Irisin attenuates sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by attenuating inflammation-induced pyroptosis through a mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase-dependent mechanism

GSDMD in regulated cell death: A novel therapeutic target for sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction syndrome caused by an abnormal host response to infection. Regulated cell death is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged, infected, or aging cells in multicellular organisms. Gasdermin D, as a member of the gasdermin family, plays a crucial role in the formation of cytoplasmic membrane pores. Research has found that GSDMD plays important roles in various forms of regulated cell death such as pyroptosis, NETosis, and necroptosis. Therefore, through mediating regulated cell death, GSDMD regulates different stages of disease pathophysiology. This article mainly summarizes the concept of GSDMD, its role in regulated cell death, its involvement in organ damage associated with sepsis-related injuries mediated by regulated cell death via GSDMD activation and introduces potential drugs targeting GSDMD that may provide more effective treatment options for sepsis patients through drug modification.

Energy Metabolism: From Physiological Changes to Targets in Sepsis-induced Cardiomyopathy

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by a variety of dysregulated responses to host infection with life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction. Among the injuries or dysfunctions involved in the course of sepsis, cardiac injury and dysfunction often occur and are associated with the pathogenesis of hemodynamic disturbances, also defined as sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC). The process of myocardial metabolism is tightly regulated and adapts to various cardiac output demands. The heart is a metabolically flexible organ capable of utilizing all classes of energy substrates, including carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and ketone bodies to produce ATP. The demand of cardiac cells for energy metabolism changes substantially in septic cardiomyopathy with distinct etiological causes and different times. This review describes changes in cardiomyocyte energy metabolism under normal physiological conditions and some features of myocardial energy metabolism in septic cardiomyopathy, and briefly outlines the role of the mitochondria as a center of energy metabolism in the septic myocardium, revealing that changes in energy metabolism can serve as a potential future therapy for infectious cardiomyopathy.

Current Perspectives of Mitochondria in Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) is one of the leading indicators for poor prognosis associated with sepsis. Despite its reversibility, prognosis varies widely among patients. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular energy production by generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is vital for myocardial energy metabolism. Over recent years, mounting evidence suggests that severe sepsis not only triggers mitochondrial structural abnormalities such as apoptosis, incomplete autophagy, and mitophagy in cardiomyocytes but also compromises their function, leading to ATP depletion. This metabolic disruption is recognized as a significant contributor to SICM, yet effective treatment options remain elusive. Sepsis cannot be effectively treated with inotropic drugs in failing myocardium due to excessive inflammatory factors that blunt β-adrenergic receptors. This review will share the recent knowledge on myocardial cell death in sepsis and its molecular mechanisms, focusing on the role of mitochondria as an important metabolic regulator of SICM, and discuss the potential for developing therapies for sepsis-induced myocardial injury.

MG53: A new protagonist in the precise treatment of cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies (CMs) are highly heterogeneous progressive heart diseases characterised by structural and functional abnormalities of the heart, whose intricate pathogenesis has resulted in a lack of effective treatment options. Mitsugumin 53 (MG53), also known as Tripartite motif protein 72 (TRIM72), is a tripartite motif family protein from the immuno-proteomic library expressed primarily in the heart and skeletal muscle. Recent studies have identified MG53 as a potential cardioprotective protein that may play a crucial role in CMs. Therefore, the objective of this review is to comprehensively examine the underlying mechanisms mediated by MG53 responsible for myocardial protection, elucidate the potential role of MG53 in various CMs as well as its dominant status in the diagnosis and prognosis of human myocardial injury, and evaluate the potential therapeutic value of recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53) in CMs. It is expected to yield novel perspectives regarding the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of CMs.

YIQIFUMAI INJECTION AMELIORATED SEPSIS-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY BY INHIBITION OF FERROPTOSIS VIA XCT/GPX4 AXIS

