TRIP13 interference inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of thyroid cancer cells through regulating TTC5/p53 pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition related genes expression

Role of TRIP13 in human cancer development

As an AAA + ATPase, thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) primarily functions in DNA double-strand break repair, chromosome recombination, and cell cycle checkpoint regulation; aberrant expression of TRIP13 can result in chromosomal instability (CIN). According to recent research, TRIP13 is aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers, and a patient's poor prognosis and tumor stage are strongly correlated with high expression of TRIP13. Tumor cell and subcutaneous xenograft growth can be markedly inhibited by TRIP13 knockdown or TRIP13 inhibitor administration. In the initiation and advancement of human malignancies, TRIP13 seems to function as an oncogene. Based on available data, TRIP13 may function as a biological target and biomarker for cancer. The creation of inhibitors that specifically target TRIP13 may present novel approaches to treating cancer.

TRIP13 - a potential drug target in cancer pharmacotherapy

ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activity (AAA+ATPases) are important enzymatic functional proteins in human cells. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interacting Protein-13 (TRIP13) is a member of this protein superfamily, that partly regulates DNA repair pathways and spindle assembly checkpoints during mitosis. TRIP13 is reported as an oncogene involving multiple pathways in many human malignancies, including multiple myeloma, brain tumors, etc. The structure of TRIP13 reveals the mechanisms for ATP binding and how TRIP13 recognizes the Mitotic Arrest Deficiency-2 (MAD2) protein, with p31comet acting as an adapter protein. DCZ0415, TI17, DCZ5417, and DCZ5418 are the reported small-molecule inhibitors of TRIP13, which have been demonstrated to inhibit TRIP13's biological functions significantly and effective in suppressing various types of malignant cells, indicating that TRIP13 is a significant anticancer drug target. Currently, no systematic reviews are cutting across the functions, structure, and novel inhibitors of TRIP13. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TRIP13's biological functions, its roles in eighteen different cancers, four small molecule inhibitors, different underlying molecular mechanisms, and its functionality as a potential anticancer drug target.

A new method for network bioinformatics identifies novel drug targets for mucinous ovarian carcinoma

Mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC) is a subtype of ovarian cancer that is distinct from all other ovarian cancer subtypes and currently has no targeted therapies. To identify novel therapeutic targets, we developed and applied a new method of differential network analysis comparing MOC to benign mucinous tumours (in the absence of a known normal tissue of origin). This method mapped the protein-protein network in MOC and then utilised structural bioinformatics to prioritise the proteins identified as upregulated in the MOC network for their likelihood of being successfully drugged. Using this protein-protein interaction modelling, we identified the strongest 5 candidates, CDK1, CDC20, PRC1, CCNA2 and TRIP13, as structurally tractable to therapeutic targeting by small molecules. siRNA knockdown of these candidates performed in MOC and control normal fibroblast cell lines identified CDK1, CCNA2, PRC1 and CDC20, as potential drug targets in MOC. Three targets (TRIP13, CDC20, CDK1) were validated using known small molecule inhibitors. Our findings demonstrate the utility of our pipeline for identifying new targets and highlight potential new therapeutic options for MOC patients.

Gastric Cancer Biomarker Candidates Identified by Machine Learning and Integrative Bioinformatics: Toward Personalized Medicine

Gastric cancer (GC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The discovery of robust diagnostic biomarkers for GC remains a challenge. This study sought to identify biomarker candidates for GC by integrating machine learning (ML) and bioinformatics approaches. Transcriptome profiles of patients with GC were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes between the tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Subsequently, we constructed protein-protein interaction networks so as to find the significant hub genes. Along with the bioinformatics integration of ML methods such as support vector machine, the recursive feature elimination was used to select the most informative genes. The analysis unraveled 160 significant genes, with 88 upregulated and 72 downregulated, 10 hub genes, and 12 features from the variable selection method. The integrated analyses found that EXO1, DTL, KIF14, and TRIP13 genes are significant and poised as potential diagnostic biomarkers in relation to GC. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found KIF14 and TRIP13 are strongly associated with diagnosis of GC. We suggest KIF14 and TRIP13 are considered as biomarker candidates that might potentially inform future research on diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic targets for GC. These findings collectively offer new future possibilities for precision/personalized medicine research and development for patients with GC.

Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD)-mediated miR-150-5p attenuates oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced cardiomyocyte injury by inhibiting TTC5 expression

BACKGROUND

Cardiomyocyte injury is a typical feature in cardiovascular diseases. Changes in cardiomyocytes strongly affect the progression of cardiovascular diseases. This work aimed to investigate the biological function and potential mechanism of action of miR-150-5p in cardiomyocytes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A myocardial ischemia (MI) injury rat model was constructed to detect miR-150-5p and tetratricopeptide repeat domain 5 (TTC5) expression during heart ischemia injury. Primary cardiomyocytes were isolated for in vitro study. CCK-8 assays were used to detect cardiomyocyte viability. Western blots were used to detect TTC5 and P53 expression. qPCR was utilized to measure RNA expression of miR-150-5p and TTC5. The TUNEL assay was used to determine cell apoptosis. ELISA was used to determine cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) levels in heart tissues and cell culture supernatants. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was carried out to verify the binding ability between miR-150-5p and TTC5. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment significantly inhibited cell viability. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD)-mediated uptake of miR-150-5p inverted these results. Additionally, UTMD-mediated uptake of miR-150-5p retarded the effects of OGD treatment on cell apoptosis. Besides, UTMD-mediated uptake of miR-150-5p counteracted the effects of OGD treatment on the inflammatory response by regulating cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) levels. For the mechanism of the protective effect on the heart, we predicted and confirmed that miR-150-5p bound to TTC5 and inhibited TTC5 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

UTMD-mediated uptake of miR-150-5p attenuated OGD-induced primary cardiomyocyte injury by inhibiting TTC5 expression. This discovery contributes toward further understanding the progression of primary cardiomyocyte injury.

