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Bao J, Tang Y, Chen Y, Jin J, Wang X, An G, Cao L, Zhang H, Cheng G, Pan G, Zhou Z. E. hellem Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP1 targets the DC MAPK pathway and impairs immune functions. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302375. [PMID: 38199846 PMCID: PMC10781585 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are difficult to be completely eliminated once infected, and the persistence disrupts host cell functions. Here in this study, we aimed to elucidate the impairing effects and consequences of microsporidia on host DCs. Enterocytozoon hellem, one of the most commonly diagnosed zoonotic microsporidia species, was applied. In vivo models demonstrated that E. hellem-infected mice were more susceptible to further pathogenic challenges, and DCs were identified as the most affected groups of cells. In vitro assays revealed that E. hellem infection impaired DCs' immune functions, reflected by down-regulated cytokine expressions, lower extent of maturation, phagocytosis ability, and antigen presentations. E. hellem infection also detained DCs' potencies to prime and stimulate T cells; therefore, host immunities were disrupted. We found that E. hellem Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP1 directly interacts with host p38α (MAPK14) to manipulate the p38α(MAPK14)/NFAT5 axis of the MAPK pathway. Our study is the first to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the impairing effects of microsporidia on host DCs' immune functions. The emergence of microsporidiosis may be of great threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Bao
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlin Tang
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yebo Chen
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyan Jin
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhen An
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Cao
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huarui Zhang
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- https://ror.org/01kj4z117 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Jin J, Tang Y, Cao L, Wang X, Chen Y, An G, Zhang H, Pan G, Bao J, Zhou Z. Microsporidia persistence in host impairs epithelial barriers and increases chances of inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0361023. [PMID: 38149855 PMCID: PMC10846195 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03610-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are intracellular fungus-like pathogens and the infection symptoms include recurrent diarrhea and systematic inflammations. The major infection route of microsporidia is the digestive tract. Since microsporidia are hard to fully eliminate, the interactions and persistence of the pathogen within epithelium may modulate host susceptibility to digestive disorders. In this study, both in vitro and in vivo infection models were applied. The alterations of epithelial barrier integrity, permeability, and tight junction proteins after microsporidia infection were assessed on MDCK/Caco-2 monolayers. The fecal intestinal microbiota and tissue alterations after microsporidia infection were assessed on C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, the susceptibility to develop dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) was also analyzed by the murine infection model. The results demonstrated that microsporidia infection increased epithelium permeability, weakened wound healing capability, and destructed tight junction protein zonula occludens-1. Microsporidia infection also dysregulates intestinal microbiota. These impairing effects of microsporidia increased host vulnerability to develop enteritis as shown by the murine model of DSS-induced IBD. Our study is the first to elucidate molecular mechanisms of the damaging effects of microsporidia on host epithelium and pointed out the cryptic threats of latent microsporidia infection to public health as reflected by the increased chances of developing more severe diseases.IMPORTANCEMicrosporidia are widely present in nature and usually cause latent and persistent infections in hosts. Given the fact that the digestive tract is the major infection route, it is of great importance to explore the consequences of microsporidia infection on the intestinal epithelial barrier and the risks to the host. In this study, we demonstrated the destructing effects of microsporidium infection on epithelial barriers manifested as increased epithelial permeability, weakened wound healing ability, and disrupted tight junctions. Moreover, microsporidia made the host more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease. These findings provide new evidence for us to better understand and develop novel strategies for microsporidia prevention and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlin Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yebo Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhen An
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huarui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Lu Y, An G, Wang X, Tang Y, Jin J, Bao J, Zhou Z. Encephalitozoon hellem Infection Promotes Monocytes Extravasation. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080914. [PMID: 36015036 PMCID: PMC9412707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microsporidia are a group of obligated intracellular fungus pathogens. Monocytes and the derivative macrophages are among the most important players in host immunity. The invasion of microsporidia may significantly affect the monocytes maturation and extravasation processes. Methods: We utilized a previously established microsporidia infection murine model to investigate the influences of microsporidia Encephalitozoon hellem (E. hellem) infection on monocyte maturation, releasing into the circulation and extravasation to the inflammation site. Flow cytometry and qPCR analysis were used to compare the monocytes and derivative macrophages isolated from bone marrow, peripheral blood and tissues of E. hellem-infected and control mice. Results: The results showed that the pro-inflammatory group of CD11b+Ly-6C+ monocytes are promoted in E. hellem-infected mice. Interestingly, the percentage of Ly-6C+ monocytes from E. hellem-infected mice are significantly lower in peripheral blood while significantly higher in the inflamed small intestine, together with up-regulated ratio of F4/80 macrophage in small intestine as well. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that E. hellem infection leads to promoted monocytes maturation in bone marrow, up-regulation of extravasation from peripheral blood to inflammation site and maturation into macrophages. Our study is the first systematic analysis of monocytes maturation and trafficking during microsporidia infection, and will provide better understanding of the pathogen–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Lu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guozhen An
