Role of Scoparia dulcis linn on noise-induced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and neurotransmitter assessment on motor function in Wistar albino rats

Noise exposure-induced the cerebral alterations: From emerging evidence to antioxidant-mediated prevention and treatment

It's well acknowledged that noise exposure has become a major environmental risk factor of public health. The previous standpoint holds that the main harm of noise exposure is to cause hearing loss of human. However, in the past two decades a large number of studies have linked the noise exposure to various cerebral changes. In this review, we summarized that noise exposure led to cerebral changes through breaking the redox balance, inducing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis and altering the neurotransmission in numerous brain areas, including cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum and cerebellum. Those cerebral changes finally result in a variety of disorders, such as tinnitus, anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Furthermore, we reviewed several antioxidants, such as resveratrol, vitamin C, curcumin, N-acetylcysteine and α-asarone, and highlighted their protective mechanisms against noise exposure, aiming to provide a promising strategy to prevent and treat noise exposure-induced diseases. Taken together, noise exposure induces various cerebral changes and further leads to disorders in the central nervous system, which can be ameliorated by the treatment with antioxidants.

Health position paper and redox perspectives - Disease burden by transportation noise

Transportation noise is a ubiquitous urban exposure. In 2018, the World Health Organization concluded that chronic exposure to road traffic noise is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. In contrast, they concluded that the quality of evidence for a link to other diseases was very low to moderate. Since then, several studies on the impact of noise on various diseases have been published. Also, studies investigating the mechanistic pathways underlying noise-induced health effects are emerging. We review the current evidence regarding effects of noise on health and the related disease-mechanisms. Several high-quality cohort studies consistently found road traffic noise to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that road traffic and railway noise may increase the risk of diseases not commonly investigated in an environmental noise context, including breast cancer, dementia, and tinnitus. The harmful effects of noise are related to activation of a physiological stress response and nighttime sleep disturbance. Oxidative stress and inflammation downstream of stress hormone signaling and dysregulated circadian rhythms are identified as major disease-relevant pathomechanistic drivers. We discuss the role of reactive oxygen species and present results from antioxidant interventions. Lastly, we provide an overview of oxidative stress markers and adverse redox processes reported for noise-exposed animals and humans. This position paper summarizes all available epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical evidence of transportation noise as an important environmental risk factor for public health and discusses its implications on the population level.

Systemic health effects of noise exposure

Noise, any unwanted sound, is pervasive and impacts large populations worldwide. Investigators suggested that noise exposure not only induces auditory damage but also produces various organ system dysfunctions. Although previous reviews primarily focused on noise-induced cardiovascular and cerebral dysfunctions, this narrow focus has unintentionally led the research community to disregard the importance of other vital organs. Indeed, limited studies revealed that noise exposure impacts other organs including the liver, kidneys, pancreas, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the aim of this review was to examine the effects of noise on both the extensively studied organs, the brain and heart, but also determine noise impact on other vital organs. The goal was to illustrate a comprehensive understanding of the systemic effects of noise. These systemic effects may guide future clinical research and epidemiological endpoints, emphasizing the importance of considering noise exposure history in diagnosing various systemic diseases.

A New Diterpenoid of Indonesian Scoparia dulcis Linn: Isolation and Cytotoxic Activity against MCF-7 and T47D Cell Lines

Scoparia dulcis Linn plays an important role in treatment because it contains active compounds that are proven to have a variety of activities, including cytotoxicity on various cancer cells. The objective of this study is to isolate and identify the cytotoxic compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction of Scoparia dulcis, observe cell cycle inhibition and induction of apoptosis in vitro, and carry out molecular studies using in silico studies. A new diterpene compound was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Scoparia dulcis L. of Indonesian origin. Chromatographic methods were used to isolate the compound, spectroscopic methods were used to elucidate its structure, and these data were compared with those reported in the literature. The compound was tested for its cytotoxic activity against two breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and T47D). The results of the isolated compound showed a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells at IC50 70.56 ± 1.54 and <3.125 ± 0.43 µg/mL, respectively. The compound inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells and the accumulation of cells in the G1 phases, and it induced apoptosis. Based on a spectroscopic analysis, the isolated compound was identified as 2α-hydroxyscopadiol, which is a new diterpenoid. A docking study revealed that the isolate's hydroxyl groups are essential for interacting with crucial residues on the active sites of the ER and PR and caspase-9. The isolate inhibits ER and PR activity with binding energies of -8.2 kcal/mol and -7.3 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the isolate was also able to induce apoptosis through the activation of the caspase-9 pathway with an affinity of -9.0 kcal/mol. In conclusion, the isolated compound from S. dulcis demonstrated anticancer activity based on in vitro and in silico studies.

