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Oliver D, Chesney E, Cullen AE, Davies C, Englund A, Gifford G, Kerins S, Lalousis PA, Logeswaran Y, Merritt K, Zahid U, Crossley NA, McCutcheon RA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P. Exploring causal mechanisms of psychosis risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105699. [PMID: 38710421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Robust epidemiological evidence of risk and protective factors for psychosis is essential to inform preventive interventions. Previous evidence syntheses have classified these risk and protective factors according to their strength of association with psychosis. In this critical review we appraise the distinct and overlapping mechanisms of 25 key environmental risk factors for psychosis, and link these to mechanistic pathways that may contribute to neurochemical alterations hypothesised to underlie psychotic symptoms. We then discuss the implications of our findings for future research, specifically considering interactions between factors, exploring universal and subgroup-specific factors, improving understanding of temporality and risk dynamics, standardising operationalisation and measurement of risk and protective factors, and developing preventive interventions targeting risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; OPEN Early Detection Service, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Edward Chesney
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Alexis E Cullen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Cathy Davies
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amir Englund
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - George Gifford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Kerins
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paris Alexandros Lalousis
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yanakan Logeswaran
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kate Merritt
- Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Uzma Zahid
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; OPEN Early Detection Service, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE11 5DL, UK
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Bevandić J, Chareyron LJ, Bachevalier J, Cacucci F, Genzel L, Newcombe NS, Vargha-Khadem F, Ólafsdóttir HF. Episodic memory development: Bridging animal and human research. Neuron 2024; 112:1060-1080. [PMID: 38359826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Human episodic memory is not functionally evident until about 2 years of age and continues to develop into the school years. Behavioral studies have elucidated this developmental timeline and its constituent processes. In tandem, lesion and neurophysiological studies in non-human primates and rodents have identified key neural substrates and circuit mechanisms that may underlie episodic memory development. Despite this progress, collaborative efforts between psychologists and neuroscientists remain limited, hindering progress. Here, we seek to bridge human and non-human episodic memory development research by offering a comparative review of studies using humans, non-human primates, and rodents. We highlight critical theoretical and methodological issues that limit cross-fertilization and propose a common research framework, adaptable to different species, that may facilitate cross-species research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Bevandić
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Loïc J Chareyron
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bachevalier
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nora S Newcombe
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Faraneh Vargha-Khadem
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - H Freyja Ólafsdóttir
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Santos-Silva T, dos Santos Fabris D, de Oliveira CL, Guimarães FS, Gomes FV. Prefrontal and Hippocampal Parvalbumin Interneurons in Animal Models for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:210-223. [PMID: 37584417 PMCID: PMC10754178 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consistent with postmortem findings in patients, most animal models for schizophrenia (SCZ) present abnormal levels of parvalbumin (PV), a marker of fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). However, there are discrepancies in the literature. PV reductions lead to a functional loss of PV interneurons, which is proposed to underly SCZ symptoms. Given its complex etiology, different categories of animal models have been developed to study SCZ, which may distinctly impact PV levels in rodent brain areas. STUDY DESIGN We performed a quantitative meta-analysis on PV-positive cell number/density and expression levels in the PFC and HIP of animal models for SCZ based on pharmacological, neurodevelopmental, and genetic manipulations. RESULTS Our results confirmed that PV levels are significantly reduced in the PFC and HIP regardless of the animal model. By categorizing into subgroups, we found that all pharmacological models based on NMDA receptor antagonism decreased PV-positive cell number/density or PV expression levels in both brain areas examined. In neurodevelopmental models, abnormal PV levels were confirmed in both brain areas in maternal immune activation models and HIP of the methylazoxymethanol acetate model. In genetic models, negative effects were found in neuregulin 1 and ERBB4 mutant mice in both brain regions and the PFC of dysbindin mutant mice. Regarding sex differences, male rodents exhibited PV reductions in both brain regions only in pharmacological models, while few studies have been conducted in females. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings support deficits in prefrontal and hippocampal PV interneurons in animal models for SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamyris Santos-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Débora dos Santos Fabris
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cilene Lino de Oliveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis,Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Lineham A, Avila-Quintero VJ, Bloch MH, Dwyer J. The Relationship Between Acute Dissociative Effects Induced by Ketamine and Treatment Response in Adolescent Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2023; 33:20-26. [PMID: 36799961 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2022.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Ketamine has proven effective as a rapid-acting antidepressant agent. Several adult studies have investigated the association between ketamine's acute dissociative effects and depression response, but no studies have examined the association in adolescents with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of 16 adolescent participants who participated in a randomized, single-dose, midazolam-controlled crossover trial of ketamine in adolescents with depression. We examined the association between the acute dissociative symptoms (measured at 60 minutes following start of infusion using the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale [CADSS], and its three subscales: depersonalization, derealization, amnesia) and response and depression symptom improvement at 1'day (using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale). Results: Within the ketamine group, there were no significant associations between dissociation symptoms or CADSS subscale scores and magnitude of depression symptom improvement or likelihood of ketamine response. When receiving midazolam, there was no significant association between overall dissociation symptoms and magnitude or likelihood of response of depressive symptoms. Higher levels of symptoms on the 'depersonalization' CADSS subscale when receiving midazolam were associated with less improvement in depression symptoms at 1 day following infusion. Conclusions: In contrast to some adult literature, the current data do not show a relationship between acute dissociative effects and antidepressant response to ketamine in pediatric patients with TRD. Interpretation may be limited by the small sample size, reducing the power to detect small or medium associations. Future research should utilize larger samples to more definitively measure the magnitude of association between acute dissociative symptoms and later antidepressant response to ketamine and to assess the relationship to trial design (e.g., crossover vs. parallel trial, comparison condition utilized and number of infusions) within both adult and pediatric populations. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02579928.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lineham
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Michael H Bloch
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer Dwyer
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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5