Evolutionary Dynamics and Molecular Mechanisms of HORMA Domain Protein Signaling

Controlled assembly and disassembly of multi-protein complexes is central to cellular signaling. Proteins of the widespread and functionally diverse HORMA family nucleate assembly of signaling complexes by binding short peptide motifs through a distinctive safety-belt mechanism. HORMA proteins are now understood as key signaling proteins across kingdoms, serving as infection sensors in a bacterial immune system and playing central roles in eukaryotic cell cycle, genome stability, sexual reproduction, and cellular homeostasis pathways. Here, we describe how HORMA proteins' unique ability to adopt multiple conformational states underlies their functions in these diverse contexts. We also outline how a dedicated AAA+ ATPase regulator, Pch2/TRIP13, manipulates HORMA proteins' conformational states to activate or inactivate signaling in different cellular contexts. The emergence of Pch2/TRIP13 as a lynchpin for HORMA protein action in multiple genome-maintenance pathways accounts for its frequent misregulation in human cancers and highlights TRIP13 as a novel therapeutic target. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

TRIP13 exerts a cancer-promoting role in cervical cancer by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling via ACTN4

Increasing evidence has indicated that thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) exerts a cancer-promoting role in a broad spectrum of cancers. However, the detailed relevance and function of TRIP13 in cervical cancer remain undefined. The goal of this work was to evaluate the functional significance and mechanism of TRIP13 in cervical cancer. Our data demonstrated that TRIP13 expression was markedly increased in cervical cancer tissue, and high expression of TRIP13 predicted a low survival rate in cervical cancer patients. Knockdown of TRIP13 caused a significant reduction in the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells. By contrast, over-expression of TRIP13 accelerated the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells. Further data revealed that TRIP13 enhanced the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling associated with modulation of α-Actinin-4 (ACTN4). Knockdown of ACTN4 markedly reversed TRIP13-mediated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling reversed TRIP13-induced cancer-promoting effects in cervical cancer cells. Knockdown of TRIP13 markedly retarded the tumor formation and growth of cervical cells in vivo in nude mice. Taken together, the data of this work indicate that TRIP13 accelerates the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling via regulation of ACTN4. These findings underscore a relevance of the TRIP13/ACTN4/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis in the progression of cervical cancer and suggest TRIP13 as a potential target for treatment of cervical cancer.

TRIP13 promotes lung cancer cell growth and metastasis through AKT/mTORC1/c-Myc signaling

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a primary cause of cancer-patient mortality throughout the world. Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13) is a gene that expresses a protein involved in cell division, including tumorigenesis. Its expression is high in various human tumors; however, its role in LUAD cells remains undetermined.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the TRIP13's role in the development of LUAD.

METHODS

Bioinformation analysis was used to analyze the expression of TRIP13 in LUAD tissues and the impact on the prognosis of LUAD; CRISPR/Cas9 was used to construct the cell lines; CCK-8 was used to explore the cell proliferation; Transwell assays was applied to exam the cell migration and cell invasion abilities; Western blot and immunoprecipitation was used to explore the relation between TRIP13 and AKT/mTORC1/c-Myc signaling pathway.

RESULTS

By analyzing LUAD data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus databases, we determined that TRIP13 is highly expressed in LUAD tissues and that this expression level has a negative impact on the patient mortality. TRIP13 has also proved to promote LUAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In this study, we demonstrated that TRIP13 activates AKT/mTORC1/c-Myc signaling in these cells.

CONCLUSION

Our results have identified the role and potential mechanism by which TRIP13 affects LUAD cells, which may provide a useful marker for helping to diagnose this disease and create new therapies against it.

C-Myc Signaling Pathway in Treatment and Prevention of Brain Tumors

Brain tumors are responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several factors such as the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), sensitive location in the brain, and unique biological features challenge the treatment of brain tumors. The conventional drugs are no longer effective in the treatment of brain tumors, and scientists are trying to find novel therapeutics for brain tumors. In this way, identification of molecular pathways can facilitate finding an effective treatment. c-Myc is an oncogene signaling pathway capable of regulation of biological processes such as apoptotic cell death, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and so on. These pleiotropic effects of c-Myc have resulted in much fascination with its role in different cancers, particularly brain tumors. In the present review, we aim to demonstrate the upstream and down-stream mediators of c-Myc in brain tumors such as glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma. The capacity of c-Myc as a prognostic factor in brain tumors will be investigated. Our goal is to define an axis in which the c-Myc signaling pathway plays a crucial role and to provide direction for therapeutic targeting in these signaling networks in brain tumors.

HSP90 and Co-chaperones: Impact on Tumor Progression and Prospects for Molecular-Targeted Cancer Therapy

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a highly and unique chaperone, presents as a double-edged sword. It plays an essential role in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumor development. The current review highlights a recent understanding of the roles of HSP90 in molecular mechanisms underlying cancer survival and progression. HSP90 and its client proteins through the regulation of oncoproteins including signaling proteins, receptors, and transcriptional factors involved in tumorigenesis. It also has potential clinical application as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for assessing cancer progression. In this way, using HSP90 to develop new anticancer therapeutic agents including HSP90 inhibitors, anti-HSP90 antibody, and HSP90-based vaccines has been promising.