Preparation and anti-Raji lymphoma efficacy of a novel pH sensitive and magnetic targeting nanoparticles drug delivery system

Nanoparticles Targeting Lymph Nodes for Cancer Immunotherapy: Strategies and Influencing Factors

Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy in cancer treatment, with many approved drugs and modalities in the development stages. Despite its promise, immunotherapy is not without its limitations, including side effects and suboptimal efficacy. Using nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery vehicles to target immunotherapy to lymph nodes (LNs) can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy drugs and reduce side effects in patients. In this context, this paper reviews the development of LN-targeted immunotherapeutic NP strategies, the mechanisms of NP transport during LN targeting, and their related biosafety risks. NP targeting of LNs involves either passive targeting, influenced by NP physical properties, or active targeting, facilitated by affinity ligands on NP surfaces, while alternative methods, such as intranodal injection and high endothelial venule (HEV) targeting, have uncertain clinical applicability and require further research and validation. LN targeting of NPs for immunotherapy can reduce side effects and increase biocompatibility, but risks such as toxicity, organ accumulation, and oxidative stress remain, although strategies such as biodegradable biomacromolecules, polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating, and impurity addition can mitigate these risks. Additionally, this work concludes with a future-oriented discussion, offering critical insights into the field.

pH and its applications in targeted drug delivery

Physiologic pH is vital for the normal functioning of tissues and varies in different parts of the body. The varying pH of the body has been exploited to design pH-sensitive smart oral, transdermal and vaginal drug delivery systems (DDS). The DDS demonstrated promising results in hard-to-treat diseases such as cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection. In some cases, a change in pH of tissues or body fluids has also been employed as a useful diagnostic biomarker. This paper aims to comprehensively review the development and applications of pH-sensitive DDS as well as recent advances in the field.

Synergistic Antibacterial Effect from Silver Nanoparticles and Anticancer Activity Against Human Lung Cancer Cells

Microbially synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with high stability and bioactivity have recently shown considerable promise in biomedical research and application. In this study, AgNPs prepared by Penicillium aculeatum Su1 exhibited effective antibacterial action by inhibiting bacterial growth and destroying cellular structure. Meanwhile, their assessed increased in fold area (IFA) through the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method proved that, the AgNPs showed synergistic antibacterial effect on different bacteria when combined with antibiotics, especially for drug-resistant P. aeruginosa (4.58∼6.36-fold) and B. subtilis (4.2-fold). Moreover, the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometric analysis were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs on normal cells (HBE) and lung cancer cells (HTB-182), which confirmed that they presented higher biocompatibility towards HBE cells when compared with silver ions, but high cytotoxicity in a dosedependent manner with an IC50 values of 35.00 μg/mL towards HTB-182 cells by raising intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, hindering cell proliferation, and ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. These results demonstrate that, the biosynthesized AgNPs could be a potential candidate for future therapies of infection caused by drug-resistant bacteria, as well as lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Nanomedicine as a magic bullet for combating lymphoma

Hematological malignancy like lymphoma originates in lymph tissues and has a propensity to spread across other organs. Managing such tumors is challenging as conventional strategies like surgery and local treatment are not plausible options and there are high chances of relapse. The advent of novel targeted therapies and antibody-mediated treatments has proven revolutionary in the management of these tumors. Although these therapies have an added advantage of specificity in comparison to the traditional chemotherapy approach, such treatment alternatives suffer from the occurrence of drug resistance and dose-related toxicities. In past decades, nanomedicine has emerged as an excellent surrogate to increase the bioavailability of therapeutic moieties along with a reduction in toxicities of highly cytotoxic drugs. Nanotherapeutics achieve targeted delivery of the therapeutic agents into the malignant cells and also have the ability to carry genes and therapeutic proteins to the desired sites. Furthermore, nanomedicine has an edge in rendering personalized medicine as one type of lymphoma is pathologically different from others. In this review, we have highlighted various applications of nanotechnology-based delivery systems based on lipidic, polymeric and inorganic nanomaterials that address different targets for effectively tackling lymphomas. Moreover, we have discussed recent advances and therapies available exclusively for managing this malignancy.