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Nath M, Bhardwaj SK, Srivastava LK, Wong TP. Altered excitatory and decreased inhibitory transmission in the prefrontal cortex of male mice with early developmental disruption to the ventral hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:865-880. [PMID: 35297476 PMCID: PMC9890473 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventral hippocampal (vHPC)-prefrontal cortical (PFC) pathway dysfunction is a core neuroimaging feature of schizophrenia. However, mechanisms underlying impaired connectivity within this pathway remain poorly understood. The vHPC has direct projections to the PFC that help shape its maturation. Here, we wanted to investigate the effects of early developmental vHPC perturbations on long-term functional PFC organization. Using whole-cell recordings to assess PFC cellular activity in transgenic male mouse lines, we show early developmental disconnection of vHPC inputs, by excitotoxic lesion or cell-specific ablations, impairs pyramidal cell firing output and produces a persistent increase in excitatory and decrease in inhibitory synaptic inputs onto pyramidal cells. We show this effect is specific to excitatory vHPC projection cell ablation. We further identify PV-interneurons as a source of deficit in inhibitory transmission. We find PV-interneurons are reduced in density, show a reduced ability to sustain high-frequency firing, and show deficits in excitatory inputs that emerge over time. We additionally show differences in vulnerabilities to early developmental vHPC disconnection, wherein PFC PV-interneurons but not pyramidal cells show deficits in NMDA receptor-mediated current. Our results highlight mechanisms by which the PFC adapts to early developmental vHPC perturbations, providing insights into schizophrenia circuit pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Nath
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.,Basic Neuroscience Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
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Petty A, Howes O, Eyles D. Animal Models of Relevance to the Schizophrenia Prodrome. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2023; 3:22-32. [PMID: 36712558 PMCID: PMC9874082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia often undergo a prodromal phase prior to diagnosis. Given the absence of significant therapeutic improvements, attention has recently shifted to the possibility of intervention during this early stage to delay or diminish symptom severity or even prevent onset. Unfortunately, the 20 or so trials of intervention to date have not been successful in either preventing onset or improving long-term outcomes in subjects who are at risk of developing schizophrenia. One reason may be that the biological pathways an effective intervention must target are not static. The prodromal phase typically occurs during late adolescence, a period during which a number of brain circuits and structures are still maturing. We propose that developing a deeper understanding of which circuits/processes and brain structures are still maturing at this time and which processes drive the transition to schizophrenia will take us a step closer to developing better prophylactic interventions. Fortunately, such knowledge is now emerging from clinical studies, complemented by work in animal models. Our task here is to describe what would constitute an appropriate animal model to study and to potentially intervene in such processes. Such a model would allow invasive analysis of the cellular and molecular substrates of the progressive neurobiology that defines the schizophrenia prodrome and hopefully offer valuable insights into potential prophylactic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Petty
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
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de Oliveira Figueiredo EC, Calì C, Petrelli F, Bezzi P. Emerging evidence for astrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. Glia 2022; 70:1585-1604. [PMID: 35634946 PMCID: PMC9544982 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic mental health disorder whose heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background influences early brain development, and whose precise etiology is still poorly understood. Schizophrenia is not characterized by gross brain pathology, but involves subtle pathological changes in neuronal populations and glial cells. Among the latter, astrocytes critically contribute to the regulation of early neurodevelopmental processes, and any dysfunctions in their morphological and functional maturation may lead to aberrant neurodevelopmental processes involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, synaptogenesis, and glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission. Studies of the mechanisms regulating astrocyte maturation may therefore improve our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corrado Calì
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Jiang Y, Patton MH, Zakharenko SS. A Case for Thalamic Mechanisms of Schizophrenia: Perspective From Modeling 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:769969. [PMID: 34955759 PMCID: PMC8693383 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.769969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder that devastates the lives of millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by a constellation of symptoms, ranging from cognitive deficits, to social withdrawal, to hallucinations. Despite decades of research, our understanding of the neurobiology of the disease, specifically the neural circuits underlying schizophrenia symptoms, is still in the early stages. Consequently, the development of therapies continues to be stagnant, and overall prognosis is poor. The main obstacle to improving the treatment of schizophrenia is its multicausal, polygenic etiology, which is difficult to model. Clinical observations and the emergence of preclinical models of rare but well-defined genomic lesions that confer substantial risk of schizophrenia (e.g., 22q11.2 microdeletion) have highlighted the role of the thalamus in the disease. Here we review the literature on the molecular, cellular, and circuitry findings in schizophrenia and discuss the leading theories in the field, which point to abnormalities within the thalamus as potential pathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia. We posit that synaptic dysfunction and oscillatory abnormalities in neural circuits involving projections from and within the thalamus, with a focus on the thalamocortical circuits, may underlie the psychotic (and possibly other) symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stanislav S. Zakharenko
- Division of Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathology of schizophrenia. These small noncoding RNAs bind to mRNAs containing complementary sequences and promote their degradation and/or inhibit protein synthesis. A single miRNA may have hundreds of targets, and miRNA targets are overrepresented among schizophrenia-risk genes. Although schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, symptoms usually do not appear until adolescence, and most patients do not receive a schizophrenia diagnosis until late adolescence or early adulthood. However, few studies have examined miRNAs during this critical period. First, we examine evidence that the miRNA pathway is dynamic throughout adolescence and adulthood and that miRNAs regulate processes critical to late neurodevelopment that are aberrant in patients with schizophrenia. Next, we examine evidence implicating miRNAs in the conversion to psychosis, including a schizophrenia-associated single nucleotide polymorphism in MIR137HG that is among the strongest known predictors of age of onset in patients with schizophrenia. Finally, we examine how hemizygosity for DGCR8, which encodes an obligate component of the complex that synthesizes miRNA precursors, may contribute to the onset of psychosis in patients with 22q11.2 microdeletions and how animal models of this disorder can help us understand the many roles of miRNAs in the onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T. Thomas
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stanislav S. Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Ryu IS, Kim OH, Kim JS, Sohn S, Choe ES, Lim RN, Kim TW, Seo JW, Jang EY. Effects of β-Phenylethylamine on Psychomotor, Rewarding, and Reinforcing Behaviors and Affective State: The Role of Dopamine D1 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9485. [PMID: 34502393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-phenylethylamine (β-PEA) is a well-known and widespread endogenous neuroactive trace amine found throughout the central nervous system in humans. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of β-PEA on psychomotor, rewarding, and reinforcing behaviors and affective state using the open-field test, conditioned place preference (CPP), self-administration, and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) paradigms. We also investigated the role of the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor in the behavioral effects of β-PEA in rodents. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western immunoblotting, we also determined the DA concentration and the DA-related protein levels in the dorsal striatum of mice administered with acute β-PEA. The results showed that acute β-PEA increased stereotypic behaviors such as circling and head-twitching responses in mice. In the CPP experiment, β-PEA increased place preference in mice. In the self-administration test, β-PEA significantly enhanced self-administration during a 2 h session under fixed ratio (FR) schedules (FR1 and FR3) and produced a higher breakpoint during a 6 h session under progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement in rats. In addition, acute β-PEA increased 50-kHz USV calls in rats. Furthermore, acute β-PEA administration increased DA concentration and p-DAT and TH expression in the dorsal striatum of mice. Finally, pretreatment with SCH23390, a DA D1 receptor antagonist, attenuated β-PEA-induced circling behavior and β-PEA-taking behavior in rodents. Taken together, these findings suggest that β-PEA has rewarding and reinforcing effects and psychoactive properties, which induce psychomotor behaviors and a positive affective state by activating the DA D1 receptor in the dorsal striatum.