ABSTRACT

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy ( SIC ) is a distinct form of myocardial injury that disrupts tissue perfusion and stands as the significant cause of mortality among sepsis patients. Currently, effective preventive or treatment strategies for SIC are lacking. YiQiFuMai injection (YQFM), composed of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl., and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., is widely used in China to treat cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, and SIC . Research has shown that YQFM can improve cardiac function and alleviate heart failure through multiple pathways. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which YQFM exerts its effects on SIC remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we firstly investigated the therapeutic effects of YQFM on a SIC rat model and explored its effects on myocardial ferroptosis in vivo. Then, LPS-induced myocardial cell death model was used to evaluate the effects of YQFM on ferroptosis and xCT/GPX4 axis in vitro . Furthermore, using GPX4 inhibitors, we aimed to verify whether YQFM improved cardiomyocyte ferroptosis through the xCT/GPX4 axis. The results showed that YQFM was effective in alleviating myocardial injury in septic model rats. Besides, the concentrations of iron and the levels of lipid peroxidation-related factors (ROS, MDA, and 4-HNE) were significantly decreased and the expression of xCT/GPX4 axis was upregulated in SIC rats after YQFM treatment. In vitro studies also showed that YQFM alleviated iron overload and lipid peroxidation and activated xCT/GPX4 axis in LPS-induced myocardial cell death model. Moreover, GPX4 inhibitor could abolish the effects above. In summary, the study highlights the regulatory effect of YQFM in mitigating myocardial injury. It probably achieves this ameliorative effect by enhancing xCT/GPX4 axis and further reducing ferroptosis.

Irisin protects against cardiac injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis during remodeling after infarction

This study aimed to explore the cardioprotective mechanism of irisin in the context of cardiac injury. Utilizing a myocardial infarction (MI) mouse model, we investigated the therapeutic potential of recombinant human irisin (rhIrisin) administered for 28 days post-infarction. The efficacy of irisin treatment was evaluated through echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function and serum analysis of myocardial injury markers. Our research provided novel insights into the impacts of irisin on the NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, assessed both in vivo in MI mice and in vitro in hypoxia/reoxygenation-treated H9C2 cells. Remarkably, irisin treatment significantly reduced levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and troponin I, indicating reduced myocardial injury. Echocardiography highlighted substantial improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), and dimensions (LVIDd and LVIDs) in irisin-treated mice, underscoring enhanced cardiac function. Moreover, irisin was shown to significantly suppress the mRNA and protein expressions of key components involved in NLRP3 inflammasome pathway (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 (p20), and interleukin-18 (IL-18)) both in MI-induced mice and hypoxia/reoxygenation-treated cells. This study firstly reveals that the cardioprotective effect of irisin is mediated through the attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, positioning irisin as a promising therapeutic agent for cardiac injury.

IP3R2-mediated Ca2+ release promotes LPS-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis via the activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway

Pyroptosis plays a crucial role in sepsis, and the abnormal handling of myocyte calcium (Ca2+) has been associated with cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. Specifically, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 (IP3R2) is a Ca2+ release channel in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the specific role of IP3R2 in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) has not yet been determined. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism by which IP3R2 channel-mediated Ca2+ signaling contributes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac pyroptosis. The SIC model was established in rats by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). Cardiac dysfunction was assessed using echocardiography, and the protein expression of relevant signaling pathways was analyzed using ELISA, RT-qPCR, and western blot. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and an inhibitor were used to explore the role of IP3R2 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) stimulated by LPS in vitro. LPS-induced NLRP3 overexpression and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in the rats' heart. Treatment with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 alleviated LPS-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. Furthermore, LPS increased ATP-induced intracellular Ca2+ release and IP3R2 expression in NRCMs. Inhibiting IP3R activity with xestospongin C (XeC) or knocking down IP3R2 reversed LPS-induced intracellular Ca2+ release. Additionally, inhibiting IP3R2 reversed LPS-induced pyroptosis by suppressing the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. We also found that ER stress and IP3R2-mediated Ca2+ release mutually regulated each other, contributing to cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. IP3R2 promotes NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis by regulating ER Ca2+ release, and the mutual regulation of IP3R2 and ER stress further promotes LPS-induced pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes.

The role of TRPV4 in programmed cell deaths

Programmed cell death is a major life activity of both normal development and disease. Necroptosis is early recognized as a caspase-independent form of programmed cell death followed obviously inflammation. Apoptosis is a gradually recognized mode of cell death that is characterized by a special morphological changes and unique caspase-dependent biological process. Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy are recently identified non-apoptotic regulated cell death that each has its own characteristics. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a kind of nonselective calcium-permeable cation channel, which is received more and more attention in biology studies. It is widely expressed in human tissues and mainly located on the membrane of cells. Several researchers have identified that the influx Ca2+ from TRPV4 acts as a key role in the loss of cells by apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy via mediating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress and inflammation. This effect is bad for the normal function of organs on the one hand, on the other hand, it is benefit for anticancer activities. In this review, we will summarize the current discovery on the role and impact of TRPV4 in these programmed cell death pathological mechanisms to provide a new prospect of gene therapeutic target of related diseases.