Environmental noise-induced cardiovascular, metabolic and mental health disorders: a brief review

BACKGROUND

Environmental noise is a pervasive pollutant that is one of the greatest environmental threats to mental, physiological and psychological well-being and has a significant global health burden associated with it. Many epidemiological studies indicate long-term relationship of noise pollution with wide range of metabolic, cardio-vascular and respiratory disorders and diseases.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to thoroughly analyse available literature on public health implications and various underlying biological mechanisms associated with ambient noise exposure, taking into account both objective and subjective measures of noise exposure.

METHODS

A search of literature for review on environmental noise and associated cardiovascular, mental health and metabolic implications on human health was done using Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed databases.

DISCUSSION

Experimental studies indicate that noise exposure leads to endocrine effects, increased incidence of diabetes, impairment of cognitive performance, sleep disturbance and annoyance. Epidemiological evidence indicates that high levels of noise, particularly at night, may cause arterial hypertension and endothelial dysfunction due to higher level of stress hormones and oxidative stress. An increased incidence of cardio-vascular diseases like myocardial infarction, heart rate, ischemic heart disease, stroke and heart failure is associated with noise-induced mental stress. Furthermore, psychological and mental health issues like anxiety and depression are also related with exposure to noise pollution.

CONCLUSION

This article summarises a comprehensive and systematic knowledge established in recent noise research with the spotlight on cardiovascular, metabolic and mental health disorders of environmental noise, providing unique understanding into underlying mechanisms.

Transcriptomic and Behavioral Studies of Small Yellow Croaker (Larimichthyspolyactis) in Response to Noise Exposure

Noise has the potential to induce physiological stress in marine fishes, which may lead to all sorts of ecological consequences. In the current study, we used the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) method to sequence the whole transcriptome of the brain in small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis). The animals were exposed to a mix of noises produced by different types of boat played back in a tank, then the brain tissues were collected after the fish had been exposed to a 120 dB noise for 0.5 h. In total, 762 differently expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were identified, including 157 up regulated and 605 down regulated genes in the noise exposure group compared with the control group. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that the most up regulated gene categories included synaptic membranes, receptor-mediated endocytosis and the neurotransmitter secretion process. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways found that endocytosis, cell adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction pathway were over-represented. Specifically, ECM-related genes, including lamin2, lamin3, lamin4, coll1a2, coll5a1 and col4a5 were down regulated in the noise exposure group, implying the impaired composition of the ECM. In addition, the behavioral experiment revealed that L. polyactis exhibited avoidance behaviors to run away from the noise source at the beginning of the noise exposure period. At the end of the noise exposure period, L. polyactis kept motionless on the surface of the water and lost the ability to keep their balance. Taken together, our results indicate that exposure to noise stress contributes to neurological dysfunction in the brain and impaired locomotor ability in L. polyactis.

Cerebral consequences of environmental noise exposure

The importance of noise exposure as a major environmental determinant of public health is being increasingly recognized. While in recent years a large body evidence has emerged linking environmental noise exposure mainly to cardiovascular disease, much less is known concerning the adverse health effects of noise on the brain and associated neuropsychiatric outcomes. Despite being a relatively new area of investigation, indeed, mounting research and conclusive evidence demonstrate that exposure to noise, primarily from traffic sources, may affect the central nervous system and brain, thereby contributing to an increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders such as stroke, dementia and cognitive decline, neurodevelopmental disorders, depression, and anxiety disorder. On a mechanistic level, a significant number of studies suggest the involvement of reactive oxygen species/oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, among others, to fundamentally drive the adverse brain health effects of noise exposure. This in-depth review on the cerebral consequences of environmental noise exposure aims to contribute to the associated research needs by evaluating current findings from human and animal studies. From a public health perspective, these findings may also help to reinforce efforts promoting adequate mitigation strategies and preventive measures to lower the societal consequences of unhealthy environments.