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Bates MLS, Trujillo KA. Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 203:173129. [PMID: 33515586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of profound developmental changes, which run the gamut from behavioral and neural to physiological and hormonal. It is also a time at which there is an increased propensity to engage in risk-taking and impulsive behaviors like drug use. This review examines the human and preclinical literature on adolescent drug use and its consequences, with a focus on dissociatives (PCP, ketamine, DXM), classic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin), and MDMA. It is the case for all the substances reviewed here that very little is known about their effects in adolescent populations. An emerging aspect of the literature is that dissociatives and MDMA produce mixed reinforcing and aversive effects and that the balance between reinforcement and aversion may differ between adolescents and adults, with consequences for drug use and addiction. However, many studies have failed to directly compare adults and adolescents, which precludes definitive conclusions about these consequences. Other important areas that are largely unexplored are sex differences during adolescence and the long-term consequences of adolescent use of these substances. We provide suggestions for future work to address the gaps we identified in the literature. Given the widespread use of these drugs among adolescent users, and the potential for therapeutic use, this work will be crucial to understanding abuse potential and consequences of use in this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Shawn Bates
- Department of Psychology, California State University Chico, 400 W. First St, Chico, CA 95929, USA.
| | - Keith A Trujillo
- Department of Psychology and Office for Training, Research and Education in the Sciences (OTRES), California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA..
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12
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Li CX, Li Z, Hu X, Zhang X, Bachevalier J. Altered hippocampal-prefrontal functional network integrity in adult macaque monkeys with neonatal hippocampal lesions. Neuroimage 2021; 227:117645. [PMID: 33338613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) play critical but different roles in working memory (WM) processes. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) was employed to investigate the effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions on the functional connectivity (FC) between the hippocampus (H) and the DLPFC and VLPFC and its relation to WM performance in adult monkeys. Adult rhesus monkeys with neonatal H lesions (Neo-H, n = 5) and age- and gender-matched sham-operated monkeys (Neo-C, n = 5) were scanned around 10 years of age. The FC of H-DLPFC and H-VLPFC in Neo-H monkeys was significantly altered as compared to controls, but also switched from being positive in the Neo-C to negative in the Neo-H. In addition, the altered magnitude of FC between right H and bilateral DLPFC was significantly associated with the extent of the hippocampal lesions. In particular, the effects of neonatal hippocampal lesion on FC appeared to be selective to the left hemisphere of the brain (i.e. asymmetric in the two hemispheres). Finally, FC between H and DLPFC correlated with WM task performance on the SU-DNMS and the Obj-SO tasks for the control animals, but only with the H-VLPFC and SU-DNMS task for the Neo-H animals. In conclusion, the present rsfMRI study revealed that the neonatal hippocampal lesions significantly but differently altered the integrity in the functional connectivity of H-DLPFC and H-VLPFC. The similarities between the behavioral, cognitive and neural alterations in Neo-H monkeys and Schizophrenia (SZ) patients provide a strong translational model to develop new therapeutic tools for SZ.
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Tryon VL, Garman HD, Loewy RL, Niendam TA. Links Between Human and Animal Models of Trauma and Psychosis: A Narrative Review. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2020; 6:154-165. [PMID: 33309566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic experiences during development are associated with an increased risk of developing psychosis. Individuals with psychosis also report a higher rate of past trauma than healthy control subjects and worse outcomes than those who do not have these experiences. It is thought that traumatic experiences negatively impact specific neurobiological processes to confer this increased risk, and that systems affected by trauma are similarly changed in individuals with psychosis. Examining animal models of psychosis and the shared neurobiological changes in response to stressors can offer valuable insight into biological mechanisms that mediate symptoms and targets for intervention. This targeted review highlights a subset of models of psychosis across humans and animals, examines the similarities with the brain's response to stress and traumatic events, and discusses how these models may interact. Suggestions for future research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Tryon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis
| | - Heather D Garman
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rachel L Loewy
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis.
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14
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Chambers RA, Sentir AM. Integrated Effects of Neonatal Ventral Hippocampal Lesions and Impoverished Social-Environmental Rearing on Endophenotypes of Mental Illness and Addiction Vulnerability. Dev Neurosci 2020; 41:263-273. [PMID: 32160629 PMCID: PMC8454183 DOI: 10.1159/000506227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of mental illnesses show high rates of addiction comorbidities regardless of their genetic, neurodevelopmental, and/or adverse-environmental etiologies. Understanding how the spectrum of mental illnesses produce addiction vulnerability will be key to discovering more effective preventions and integrated treatments for adults with addiction and dual diagnosis comorbidities. A population of 131 rats containing a spectrum of etiological mental illness models and degrees of severity was experimentally generated by crossing neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL; n = 68) or controls (SHAM-operated; n = 63) with adolescent rearing in environmentally/socially enriched (ENR; n = 66) or impoverished (IMP; n = 65) conditions. This population was divided into 2 experiments: first, examining NVHL and IMP effects on novelty and mild stress-induced locomotion across 3 adolescent ages; second, looking at initial cocaine reactivity and long-term cocaine behavioral sensitization in adulthood. NVHL and IMP-environmental conditions independently produced remarkably similar and robustly significant abnormalities of hyperreactivity to novelty, mild stress, and long-term cocaine sensitization. The combined NVHL-IMP groups showed the most severe phenotypes across the board, so that the mental illness and addiction vulnerability phenotypes increased together in severity in a consistent stepwise progression from the healthiest rats to those with the greatest loading of etiological models. These findings add weight to our understanding of mental illness and addiction vulnerability as brain disorders that are biologically and developmentally unified in ways that transcend etiological causes, and yet co-intensify with increased loading of etiological conditions. Combining neurodevelopmental and adverse-environmental models of mental illness may provide an approach to identifying and therapeutically targeting cortical-striatal-limbic network mechanisms that generate addiction and dual diagnosis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Andrew Chambers