Irisin improves diabetic cardiomyopathy-induced cardiac remodeling by regulating GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis through MITOL/STING signaling

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the mechanisms underlying DCM-induced cardiac injury remain unclear. Recently, the role of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon gene (cGAS/STING) signaling and pyroptosis in DCM has been investigated. Based on our previous results, this study was designed to examine the impact of irisin, mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase (MITOL/MARCH5), and cGAS/STING signaling in DCM-induced cardiac dysfunction and the effect of gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis. High-fat diet-induced mice and H9c2 cells were used for cardiac geometry and function or pyroptosis-related biomarker assessment at the end of the experiments. Here, we show that DCM impairs cardiac function by increasing cardiac fibrosis and GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, including the activation of MITOL and cGAS/STING signaling. Our results confirmed that the protective role of irisin and MITOL was partially offset by the activation of cGAS/STING signaling. We also demonstrated that GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis plays a pivotal role in the pathological process of DCM pathogenesis. Our results indicate that irisin treatment protects against DCM injury, mitochondrial homeostasis, and pyroptosis through MITOL upregulation.

Polo-like kinase 1 promotes sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction

Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is the main cause of mortality in sepsis. In this study, we identified Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk-1) is a promoter of SIMD. Plk-1 expression was increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse hearts and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Inhibition of Plk-1 either by heterozygous deletion of Plk-1 or Plk-1 inhibitor BI 6727 alleviated LPS-induced myocardial injury, inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, and thereby improved the survival of LPS-treated mice. Plk-1 was identified as a kinase of inhibitor of kappa B kinase alpha (IKKα). Plk-1 inhibition impeded NF-κB signal pathway activation in LPS-treated mouse hearts and NRCMs. Augmented Plk-1 is thus essential for the development of SIMD and is a druggable target for SIMD.

Gasdermins in sepsis

Sepsis is a hyper-heterogeneous syndrome in which the systemic inflammatory response persists throughout the course of the disease and the inflammatory and immune responses are dynamically altered at different pathogenic stages. Gasdermins (GSDMs) proteins are pore-forming executors in the membrane, subsequently mediating the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell death. With the increasing research on GSDMs proteins and sepsis, it is believed that GSDMs protein are one of the most promising therapeutic targets in sepsis in the future. A more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the functions of GSDMs proteins in sepsis is important to alleviate the multi-organ dysfunction and reduce sepsis-induced mortality. In this review, we focus on the function of GSDMs proteins, the molecular mechanism of GSDMs involved in sepsis, and the regulatory mechanism of GSDMs-mediated signaling pathways, aiming to provide novel ideas and therapeutic strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.

Role of toll-like receptor-mediated pyroptosis in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy

Sepsis, a life-threatening dysregulated status of the host response to infection, can cause multiorgan dysfunction and mortality. Sepsis places a heavy burden on the cardiovascular system due to the pathological imbalance of hyperinflammation and immune suppression. Myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction caused by the aberrant host responses to pathogens can lead to cardiomyopathy, one of the most critical complications of sepsis. However, many questions about the specific mechanisms and characteristics of this complication remain to be answered. The causes of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction include abnormal cardiac perfusion, myocardial inhibitory substances, autonomic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and calcium homeostasis dysregulation. The fight between the host and pathogens acts as the trigger for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, plays a critical role in the progress of sepsis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as pattern recognition receptors and participate in innate immune pathways that recognize damage-associated molecular patterns as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns to mediate pyroptosis. Notably, pyroptosis is tightly associated with cardiac dysfunction in sepsis and septic shock. In line with these observations, induction of TLR-mediated pyroptosis may be a promising therapeutic approach to treat sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. This review focuses on the potential roles of TLR-mediated pyroptosis in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, to shed light on this promising therapeutic approach, thus helping to prevent and control septic shock caused by cardiovascular disorders and improve the prognosis of sepsis patients.

