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Al-Qadhi MA, Yahya TAA, El-Nassan HB. Recent Advances in the Discovery of CK2 Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20702-20719. [PMID: 38764653 PMCID: PMC11097362 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
CK2 is a vital enzyme that phosphorylates a large number of substrates and thereby controls many processes in the body. Its upregulation was reported in many cancer types. Inhibitors of CK2 might have anticancer activity, and two compounds are currently under clinical trials. However, both compounds are ATP-competitive inhibitors that may have off-target side effects. The development of allosteric and dual inhibitors can overcome this drawback. These inhibitors showed higher selectivity and specificity for the CK2 enzyme compared to the ATP-competitive inhibitors. The present review summarizes the efforts exerted in the last five years in the design of CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A. Al-Qadhi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana’a University, 18084 Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Tawfeek A. A. Yahya
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana’a University, 18084 Sana’a,Yemen
| | - Hala B. El-Nassan
- Pharmaceutical
Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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2
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Shafiq N, Shakoor B, Yaqoob N, Parveen S, Brogi S, Mohammad Salamatullah A, Rashid M, Bourhia M. A virtual insight into mushroom secondary metabolites: 3D-QSAR, docking, pharmacophore-based analysis and molecular modeling to analyze their anti-breast cancer potential. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38299565 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2304137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major issue of investigation in drug discovery due to its rising frequency and global dominance. Plants are significant natural sources for the development of novel medications and therapies. Medicinal mushrooms have many biological response modifiers and are used for the treatment of many physical illnesses. In this research, a database of 89 macro-molecules with anti-breast cancer activity, which were previously isolated from the mushrooms in literature, has been selected for the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) studies. The 3D-QSAR model was necessarily used in Pharmacopoeia virtual evaluation of the database to develop novel MCF-7 inhibitors. With the known potential targets of breast cancer, the docking studies were achieved. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the targets' stability with the best-chosen natural product molecule was found. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of three compounds, resulting after the docking study, were predicted. The compound C1 (Pseudonocardian A) showed the features of effective compounds because it has bioavailability from different coral species and is toxicity-free for the prevention of many dermatological illnesses. C1 is chemically active and possesses charge transfer inside the monomer, as seen by the band gaps of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) electrons. The reactivity descriptors ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical potential (μ), hardness (η), softness (S), electronegativity (χ), and electrophilicity index (ω) have been estimated using the energies of frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO). Additionally, molecular electrostatic potential maps were created to show that the C1 is reactive.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Shafiq
- Synthetic and Natural Products Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Shakoor
- Synthetic and Natural Products Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Yaqoob
- Green Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Parveen
- Synthetic and Natural Products Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Rashid
- Synthetic and Natural Products Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, Morocco
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Environment, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
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Peytam F, Emamgholipour Z, Mousavi A, Moradi M, Foroumadi R, Firoozpour L, Divsalar F, Safavi M, Foroumadi A. Imidazopyridine-based kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: A review. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106831. [PMID: 37683538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering the fundamental role of protein kinases in the mechanism of protein phosphorylation in critical cellular processes, their dysregulation, especially in cancers, has underscored their therapeutic relevance. Imidazopyridines represent versatile scaffolds found in abundant bioactive compounds. Given their structural features, imidazopyridines have possessed pivotal potency to interact with different protein kinases, inspiring researchers to carry out numerous structural variations. In this comprehensive review, we encompass an extensive survey of the design and biological evaluations of imidazopyridine-based small molecules as potential agents targeting diverse kinases for anticancer applications. We describe the structural elements critical to inhibitory potency, elucidating their key structure-activity relationships (SAR) and mode of actions, where available. We classify these compounds into two groups: Serine/threonine and Tyrosine inhibitors. By highlighting the promising role of imidazopyridines in kinase inhibition, we aim to facilitate the design and development of more effective, targeted compounds for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Peytam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Emamgholipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mousavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahfam Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roham Foroumadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Divsalar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Patel S, Vyas VK, Sharma M, Ghate M. Structure-guided discovery of adenosine triphosphate-competitive casein kinase 2 inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:987-1014. [PMID: 37307219 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic serine-threonine kinase. CK2 has been identified as a potential drug target for the treatment of cancer and related disorders. Several adenosine triphosphate-competitive CK2 inhibitors have been identified and have progressed at different levels of clinical trials. This review presents details of CK2 protein, structural insights into adenosine triphosphate binding pocket, current clinical trial candidates and their analogues. Further, it includes the emerging structure-based drug design approaches, chemistry, structure-activity relationship and biological screening of potent and selective CK2 inhibitors. The authors tabulated the details of CK2 co-crystal structures because these co-crystal structures facilitated the structure-guided discovery of CK2 inhibitors. The narrow hinge pocket compared with related kinases provides useful insights into the discovery of CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Manmohan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Manjunath Ghate
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Science University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
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Patel S, Patel S, Tulsian K, Kumar P, Vyas VK, Ghate M. Design of 2-amino-6-methyl-pyrimidine benzoic acids as ATP competitive casein kinase-2 (CK2) inhibitors using structure- and fragment-based design, docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:211-230. [PMID: 37051759 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2196091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of casein kinase-2 (CK2) has been implicated in several carcinomas, mainly lung, prostate and acute myeloid leukaemia. The smaller nucleotide pocket compared to related kinases provides a great opportunity to discover newer ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitors. In this study, we have employed an integrated structure- and fragment-based design strategy to design 2-amino-6-methyl-pyrimidine benzoic acids as ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitors. A statistically significant four features-based E-pharmacophore (ARRR) model was used to screen 780,092 molecules. Further, the retrieved hits were considered for molecular docking study to identify essential binding interactions. At the same time, fragment-based virtual screening was performed using a dataset of 1,542,397 fragments. The identified hits and fragments were used as structure templates to rationalize the design of 2-amino-6-methyl-pyrimidine benzoic acids as newer CK2 inhibitors. Finally, the binding interactions of the designed hits were identified using an induced fit docking (IFD) study, and their stability was estimated by a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study of 100 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - S Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - K Tulsian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - P Kumar