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, IU Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,
| | - Alena M Sentir
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, IU Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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15
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Auger ML, Meccia J, Phillips AG, Floresco SB. Amelioration of cognitive impairments induced by GABA hypofunction in the male rat prefrontal cortex by direct and indirect dopamine D1 agonists SKF-81297 and d-Govadine. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Sentir AM, Bell RL, Engleman EA, Chambers RA. Polysubstance addiction vulnerability in mental illness: Concurrent alcohol and nicotine self-administration in the neurodevelopmental hippocampal lesion rat model of schizophrenia. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12704. [PMID: 30592364 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple addictions frequently occur in patients with mental illness. However, basic research on the brain-based linkages between these comorbidities is extremely limited. Toward characterizing the first animal modeling of polysubstance use and addiction vulnerability in schizophrenia, adolescent rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHLs) and controls had 19 weekdays of 1 hour/day free access to alcohol/sucrose solutions (fading from 10% sucrose to 10% alcohol/2% sucrose on day 10) during postnatal days (PD 35-60). Starting in adulthood (PD 63), rats acquired lever pressing for concurrent oral alcohol (10% with 2% sucrose) and iv nicotine (0.015 mg/kg/injection) across 15 sessions. Subsequently, 10 operant extinction sessions and 3 reinstatement sessions examined drug seeking upon withholding of nicotine, then both nicotine and alcohol, then reintroduction. Adolescent alcohol consumption did not differ between NVHLs and controls. However, in adulthood, NVHLs showed increased lever pressing at alcohol and nicotine levers that progressed more strongly at the nicotine lever, even as most pressing by both groups was at the alcohol lever. In extinction, both groups showed expected declines in effort as drugs were withheld, but NVHLs persisted with greater pressing at both alcohol and nicotine levers. In reinstatement, alcohol reaccess increased pressing, with NVHLs showing greater nicotine lever activity overall. Developmental temporal-limbic abnormalities that produce mental illness can thus generate adult polydrug addiction vulnerability as a mechanism independent from putative cross-sensitization effects between addictive drugs. Further preclinical modeling of third-order (and higher) addiction-mental illness comorbidities may advance our understanding and treatment of these complex, yet common brain illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena M. Sentir
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & DevelopmentIU Neuroscience Research Center Indianapolis IN
| | - Richard L. Bell
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Eric A. Engleman
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - R. Andrew Chambers
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & DevelopmentIU Neuroscience Research Center Indianapolis IN
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17
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Mitazaki S, Nakagawasai O, Onogi H, Watanabe K, Takahashi K, Tan-No K, Quirion R, Srivastava LK, Tadano T. Role of prefrontal cortical 5-HT2A receptors and serotonin transporter in the behavioral deficits in post-pubertal rats following neonatal lesion of the ventral hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2020; 377:112226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Mukherjee A, Carvalho F, Eliez S, Caroni P. Long-Lasting Rescue of Network and Cognitive Dysfunction in a Genetic Schizophrenia Model. Cell 2019; 178:1387-1402.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Sullivan JM 3rd, Grant CA, Reker AN, Nahar L, Goeders NE, Nam HW. Neurogranin regulates sensorimotor gating through cortico-striatal circuitry. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:91-9. [PMID: 30902751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dysregulation is known to contribute to many psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Aberrant cortico-striatal activity and therefore glutamate levels might be relevant to this disease characterized by reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI), however, the molecular and behavioral mechanism of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains unclear. The focus of this study was to contribute to the current understanding of the glutamate and neurogranin (Ng) pathway, in relation to the cortico-striatal pathology of schizophrenia using a mouse model. A variant of the Ng gene has been detected in people with schizophrenia, implicating maladaptation of cortical glutamate signaling and sensorimotor gating. To test Ng-mediated PPI regulation in the mouse model, we utilized Ng null mice, viral-mediated Ng expression, and genetics approaches. Our results demonstrate that lack of Ng in mice decreases PPI. Ng over-expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) increases PPI, while Ng expression in either the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or hippocampus induces no change in PPI. Using optogenetics and chemogenetics, we identified that cortico-striatal activation is involved in PPI regulation. Finally, pharmacological regulation of Ng using glutamate receptor inhibitors demonstrated altered PPI between genotypes. In this study, we have investigated the impact of Ng expression on sensorimotor gating. This study contributes to a better understanding of the glutamatergic theory of schizophrenia, opening novel therapeutic avenues that may lead to glutamatergic treatments to ameliorate the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Li J, Zhu L, Guan F, Yan Z, Liu D, Han W, Chen T. Relationship between schizophrenia and changes in the expression of the long non-coding RNAs Meg3, Miat, Neat1 and Neat2. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 106:22-30. [PMID: 30243133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex disease caused by multiple factors. The development of the disease is mediated by a number of neural growth and development factors, suggesting that extensive changes in nerve structure and abnormal expression of genes in some important signalling pathways occur. Based on accumulating evidence, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating neural diseases, including SZ. In the current study, we used mouse models of methamphetamine (METH) - and MK801-induced SZ to investigate changes in the expression of four lncRNAs (Meg3, Miat, Neat1 and Neat2) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Miat and Neat2 expression was significantly decreased in the PFC of the SZ model mice, regardless of whether the disease was induced by MK801 or METH. We further measured the levels of these lncRNAs in the peripheral blood (PB) collected from treated and untreated patients with SZ and from healthy controls. Neat1 and Neat2 levels were significantly decreased in the PB of untreated patients with SZ, but the trends in the expression of these lncRNAs nearly reached a normal level in treated patients with SZ. In conclusion, Neat2 and Miat may function as important regulators of SZ. Our findings provide important clues for new targets of lncRNAs that are involved in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Fanglin Guan
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Zhilan Yan
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Wei Han
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.