Irisin Ameliorated Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Fatty Acid Oxidation and Pyroptosis Induced by Palmitic Acid in Chronic Kidney Disease

INTRODUCTION

Protein-energy waste (PEW) is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), among which skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the most important clinical features of PEW. Pyroptosis is a type of proinflammatory, programmed cell death associated with skeletal muscle disease. Irisin, as a novel myokine, has attracted extensive attention for its protective role in the complications associated with CKD, but its role in muscle atrophy in CKD is unclear.

METHODS

Palmitic acid (PA)-induced muscular atrophy was evaluated by a reduction in C2C12 myotube diameter. Muscle atrophy model was established in male C57BL/6J mice treated with 0.2% adenine for 4 weeks and then fed a 45% high-fat diet. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, body and muscle weight, and muscle histology were assessed. The expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and pyroptosis-related protein was analysed by Western blots or immunohistochemistry. The release of IL-1β was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

In this study, we showed that PA-induced muscular atrophy manifested as a reduction in C2C12 myotube diameter. During this process, PA can also induce pyroptosis, as shown by the upregulation of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and GSDMD-N expression and the increased IL-1β release and PI-positive cell rate. Inhibition of caspase-1 or NLRP3 attenuated PA-induced pyroptosis and myotube atrophy in C2C12 cells. Importantly, irisin treatment significantly ameliorated PA-induced skeletal muscle pyroptosis and atrophy. In terms of mechanism, PA upregulated CPT1A, a key enzyme of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and irisin attenuated this effect, which was consistent with etomoxir (CPT1A inhibitor) treatment. Moreover, irisin improved skeletal muscle atrophy and pyroptosis in adenine-induced mice by regulating FAO.

CONCLUSION

Our study firstly verifies that pyroptosis is a novel mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy in CKD. Irisin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy by inhibiting FAO and pyroptosis in CKD, and irisin may be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of muscle wasting in CKD patients.

Irisin as an agent for protecting against osteoporosis: A review of the current mechanisms and pathways

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis is recognized as a skeletal disorder characterized by diminished bone tissue quality and density. Regular physical exercise is widely acknowledged to preserve and enhance bone health, but the detailed molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Irisin, a factor derived from muscle during exercise, influences bone and muscle. Since its discovery in 2012, irisin has been found to promote bone growth and reduce bone resorption, establishing a tangible link between muscle exertion and bone health. Consequently, the mechanism by which irisin prevents osteoporosis have attracted significant scientific interest.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This study aims to elucidate the multifaceted relationship between exercise, irisin, and bone health. Focusing on irisin, a muscle-derived factor released during exercise, we seek to understand its role in promoting bone growth and inhibiting resorption. Through a review of current research article on irisin in osteoporosis, Our review provides a deep dive into existing research on influence of irisin in osteoporosis, exploring its interaction with pivotal signaling pathways and its impact on various cell death mechanisms and inflammation. We aim to uncover the molecular underpinnings of how irisin, secreted during exercise, can serve as a therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW

Irisin, secreted during exercise, plays a vital role in bridging muscle function to bone health. It not only promotes bone growth but also inhibits bone resorption. Specifically, Irisin fosters osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization predominantly through the ERK, p38, and AMPK signaling pathways. Concurrently, it regulates osteoclast differentiation and maturation via the JNK, Wnt/β-catenin and RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathways. This review further delves into the profound significance of irisin in osteoporosis and its involvement in diverse cellular death mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.

Irisin ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rats

Recently, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was suggested associated with intestinal flora. However, irisin has demonstrated beneficial effects on myocardial I/R injury, thus increasing interest in exploring its mechanism. Therefore, whether irisin interferes in gut microbiota and gut mucosal barrier during myocardial I/R injury was investigated in the present study. Irisin was found to reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and fracture in myocardial tissue, myocardial enzyme levels, and the myocardial infarction (MI) area. In addition, the data showed that irisin reverses I/R-induced gut dysbiosis as indicated by the decreased abundance of Actinobacteriota and the increased abundance of Firmicutes, and maintains intestinal barrier integrity, reduces metabolic endotoxemia, and inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Based on the results, irisin could be a good candidate for ameliorating myocardial I/R injury and associated diseases by alleviating gut dysbiosis, endothelial dysfunction and anti-inflammatory properties.