- Sate Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yunlin Tang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiangyan Jin
- Sate Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- Sate Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- Sate Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Müller SG, Heck SO, Marques LS, Zborowski VA, Nogueira CW. p-Chloro-diphenyl diselenide modulates Nrf2/Keap1 signaling and counteracts renal oxidative stress in mice exposed to dexamethasone repeated administrations. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:500-508. [PMID: 35395160 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid that has been associated with oxidative stress in central and peripheral tissues. p-Chloro-diphenyl diselenide (p-ClPhSe)2 is an antioxidant organoselenium compound. The present study aimed to evaluate whether Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling contributes to the (p-ClPhSe)2 antioxidant effects in the kidney of mice exposed to dexamethasone. Adult Swiss mice received dexamethasone (i.p) at a dose of 2 mg/kg or its vehicle for 21 days. After, mice were treated with (p-ClPhSe)2 (i.g)(1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) for 7 days. Samples of kidneys were collected for biochemical assays. (p-ClPhSe)2 at dose of 1 mg/kg reversed the renal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and carbonyl protein (CP) levels increased by dexamethasone. (p-ClPhSe)2 at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg was effective against the increase of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), ROS, and CP as well as the decrease of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activity and non-protein SH (NPSH) levels induced by dexamethasone. At 5 mg/kg, (p-ClPhSe)2 reduced the renal levels of 4-OH-2-HNE and HO-1 as well as modulated the Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling in mice exposed to dexamethasone. The present findings revealed that (p-ClPhSe)2 antioxidant effects were associated with the modulation of Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathway in the kidney of mice exposed to dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suelen Osório Heck
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, 425921, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Luiza Souza Marques
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, 425921, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Vanessa Angonesi Zborowski
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, 425921, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 28118, Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, Brazil, 97105-900;
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An G, Tang Y, Mo B, Ran M, He X, Bao J, Zhou Z. Characterization of a Murine Model for Encephalitozoon hellem Infection after Dexamethasone Immunosuppression. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1891. [PMID: 33260440 PMCID: PMC7761425 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encephalitozoon hellem (E. hellem) belongs to a group of opportunistic pathogens called microsporidia. Microsporidia infection symptoms vary and include diarrhea, ocular disorders and systemic inflammations. Traditionally, immunodeficient animals were used to study microsporidia infection. To overcome the difficulties in maintenance and operation using immunodeficient mice, and to better mimic natural occurring microsporidia infection, this study aims to develop a pharmacologically immunosuppressed murine model of E. hellem infection. METHODS Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone (Dex) and then E. hellem spores were inoculated into the mice intraperitoneally. Control groups were the Dex-immunosuppressed but noninoculated mice, and the Dex-immunosuppressed then lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Mice body weights were monitored and all animals were sacrificed at the 15th day after inoculation. Tissue fragments and immune cells were collected and processed. RESULTS Histopathological analysis demonstrated that E. hellem inoculation resulted in a disseminated nonlethal infection. Interestingly, E. hellem infection desensitized the innate immunity of the host, as shown by cytokine expressions and dendritic cell maturation. We also found that E. hellem infection greatly altered the composition of host gut microbiota. (4) Conclusions: Dex-immunosuppressed mice provide a useful tool for study microsporidiosis and the interactions between microsporidia and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen An
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (G.A.); (Y.T.); (B.M.); (M.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yunlin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (G.A.); (Y.T.); (B.M.); (M.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Biying Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (G.A.); (Y.T.); (B.M.); (M.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Maoshuang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (G.A.); (Y.T.); (B.M.); (M.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao He
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (G.A.); (Y.T.); (B.M.); (M.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (G.A.); (Y.T.); (B.M.); (M.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
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