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21
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Cardarelli RA, Martin R, Jaaro-Peled H, Sawa A, Powell EM, O'Donnell P. Dominant-Negative DISC1 Alters the Dopaminergic Modulation of Inhibitory Interneurons in the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. Mol Neuropsychiatry 2018; 4:20-29. [PMID: 29998115 DOI: 10.1159/000488030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A truncated disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (Disc1) gene increases the risk of psychiatric disorders, probably affecting cortical interneurons. Here, we sought to determine whether this cell population is affected in mice carrying a truncated (Disc1) allele (DN-DISC1). We utilized whole cell recordings to assess electrophysiological properties and modulation by dopamine (DA) in two classes of interneurons: fast-spiking (FS) and low threshold-spiking (LTS) interneurons in wild-type and DN-DISC1 mice. In DN-DISC1 mice, FS interneurons, but not LTS interneurons, exhibited altered action potentials. Further, the perineuronal nets that surround FS interneurons exhibited abnormal morphology in DN-DISC1 mice, and the DA modulation of this cell type was altered in DN-DISC1 mice. We conclude that early-life manipulation of a gene associated with risk of psychiatric disease can result in dysfunction, but not loss, of specific GABAergic interneurons. The resulting alteration of excitatory-inhibitory balance is a critical element in DISC1 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Cardarelli
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rolicia Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanna Jaaro-Peled
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Powell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricio O'Donnell
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Konstantoudaki X, Chalkiadaki K, Vasileiou E, Kalemaki K, Karagogeos D, Sidiropoulou K. Prefrontal cortical-specific differences in behavior and synaptic plasticity between adolescent and adult mice. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:822-833. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00189.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a highly vulnerable period for the emergence of major neuropsychological disorders and is characterized by decreased cognitive control and increased risk-taking behavior and novelty-seeking. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in the cognitive control of impulsive and risky behavior. Although the PFC is known to reach maturation later than other cortical areas, little information is available regarding the functional changes from adolescence to adulthood in PFC, particularly compared with other primary cortical areas. This study aims to understand the development of PFC-mediated, compared with non-PFC-mediated, cognitive functions. Toward this aim, we performed cognitive behavioral tasks in adolescent and adult mice and subsequently investigated synaptic plasticity in two different cortical areas. Our results showed that adolescent mice exhibit impaired performance in PFC-dependent cognitive tasks compared with adult mice, whereas their performance in non-PFC-dependent tasks is similar to that of adults. Furthermore, adolescent mice exhibited decreased long-term potentiation (LTP) within upper-layer synapses of the PFC but not the barrel cortex. Blocking GABAA receptor function significantly augments LTP in both the adolescent and adult PFC. No change in intrinsic excitability of PFC pyramidal neurons was observed between adolescent and adult mice. Finally, increased expression of the NR2A subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors is found only in the adult PFC, a change that could underlie the emergence of LTP. In conclusion, our results demonstrate physiological and behavioral changes during adolescence that are specific to the PFC and could underlie the reduced cognitive control in adolescents. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reports that adolescent mice exhibit impaired performance in cognitive functions dependent on the prefrontal cortex but not in cognitive functions dependent on other cortical regions. The current results propose reduced synaptic plasticity in the upper layers of the prefrontal cortex as a cellular correlate of this weakened cognitive function. This decreased synaptic plasticity is due to reduced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression but not due to dampened intrinsic excitability or enhanced GABAergic signaling during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katerina Kalemaki
- Division of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Division of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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23
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Reichelt AC, Rank MM. The impact of junk foods on the adolescent brain. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1649-1658. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Reichelt
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Michelle M. Rank
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3083 Australia
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24
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Buchta WC, Mahler SV, Harlan B, Aston-Jones GS, Riegel AC. Dopamine terminals from the ventral tegmental area gate intrinsic inhibition in the prefrontal cortex. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13198. [PMID: 28325790 PMCID: PMC5371565 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spike frequency adaptation (SFA or accommodation) and calcium‐activated potassium channels that underlie after‐hyperpolarization potentials (AHP) regulate repetitive firing of neurons. Precisely how neuromodulators such as dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) regulate SFA and AHP (together referred to as intrinsic inhibition) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) remains unclear. Using whole cell electrophysiology, we measured intrinsic inhibition in prelimbic (PL) layer 5 pyramidal cells of male adult rats. Results demonstrate that bath application of dopamine reduced intrinsic inhibition (EC50: 25.0 μmol/L). This dopamine action was facilitated by coapplication of cocaine (1 μmol/L), a blocker of dopamine reuptake. To evaluate VTA dopamine terminals in PFC slices, we transfected VTA dopamine cells of TH::Cre rats in vivo with Cre‐dependent AAVs to express channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) or designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDS). In PFC slices from these animals, stimulation of VTA terminals with either blue light to activate ChR2 or bath application of clozapine‐N‐oxide (CNO) to activate Gq‐DREADDs produced a similar reduction in intrinsic inhibition in PL neurons. Electrophysiological recordings from cells expressing retrograde fluorescent tracers showed that this plasticity occurs in PL neurons projecting to the accumbens core. Collectively, these data highlight an ability of VTA terminals to gate intrinsic inhibition in the PFC, and under appropriate circumstances, enhance PL neuronal firing. These cellular actions of dopamine may be important for dopamine‐dependent behaviors involving cocaine and cue‐reward associations within cortical–striatal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Buchta
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Benjamin Harlan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gary S Aston-Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Arthur C Riegel
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina .,Neurobiology of Addiction Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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25
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Robinson SE, Sohal VS. Dopamine D2 Receptors Modulate Pyramidal Neurons in Mouse Medial Prefrontal Cortex through a Stimulatory G-Protein Pathway. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10063-73. [PMID: 28912160 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1893-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic modulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play key roles in many cognitive functions and to be disrupted in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia. We have previously described a phenomenon whereby dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) activation elicits afterdepolarizations (ADPs) in subcortically projecting (SC) pyramidal neurons within L5 of the PFC. These D2R-induced ADPs only occur following synaptic input, which activates NMDARs, even when the delay between the synaptic input and ADPs is relatively long (e.g., several hundred milliseconds). Here, we use a combination of electrophysiological, optogenetic, pharmacological, transgenic, and chemogenetic approaches to elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in male and female mice. We find that knocking out D2Rs eliminates the ADP in a cell-autonomous fashion, confirming that this ADP depends on D2Rs. Hyperpolarizing current injection, but not AMPA receptor blockade, prevents synaptic stimulation from facilitating D2R-induced ADPs, suggesting that this phenomenon depends on the recruitment of voltage-dependent currents (e.g., NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx) by synaptic input. Finally, the D2R-induced ADP is blocked by inhibitors of cAMP/PKA signaling, insensitive to pertussis toxin or β-arrestin knock-out, and mimicked by Gs-DREADD stimulation, suggesting that D2R activation elicits the ADP by stimulating cAMP/PKA signaling. These results show that this unusual physiological phenomenon, in which D2Rs enhance cellular excitability in a manner that depends on synaptic input, is mediated at the cellular level through the recruitment of signaling pathways associated with Gs, rather than the Gi/o-associated mechanisms that have classically been ascribed to D2Rs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are thought to play important roles in behaviors, including working memory and cognitive flexibility. Variation in D2Rs has also been implicated in schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome, and bipolar disorder. Recently, we described a new mechanism through which D2R activation can enhance the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the PFC. Here, we explore the underlying cellular mechanisms. Surprisingly, although D2Rs are classically assumed to signal through Gi/o-coupled G-proteins and/or scaffolding proteins, such as β-arrestin, we find that the effects of D2Rs on prefrontal pyramidal neurons are actually mediated by pathways associated with Gs-mediated signaling. Furthermore, we show how, via this D2R-dependent phenomenon, synaptic input can enhance the excitability of prefrontal neurons over timescales on the order of seconds. These results elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying a novel signaling pathway downstream of D2Rs that may contribute to prefrontal function under normal and pathological conditions.
