was an effective dose to attain a maximum HDAC inhibition of 78%. Also, the normal liver and kidney functioning revealed the non-toxicity nature of the plant.

Conclusion

Terminalia chebula could be one of the effective naturally obtained anti-breast cancer medications. Isolation and characterization of individual bioactive compounds of T. chebula would be the future perspective.

Synthesis and discovery of triazolo-pyridazine-6-yl-substituted piperazines as effective anti-diabetic drugs; evaluated over dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition mechanism and insulinotropic activities

A family of 12 triazolo-pyridazine-6-yl-substituted piperazines (5a-l) was synthesized and evaluated for their Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition potentials in order to develop them as anti-diabetic medications. In the two-step synthesis process, 6-chloro-3-(m-tolyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine was synthesized with one-pot mode using pyridine, 3,6-dichloropyridazine 5-(3-methyl-phenyl)tetrazole in toluene. Conjugating corresponding 2° amines with 6-chloro-3-(m-tolyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine afforded the target triazolo-pyridazine-6-yl-substituted piperazines (5a-l). DPP-4 inhibition potential of these compounds was testified in silico and in nitro along with their insulinotropic activities in 832/13 INS-1 cells. H₂O₂ radical scavenging assay and MTT assay were conducted to assess the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of these compounds respectively. Molecular docking and ELISA based enzyme inhibition assay results revealed the strong inhibition potential of the target compounds. MTT assay results indicated a maximum dose of 2.5 nM (IC₅₀ 1.25 nM) could be used and above this level vital for the cells. Compounds 5a, 5c, 5g and 5i were found with excellent antioxidant and insulinotropic activity up to 99%.