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Thakur S, Chahal S, Jadhav MS, Mohanty P, Gaikwad AB, Sindhu J, Jadhav HR. Design and development of chromene-3-carboxylate derivatives as antidiabetic agents: Exploring the antidiabetic potential via dual inhibition of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and neprilysin enzyme. Eur J Med Chem 2025; 293:117705. [PMID: 40354719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, particularly type II diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic condition that has a substantial impact on the health of individuals. The implication of diabetes with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and, consequently, myocardial infarction is well established. However, developing new antidiabetic drugs with an established efficacy on cardiovascular health is an underdeveloped area of research. To address this, in the present study, a new series of chromene-3-carboxylate derivatives (1B1-1B22) as dual inhibitors of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) and Neprilysin (NEP), which are recognized targets in diabetes with CVD, is reported. The compounds were rationally designed and synthesized, considering the pharmacophoric features of these two targets. The evaluation was performed via glucose uptake, α-amylase, AT1R, and NEP inhibition assay. The derivatives were found to increase glucose uptake and inhibit all three targets, of which compound 1B15 was the most active. The most active compound, 1B15, reduced the oxidative stress and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential. The biological findings were further corroborated by in silico studies, which included molecular modelling and dynamics. It was deduced that 1B15 remains unionized in acidic to weak basic pH and may be passively absorbed. Further, the molecule was found to undergo hydroxylation as a means of Phase I metabolism and glucuronic conjugation in Phase II. The wet lab experiments on 1B15 further validated the in-silico absorption and metabolism prediction. The compounds, particularly 1B15, could be explored further as a lead for its utility as an antidiabetic with profound implications on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333031, RJ, India
| | - Sandhya Chahal
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind, 126102, India
| | - Madhav S Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333031, RJ, India
| | - Priyanka Mohanty
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333031, RJ, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333031, RJ, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333031, RJ, India.
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Jaiswal S, Bhardwaj K, Dwivedi J, Sharma S. New Trends in Click Reactions for Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2025:e00387. [PMID: 40418816 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202500387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2025] [Revised: 04/22/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Among various heterocyclics, five-membered triazole nitrogen heterocycles show vast application in the medicinal, industrial, and agricultural sectors, and so forth. The Cu-catalyzed click reaction has gained significant attention from investigators for the selective synthesis of triazole derivatives, but the toxicity occurs due to excessive presence of copper in the final product and associated intake limits its application. In the quest for the development of sustainable synthetic strategies, copper-free, metal-free, and water-assisted reactions are becoming popular. In view of this, the present review article focuses on recent developments (last 10 years) made in sustainable click reactions to afford the synthesis of triazole derivatives in high yield, mild reaction conditions, easy isolation and purification of products from readily available starting materials. Besides, novel eco-friendly click reactions such as photocatalytic click reactions, water-assisted click reactions, metal-organic framework-based click reactions, metal-free click reactions, solvent-free click reactions, and electrochemical click reactions have been reviewed. In addition, various patents and current clinical trials on triazoles have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Chemistry, JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Khushboo Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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Singh R, Sindhu J, Singh D, Kumar P. Key molecular scaffolds in the development of clinically viable α-amylase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2025; 17:347-362. [PMID: 39835704 PMCID: PMC11792802 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2025.2453421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
The escalating cases of type II diabetes combined with adverse side effects of current antidiabetic drugs spurred the advancement of innovative approaches for the management of postprandial glucose levels. α-Amylase is an endoamylase responsible for the breakdown of internal α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in dietary starch, producing oligosaccharides. Subsequently, α-glucosidase degraded these oligosaccharides to monosaccharides, which are absorbed into the bloodstream and become available to the body. The inhibitors of α-amylase reduced the digestibility of carbohydrates accompanied by delayed glucose absorption, leading to decreased blood glucose levels after meals and thus, inhibition of the enzyme seems to be a crucial strategy for diabetes management and improving overall glycemic control in diabetic patients. The present review article emphasizes the therapeutic promise of recently discovered potential α-amylase inhibitors, highlighting their in vitro, in silico and in vivo profiles. Ultimately, we addressed the contemporary challenges and potential routes ahead in the search for safe and reliable α-amylase inhibitors for clinical use, summarizing the most recent research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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Prakash H, Chahal S, Sindhu J, Tyagi P, Sharma D, Guin M, Srivastava N, Singh K. Diastereomeric pure pyrazolyl-indolyl dihydrofurans: Unveiling isomeric selectivity in antibacterial action via in vitro and in silico insights. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 114:130005. [PMID: 39454968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.130005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Developing pure diastereoisomeric molecular hybrids for the selective inhibition of bacterial growth opened new avenues for combating the ever-increasing microbial resistance. Considering this, a series of diastereoisomeric pure pyrazolyl-dihydrofurans (7a-7y) were synthesized and characterized using NMR, LCMS, and X-ray crystallography. DFT based method was used to explore the configurational stability of cis over trans isomeric form. Considering 7a and 8a as representative isomeric forms with same structural framework, the difference in their bio-efficacy against bacterial and fungal strains was assessed using serial dilution method. The relatively high inhibition of bacterial growth by the cis isomeric form (7a) (MIC = 1.562 µg/mL), amoxicillin (MIC = 3.125 µg/mL) inspired us to broaden the substrate scope for synthesizing a series of pure diastereoisomeric cis forms as selective anti-bacterial agents. However, both the isomers displayed antifungal activity less than the standard drug (Fluconazole) employed in the study. All the reactions proceeded smoothly and yielded a diverse array of dihydrofuran derivatives. The developed synthetics were found to be non-cytotoxic against mouse fibroblast cells and didn't affect the seed germination of Brassica nigra seeds when treated at 1 mg/mL concentration. The experimentally determined in vitro results were further validated using in silico molecular docking and dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prakash
- Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Chemistry, Sharda School of Basic Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Chahal
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind, Haryana 126102, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Prateek Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, Zakir Husain Delhi College, New Delhi, Delhi 110002, India
| | - Deepansh Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University, Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 126001, India
| | - Mridula Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Sharda School of Basic Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Noopur Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Sharda School of Basic Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Jubilant Biosys Ltd., Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yadav N, Kumar R, Sangwan S, Dhanda V, Duhan A, Sindhu J. Environment benign synthesis of 5-acyl-4-hydroxypyridin-2(1 H)-one derivatives as antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:2637-2646. [PMID: 39606936 PMCID: PMC11734593 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2024.2432289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Oxidative stress, caused by postprandial activities, is a major global health issue causing chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, cancer, and asthma. Therefore, it was envisaged to design and synthesize a series of substituted 4-hydroxypyridine-2(1 h)-ones in order to develop new molecules that can reduce oxidative stress and modulate α-amylase activity also. MATERIALS & METHODS An environmentally benign, solvent and catalyst free, natural product inspired synthesis of 4-hydroxypyridin-2(1 h)-one derivatives has been developed. The synthetic analogues were evaluated in vitro α-amylase activity and antioxidant potential. RESULTS Among all the synthesized compounds, 4a, 4c, and 4d displayed many folds higher antioxidants activity than the standard, BHT. The in vitro α-amylase inhibition was found to be moderate with IC50 values ranging from 5.48 to 9.31 mm as compared to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 0.65 mm). The most active compound against α-amylase 4c was further investigated for its binding affinity within the active site of the enzyme and the kinetics studies revealed probable uncompetitive mode of inhibition. CONCLUSION Compound 4a was found to be promising antioxidant and 4c as a good α-amylase inhibitor. These compounds could pave the way for development of new α-amylase inhibitors with antioxidant capabilities thereby effectively mitigating diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
- MAP Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
- Center for Bio-Nanotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sarita Sangwan
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vidhi Dhanda
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Duhan
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Chahal S, Rani P, Singh R, Joshi G, Kumar R, Kumar P, Wadhwa D, Singh D, Sindhu J. Naphthoquinone fused diazepines targeting hyperamylasemia: potential therapeutic agents for diabetes and cancer. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:2231-2245. [PMID: 39301934 PMCID: PMC11622778 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2024.2400968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Elevated levels of amylase in the blood, known as hyperamylasemia, have been correlated with diabetes and cancer. To investigate the impact of hyperamylasemia on cellular proliferation, it is imperative to design dual inhibitors targeting both α-amylase activity and cancer progression.Materials & methods: Naphthoquinone fused diazepines have been synthesized using multicomponent reaction with high Eco-score of 87 and evaluated for bio efficacy using antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition assay. A correlation between diabetes and cancer has been established via preliminary screening against A549 based lung cancer cell line at 5 μM.Results & conclusion: Compound 4b exhibited superior anti-oxidant and α-amylase inhibitory potential over butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and acarbose, respectively with uncompetitive mode of inhibition. Compounds possessing more than 50 % inhibition were then investigated for their IC50 against A549 (Lung cancer), and Breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cells. Among all, compound 4p has been selected for further studies, as it demonstrated significant cytotoxicity, while compound 4b showed no effect on AKT gene expression but upregulated IGF-1R gene expression, suggesting a role in managing diabetes. Compound 4p exhibited the ability to decrease AKT expression and increase IGF-1R expression, indicating its potential for treating both diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Chahal
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Payal Rani
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Rajvir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar, Dist. Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, VPO, Gudha, 151401, Punjab
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be university) University, Dehradun, 151001, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, 127021, India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
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