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26
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Tagliabue E, Pouvreau T, Eybrard S, Meyer F, Louilot A. Dopaminergic responses in the core part of the nucleus accumbens to subcutaneous MK801 administration are increased following postnatal transient blockade of the prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:191-198. [PMID: 28823626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and devastating neuropsychiatric disease thought to result from impaired connectivity between several integrative regions, stemming from developmental failures. In particular, the left prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients seems to be targeted by such early developmental disturbances. Data obtained over the last three decades support the hypothesis of a dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Striatal dopaminergic dysregulation in schizophrenia may result from a dysconnection between the prefrontal cortex and the striatum (dorsal and ventral) involving glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In the context of animal modeling of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of MK 801 (dizocilpine) on locomotor activity and dopaminergic responses in the left core part of the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) in adult rats following neonatal tetrodotoxin inactivation of the left prefrontal cortex (infralimbic/prelimbic region) at postnatal day 8. Dopaminergic variations were recorded in the nucleus accumbens by means of in vivo voltammetry in freely moving adult animals. Following MK 801 administration, and in comparison to control (PBS) animals, animals microinjected with tetrodotoxin display locomotor hyperactivity and increased extracellular dopamine levels in the core part of the nucleus accumbens. These findings suggest neonatal functional inactivation of the prefrontal cortex may lead to a dysregulation of dopamine release in the core part of the nucleus accumbens involving NMDA receptors. The results obtained may provide new insight into the involvement of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and suggest that future studies should look carefully at the core of the nucleus accumbens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Tagliabue
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tiphaine Pouvreau
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Séverine Eybrard
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francisca Meyer
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Louilot
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
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Rocha A, Hart N, Trujillo KA. Differences between adolescents and adults in the acute effects of PCP and ketamine and in sensitization following intermittent administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 157:24-34. [PMID: 28442368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a phase of development during which many physiological and behavioral changes occur, including increased novelty seeking and risk taking. In humans, this is reflected in experimentation with drugs. Research demonstrates that drug use that begins during adolescence is more likely to lead to addiction than drug use that begins later in life. Despite this, relatively little is known of the effects of drugs in adolescence, and differences in response between adolescents and adults. PCP and ketamine are popular club drugs, both possessing rewarding properties that could lead to escalating use. Drug sensitization (or reverse tolerance), which refers to an increase in an effect of a drug following repeated use, has been linked with the development of drug cravings that is a hallmark of addiction. The current work investigated the acute response and the development of sensitization to PCP and ketamine in adolescent and adult rats. Periadolescent Sprague-Dawley rats (30days or 38days of age), and young adults (60days of age) received PCP (6mg/kg IP) or ketamine (20mg/kg IP) once every three days, for a total of five drug injections. Adolescents and adults showed a stimulant response to the first injection of either drug, however the response was considerably greater in the youngest adolescents and lowest in the adults. With repeated administration, adults showed a robust escalation in activity that was indicative of the development of sensitization. Adolescents showed a flatter trajectory, with similar high levels of activity following an acute treatment and after five drug treatments. The results demonstrate important distinctions between adolescents and adults in the acute and repeated effects of PCP and ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Rocha
- Office for Training Research, and Education in the Sciences, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Nigel Hart
- Office for Training Research, and Education in the Sciences, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Keith A Trujillo
- Office for Training Research, and Education in the Sciences, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
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Young JW, Winstanley CA, Brady AM, Hall FS. Research Domain Criteria versus DSM V: How does this debate affect attempts to model corticostriatal dysfunction in animals? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:301-16. [PMID: 27826070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the nosology of mental illness has been based largely upon the descriptions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM). A recent challenge to the DSM approach to psychiatric nosology from the National Institute on Mental Health (USA) defines Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) as an alternative. For RDoC, psychiatric illnesses are not defined as discrete categories, but instead as specific behavioral dysfunctions irrespective of DSM diagnostic categories. This approach was driven by two primary weaknesses noted in the DSM: (1) the same symptoms occur in very different disease states; and (2) DSM criteria lack grounding in the underlying biological causes of mental illness. RDoC intends to ground psychiatric nosology in those underlying mechanisms. This review addresses the suitability of RDoC vs. DSM from the view of modeling mental illness in animals. A consideration of all types of psychiatric dysfunction is beyond the scope of this review, which will focus on models of conditions associated with frontostriatal dysfunction.
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Reichelt AC. Adolescent Maturational Transitions in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dopamine Signaling as a Risk Factor for the Development of Obesity and High Fat/High Sugar Diet Induced Cognitive Deficits. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:189. [PMID: 27790098 PMCID: PMC5061823 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence poses as both a transitional period in neurodevelopment and lifestyle practices. In particular, the developmental trajectory of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a critical region for behavioral control and self-regulation, is enduring, not reaching functional maturity until the early 20 s in humans. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter dopamine is particularly abundant during adolescence, tuning the brain to rapidly learn about rewards and regulating aspects of neuroplasticity. Thus, adolescence is proposed to represent a period of vulnerability towards reward-driven behaviors such as the consumption of palatable high fat and high sugar diets. This is reflected in the increasing prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents as they are the greatest consumers of “junk foods”. Excessive consumption of diets laden in saturated fat and refined sugars not only leads to weight gain and the development of obesity, but experimental studies with rodents indicate they evoke cognitive deficits in learning and memory process by disrupting neuroplasticity and altering reward processing neurocircuitry. Consumption of these high fat and high sugar diets have been reported to have a particularly pronounced impact on cognition when consumed during adolescence, demonstrating a susceptibility of the adolescent brain to enduring cognitive deficits. The adolescent brain, with heightened reward sensitivity and diminished behavioral control compared to the mature adult brain, appears to be a risk for aberrant eating behaviors that may underpin the development of obesity. This review explores the neurodevelopmental changes in the PFC and mesocortical dopamine signaling that occur during adolescence, and how these potentially underpin the overconsumption of palatable food and development of obesogenic diet-induced cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reichelt
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Sigurdsson T. Neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia: Insights from animal models. Neuroscience 2016; 321:42-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sakurai T, Gamo NJ, Hikida T, Kim SH, Murai T, Tomoda T, Sawa A. Converging models of schizophrenia--Network alterations of prefrontal cortex underlying cognitive impairments. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 134:178-201. [PMID: 26408506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its connections with other brain areas are crucial for cognitive function. Cognitive impairments are one of the core symptoms associated with schizophrenia, and manifest even before the onset of the disorder. Altered neural networks involving PFC contribute to cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Both genetic and environmental risk factors affect the development of the local circuitry within PFC as well as development of broader brain networks, and make the system vulnerable to further insults during adolescence, leading to the onset of the disorder in young adulthood. Since spared cognitive functions correlate with functional outcome and prognosis, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairments will have important implications for novel therapeutics for schizophrenia focusing on cognitive functions. Multidisciplinary approaches, from basic neuroscience to clinical studies, are required to link molecules, circuitry, networks, and behavioral phenotypes. Close interactions among such fields by sharing a common language on connectomes, behavioral readouts, and other concepts are crucial for this goal.