Research Progress of Macromolecules in the Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis

Sepsis is associated with high rates of mortality in the intensive care unit and accompanied by systemic inflammatory reactions, secondary infections, and multiple organ failure. Biological macromolecules are drugs produced using modern biotechnology to prevent or treat diseases. Indeed, antithrombin, antimicrobial peptides, interleukins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and lentinan have been used to prevent and treat sepsis. In vitro, biological macromolecules can significantly ameliorate the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and multiple organ failure caused by sepsis. Several biological macromolecules have entered clinical trials. This review summarizes the sources, efficacy, mechanism of action, and research progress of macromolecular drugs used in the prevention and treatment of sepsis.

Regulated cell death pathways in cardiomyopathy

Heart disease is a worldwide health menace. Both intractable primary and secondary cardiomyopathies contribute to malignant cardiac dysfunction and mortality. One of the key cellular processes associated with cardiomyopathy is cardiomyocyte death. Cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells with very limited regenerative capacity. Various insults can lead to irreversible damage of cardiomyocytes, contributing to progression of cardiac dysfunction. Accumulating evidence indicates that majority of cardiomyocyte death is executed by regulating molecular pathways, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Importantly, these forms of regulated cell death (RCD) are cardinal features in the pathogenesis of various cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, and drug-induced cardiomyopathy. The relevance between abnormity of RCD with adverse outcome of cardiomyopathy has been unequivocally evident. Therefore, there is an urgent need to uncover the molecular and cellular mechanisms for RCD in order to better understand the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies. In this review, we summarize the latest progress from studies on RCD pathways in cardiomyocytes in context of the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies, with particular emphasis on apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. We also elaborate the crosstalk among various forms of RCD in pathologically stressed myocardium and the prospects of therapeutic applications targeted to various cell death pathways.

LPS-aggravated Ferroptosis via Disrupting Circadian Rhythm by Bmal1/AKT/p53 in Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Injury

Circadian disruption is involved in the progress of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM), one of the leading causes of death in sepsis. The molecular mechanism remains ambiguous. In this study, LPS was used to build SICM model in H9c2 cell. The results suggested that LPS induced cytotoxicity via increasing ferroptosis over the time of course. After screening the expressions of six circadian genes, the circadian swing of Bmal1 was dramatically restrained by LPS in H9c2 cell of SIMC vitro model. PcDNA and siRNA were used to upregulate and downregulate Bmal1 and confirmed that Bmal1 inhibited LPS-triggered ferroptosis in H9c2 cells. Then, the results suggested that AKT/p53 pathway was restrained by LPS in H9c2 cell. Rescue test indicated that Bmal1 inhibited LPS-triggered ferroptosis via AKT/p53 pathway in H9c2 cells. In summary, our findings demonstrated that LPS induced cytotoxicity via increasing ferroptosis over the time of course in H9c2 cells and Bmal1 inhibited this toxicity of LPS via AKT/p53 pathway. Although further studies are needed, our findings may contribute to a new insight to mechanism of SICM.

ALDH2 attenuates myocardial pyroptosis through breaking down Mitochondrion-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in septic shock

Cell survival or death is critical for cardiac function. Myocardial pyroptosis, as a newly recognized programmed cell death, remains poorly understood in sepsis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) on myocardial pyroptosis and revealed the underlying mechanisms in sepsis. We established a septic shock mice model by intraperitoneal injection of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg) 12 h before sacrifice. It was found that aldehyde dehydrogenase significantly inhibited NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and Caspase-1/GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, which remarkably improved survival rate and septic shock-induced cardiac dysfunction, relative to the control group. While aldehyde dehydrogenase knockout or knockdown significantly aggravated these phenomena. Intriguingly, we found that aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibited LPS-induced deacetylation of Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex α subunit (HADHA) by suppressing the translocation of Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) from nuclei to mitochondria. Acetylated HADHA is essential for mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and its interruption can result in accumulation of toxic lipids, induce mROS and cause mtDNA and ox-mtDNA release. Our results confirmed the role of Histone deacetylase 3 and HADHA in NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation. Hdac3 knockdown remarkedly suppressed NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome and pyroptosis, but Hadha knockdown eliminated the effect. aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibited the translocation of Histone deacetylase 3, protected ac-HADHA from deacetylation, and significantly reduced the accumulation of toxic aldehyde, and inhibited mROS and ox-mtDNA, thereby avoided NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. This study provided a novel mechanism of myocardial pyroptosis through mitochondrial Histone deacetylase 3/HADHA- NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome pathway and demonstrated a significant role of aldehyde dehydrogenase as a therapeutic target for myocardial pyroptosis in sepsis.