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - V K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - M Ghate
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Science University, Gandhinagar, India
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6
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Khatun S, Singh A, Bader GN, Sofi FA. Imidazopyridine, a promising scaffold with potential medicinal applications and structural activity relationship (SAR): recent advances. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:14279-14302. [PMID: 34779710 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1997818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Imidazopyridine scaffold has gained tremendous importance over the past few decades. Imidazopyridines have been expeditiously used for the rationale design and development of novel synthetic analogs for various therapeutic disorders. A wide variety of imidazopyridine derivatives have been developed as potential anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-tubercular, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system (CNS) agents besides other chemotherapeutic agents. Imidazopyridine heterocyclic system acts as a key pharmacophore motif for the identification and optimization of lead structures to increase medicinal chemistry toolbox. The present review highlights the medicinal significances of imidazopyridines for their rationale development as lead molecules with improved therapeutic efficacies. This review further emphasis on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the various designed imidazopyridines to establish a relationship between the key structural features versus the biological activities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samima Khatun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Abhinav Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Ghulam N Bader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Firdoos Ahmad Sofi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India
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Dammann M, Stahlecker J, Zimmermann MO, Klett T, Rotzinger K, Kramer M, Coles M, Stehle T, Boeckler FM. Screening of a Halogen-Enriched Fragment Library Leads to Unconventional Binding Modes. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14539-14552. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dammann
- Laboratory for Molecular Design & Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jason Stahlecker
- Laboratory for Molecular Design & Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus O. Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Molecular Design & Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Klett
- Laboratory for Molecular Design & Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kilian Rotzinger
- Laboratory for Molecular Design & Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Kramer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Murray Coles
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank M. Boeckler
- Laboratory for Molecular Design & Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Biomedical Informatics (IBMI), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Nipun VB, Amin KA. Recent Advances in Protein Kinase CK2, a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 48:919-931. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. B. Nipun
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical Collage, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, PR China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal university, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - K. A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal university, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal university, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Lindenblatt D, Applegate V, Nickelsen A, Klußmann M, Neundorf I, Götz C, Jose J, Niefind K. Molecular Plasticity of Crystalline CK2α' Leads to KN2, a Bivalent Inhibitor of Protein Kinase CK2 with Extraordinary Selectivity. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1302-1312. [PMID: 34323071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CK2α and CK2α' are paralogous catalytic subunits of CK2, which belongs to the eukaryotic protein kinases. CK2 promotes tumorigenesis and the spread of pathogenic viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and is thus an attractive drug target. Efforts to develop selective CK2 inhibitors binding offside the ATP site had disclosed the αD pocket in CK2α; its occupation requires large conformational adaptations of the helix αD. As shown here, the αD pocket is accessible also in CK2α', where the necessary structural plasticity can be triggered with suitable ligands even in the crystalline state. A CK2α' structure with an ATP site and an αD pocket ligand guided the design of the bivalent CK2 inhibitor KN2. It binds to CK2 with low nanomolar affinity, is cell-permeable, and suppresses the intracellular phosphorylation of typical CK2 substrates. Kinase profiling revealed a high selectivity of KN2 for CK2 and emphasizes the selectivity-promoting potential of the αD pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Lindenblatt
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Violetta Applegate
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Anna Nickelsen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Merlin Klußmann
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str., Geb. 44, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karsten Niefind
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Köln, Germany
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Chojnacki K, Wińska P, Karatsai O, Koronkiewicz M, Milner-Krawczyk M, Wielechowska M, Rędowicz MJ, Bretner M, Borowiecki P. Synthesis of Novel Acyl Derivatives of 3-(4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1 H-benzimidazol-1-yl)propan-1-ols-Intracellular TBBi-Based CK2 Inhibitors with Proapoptotic Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6261. [PMID: 34200807 PMCID: PMC8230474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 has been considered as an attractive drug target for anti-cancer therapy. The synthesis of N-hydroxypropyl TBBi and 2MeTBBi derivatives as well as their respective esters was carried out by using chemoenzymatic methods. Concomitantly with kinetic studies toward recombinant CK2, the influence of the obtained compounds on the viability of two human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) was evaluated using MTT assay. Additionally, an intracellular inhibition of CK2 as well as an induction of apoptosis in the examined cells after the treatment with the most active compounds were studied by Western blot analysis, phase-contrast microscopy and flow cytometry method. The results of the MTT test revealed potent cytotoxic activities for most of the newly synthesized compounds (EC50 4.90 to 32.77 µM), corresponding to their solubility in biological media. We concluded that derivatives with the methyl group decrease the viability of both cell lines more efficiently than their non-methylated analogs. Furthermore, inhibition of CK2 in breast cancer cells treated with the tested compounds at the concentrations equal to their EC50 values correlates well with their lipophilicity since derivatives with higher values of logP are more potent intracellular inhibitors of CK2 with better proapoptotic properties than their parental hydroxyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Chojnacki
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrycja Wińska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Olena Karatsai
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.K.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Mirosława Koronkiewicz
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Milner-Krawczyk
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Monika Wielechowska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Maria Jolanta Rędowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (O.K.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Maria Bretner
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paweł Borowiecki
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (M.M.-K.); (M.W.); (M.B.); (P.B.)
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