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Molinaro L, Hui P, Tan M, Mishra RK. Role of presynaptic phosphoprotein synapsin II in schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:260-272. [PMID: 26425441 PMCID: PMC4582303 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapsin II is a member of the neuronal phosphoprotein family. These phosphoproteins are evolutionarily conserved across many organisms and are important in a variety of synaptic functions, including synaptogenesis and the regulation of neurotransmitter release. A number of genome-wide scans, meta-analyses, and genetic susceptibility studies have implicated the synapsin II gene (3p25) in the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) and other psychiatric disorders. Further studies have found a reduction of synapsin II mRNA and protein in the prefrontal cortex in post-mortem samples from schizophrenic patients. Disruptions in the expression of this gene may cause synaptic dysfunction, which can result in neurotransmitter imbalances, likely contributing to the pathogenesis of SZ. SZ is a costly, debilitating psychiatric illness affecting approximately 1.1% of the world’s population, amounting to 51 million people today. The disorder is characterized by positive (hallucinations, paranoia), negative (social withdrawal, lack of motivation), and cognitive (memory impairments, attention deficits) symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the structure, function, and involvement of the synapsin family, specifically synapsin II, in the pathophysiology of SZ and possible target for therapeutic intervention/implications.
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Hernandez A, Burton AC, O'Donnell P, Schoenbaum G, Roesch MR. Altered basolateral amygdala encoding in an animal model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6394-400. [PMID: 25904791 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5096-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that schizophrenia results, in part, from the inappropriate or spurious attribution of salience to cues in the environment. We have recently reported neural correlates of salience in the basolateral amygdala (ABL) of rats during learning in an odor-guided discrimination task. Here we tested whether this dopamine-dependent salience signal is altered in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHLs), a rodent model of schizophrenia. We found that ABL signals related to violations in reward prediction were only mildly affected by NVHL; however, neurons in rats with NVHLs showed significantly stronger selectivity during odor sampling, particularly for the more salient large-reward cue. The elevated cue-evoked activity in NVHL rats was correlated with heightened orienting behavior and also with changes in firing to the shifts in reward, suggesting that it reflected abnormal signaling of the large reward-predicting cue's salience. These results are broadly consistent with the proposal that schizophrenics suffer from enhanced signaling of salience.
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Wakuda T, Iwata K, Iwata Y, Anitha A, Takahashi T, Yamada K, Vasu MM, Matsuzaki H, Suzuki K, Mori N. Perinatal asphyxia alters neuregulin-1 and COMT gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:149-54. [PMID: 25194460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that perinatal complications, particularly hypoxia-related ones, increase the risk of schizophrenia. Recent genetic studies of the disorder have identified several putative susceptibility genes, some of which are known to be regulated by hypoxia. It can be postulated therefore that birth complications that cause hypoxia in the fetal brain may be associated with a dysregulation in the expression of some of the schizophrenia candidate genes. To test this, we used an animal model of perinatal asphyxia, in which rat pups were exposed to 15 min of intrauterine anoxia during Caesarean section birth, and examined the expression of mRNA of five of the putative susceptibility genes (NRG1, ErbB4, AKT1, COMT and BDNF) by real-time quantitative PCR in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus at 6 and 12 weeks after birth. The expression of NRG1 mRNA was significantly decreased in the mPFC, but not in the hippocampus, at 6 and 12 weeks after birth. In addition, a significant increase in COMT mRNA expression was observed in the mPFC at 12 weeks. The alteration in mRNA levels of NRG1 and COMT was not associated with a change in their protein levels. These results suggest that perinatal asphyxia may lead to disturbances in the PFC, which in turn may exert a long-lasting influence on the expression of specific genes, such as NRG1 and COMT. Our results also suggest that translational interruption may occur in this model of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ayyappan Anitha
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mahesh Mundalil Vasu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that schizophrenia is a psychopathological condition resulting from aberrations in neurodevelopmental processes caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors which proceed long before the onset of clinical symptoms. Many studies discuss an immunological component in the onset and progression of schizophrenia. We here review studies utilizing animal models of schizophrenia with manipulations of genetic, pharmacologic, and immunological origin. We focus on the immunological component to bridge the studies in terms of evaluation and treatment options of negative, positive, and cognitive symptoms. Throughout the review we link certain aspects of each model to the situation in human schizophrenic patients. In conclusion we suggest a combination of existing models to better represent the human situation. Moreover, we emphasize that animal models represent defined single or multiple symptoms or hallmarks of a given disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mattei
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Schweibold
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany ; Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Podder A, Latha N. New Insights into Schizophrenia Disease Genes Interactome in the Human Brain: Emerging Targets and Therapeutic Implications in the Postgenomics Era. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 2014; 18:754-66. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Podder
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Narayanan Latha
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Berg SA, Sentir AM, Cooley BS, Engleman EA, Chambers RA. Nicotine is more addictive, not more cognitively therapeutic in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia produced by neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions. Addict Biol 2014; 19:1020-31. [PMID: 23919443 PMCID: PMC3916969 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is the leading cause of death in the United States. However, research on high rates of nicotine use in mental illness has primarily explained this co-morbidity as reflecting nicotine's therapeutic benefits, especially for cognitive symptoms, equating smoking with ‘self-medication’. We used a leading neurodevelopmental model of mental illness in rats to prospectively test the alternative possibility that nicotine dependence pervades mental illness because nicotine is simply more addictive in mentally ill brains that involve developmental hippocampal dysfunction. Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) have previously been demonstrated to produce post-adolescent-onset, pharmacological, neurobiological and cognitive-deficit features of schizophrenia. Here, we show that NVHLs increase adult nicotine self-administration, potentiating acquisition-intake, total nicotine consumed and drug seeking. Behavioral sensitization to nicotine in adolescence prior to self-administration is not accentuated by NVHLs in contrast to increased nicotine self-administration and behavioral sensitization documented in adult NVHL rats, suggesting periadolescent neurodevelopmental onset of nicotine addiction vulnerability in the NVHL model. Delivering a nicotine regimen approximating the exposure used in the sensitization and self-administration experiments (i.e. as a treatment) to adult rats did not specifically reverse NVHL-induced cortical-hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits and actually worsened cognitive efficiency after nicotine treatment stopped, generating deficits that resemble those due to NVHLs. These findings represent the first prospective evidence demonstrating a causal link between disease processes in schizophrenia and nicotine addiction. Developmental cortical-temporal limbic dysfunction in mental illness may thus amplify nicotine's reinforcing effects and addiction risk and severity, even while producing cognitive deficits that are not specifically or substantially reversible with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Berg
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis and Development Institute of Psychiatric Research and Training Program in Addiction Psychiatry Indiana University Department of Psychiatry Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Alena M. Sentir
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis and Development Institute of Psychiatric Research and Training Program in Addiction Psychiatry Indiana University Department of Psychiatry Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Benjamin S. Cooley
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis and Development Institute of Psychiatric Research and Training Program in Addiction Psychiatry Indiana University Department of Psychiatry Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Eric A. Engleman
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis and Development Institute of Psychiatric Research and Training Program in Addiction Psychiatry Indiana University Department of Psychiatry Indianapolis IN USA
| | - R. Andrew Chambers
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis and Development Institute of Psychiatric Research and Training Program in Addiction Psychiatry Indiana University Department of Psychiatry Indianapolis IN USA
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40
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Romero-Pimentel AL, Vázquez-Roque RA, Camacho-Abrego I, Hoffman KL, Linares P, Flores G, Manjarrez E. Histological correlates of N40 auditory evoked potentials in adult rats after neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion: animal model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:450-7. [PMID: 25261883 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) is an established neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia. Rats with NVHL exhibit several behavioral, molecular and physiological abnormalities that are similar to those found in schizophrenics. Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness characterized by profound disturbances of mental functions including neurophysiological deficits in brain information processing. These deficits can be assessed by auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), where schizophrenics exhibit abnormalities in amplitude, duration and latency of such AEPs. The aim of the present study was to compare the density of cells in the temporal cerebral cortex and the N40-AEP of adult NVHL rats versus adult sham rats. We found that rats with NVHL exhibit significant lower amplitude of the N40-AEP and a significant lower number of cells in bilateral regions of the temporal cerebral cortex compared to sham rats. Because the AEP recordings were obtained from anesthetized rats, we suggest that NVHL leads to inappropriate innervation in thalamic-cortical pathways in the adult rat, leading to altered function of cortical networks involved in processing of primary auditory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Romero-Pimentel
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal (CIRA), Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, CP 90070, México; Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México
| | - R A Vázquez-Roque
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México
| | - I Camacho-Abrego
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México
| | - K L Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal (CIRA), Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, CP 90070, México
| | - P Linares
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México
| | - G Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México.
| | - E Manjarrez
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México.
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Belujon P, Patton MH, Grace AA. Role of the prefrontal cortex in altered hippocampal-accumbens synaptic plasticity in a developmental animal model of schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2014; 24:968-77. [PMID: 23236209 PMCID: PMC4047286 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by alterations in cortico-limbic processes believed to involve modifications in activity within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) integrates information from these 2 brain regions and is involved in cognitive and psychomotor functions that are disrupted in schizophrenia, indicating an important role for this structure in the pathophysiology of this disorder. In this study, we used in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the NAc and the PFC of adult rats and the MAM developmental disruption rodent model of schizophrenia to explore the influence of the medial PFC on the hippocampal-accumbens pathway. We found that, in MAM-treated rats, tetanization of hippocampal inputs to the NAc produce opposite synaptic plasticity compared with controls, which is a consequence of alterations in the hippocampal-mPFC pathway. Moreover, we show that administration of the D2-receptor-blocking antipsychotic drug sulpiride either systemically or directly into the mPFC reverses the alterations in the MAM rat. Therefore, specific disruptions in cortical and hippocampal inputs in the MAM-treated rat abnormally alter plasticity in subcortical structures. Moreover, our results suggest that, in the presence of antipsychotic drugs, the disrupted plasticities are normalized, supporting a role for this mechanism in antipsychotic drug action in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Belujon
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mary H. Patton
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Flores-Barrera E, Thomases DR, Heng LJ, Cass DK, Caballero A, Tseng KY. Late adolescent expression of GluN2B transmission in the prefrontal cortex is input-specific and requires postsynaptic protein kinase A and D1 dopamine receptor signaling. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:508-16. [PMID: 24041503 PMCID: PMC3944379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refinement of mature cognitive functions, such as working memory and decision making, typically takes place during adolescence. The acquisition of these functions is linked to the protracted development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dopamine facilitation of glutamatergic transmission. However, the mechanisms that support these changes during adolescence remain elusive. METHODS Electrophysiological recordings (in vitro and in vivo) combined with pharmacologic manipulations were employed to determine how N-methyl-D-aspartate transmission in the medial PFC changes during the adolescent transition to adulthood. The relative contribution of GluN2B transmission and its modulation by postsynaptic protein kinase A and D1 receptor signaling were determined in two distinct age groups of rats: postnatal day (P)25 to P40 and P50 to P80. RESULTS We found that only N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor transmission onto the apical dendrite of layer V pyramidal neurons undergoes late adolescent remodeling due to a functional emergence of GluN2B function after P40. Both protein kinase A and dopamine D1 receptor signaling are required for the functional expression of GluN2B transmission and to sustain PFC plasticity in response to ventral hippocampal, but not basolateral amygdala, inputs. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the late adolescent acquisition of GluN2B function provides a mechanism for dopamine D1-mediated regulation of PFC responses in an input-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kuei Y. Tseng
- Corresponding Author: Kuei Y. Tseng, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at RFUMS, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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43
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Chen L, Perez SM, Lodge DJ. An augmented dopamine system function is present prior to puberty in the methylazoxymethanol acetate rodent model of schizophrenia. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:907-17. [PMID: 24554310 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disease typically associated with an adolescent onset. Although there have been a considerable number of imaging studies investigating the transition to psychosis in prodromal patients, there are relatively few preclinical studies examining potential mechanisms that may contribute to adolescent onset. We have previously demonstrated, in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent model of schizophrenia, that an enhanced activity within the ventral hippocampus may underlie the dopamine system hyperfunction, suggested to contribute to positive symptoms in patients. Here we demonstrate that the aberrant regulation of dopamine system function, in MAM-treated rats, is present prior to puberty. Furthermore, we now report that while the afferent regulation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons (from the hippocampus and pedunculopontine tegmental area) appears intact in preadolescent rats, the behavioral response to alterations in dopamine system function appears to be attenuated in preadolescent rats. Thus, we posit that the pathological alterations underlying psychosis may be present prior to symptom onset and that the "normal" development of the postsynaptic side of the dopamine system may underlie the transition to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Physiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Placek K, Dippel WC, Jones S, Brady AM. Impairments in set-shifting but not reversal learning in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia: Further evidence for medial prefrontal deficits. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:405-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Takahashi H. PET neuroimaging of extrastriatal dopamine receptors and prefrontal cortex functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 107:503-9. [PMID: 23851135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex (PFC) functions, including working memory, is widely investigated. However, human (healthy volunteers and schizophrenia patients) positron emission tomography (PET) studies about the relationship between prefrontal D1 receptors and PFC functions are somewhat inconsistent. We argued that several factors including an inverted U-shaped relationship between prefrontal D1 receptors and PFC functions might be responsible for these inconsistencies. In contrast to D1 receptors, relatively less attention has been paid to the role of D2 receptors in PFC functions. Several animal and human pharmacological studies have reported that the systemic administration of D2 receptor agonist/antagonist modulates PFC functions, although those studies do not tell us which region(s) is responsible for the effect. Furthermore, while prefrontal D1 receptors are primarily involved in working memory, other PFC functions such as set-shifting seem to be differentially modulated by dopamine. PET studies of extrastriatal D2 receptors including ours suggested that orchestration of prefrontal dopamine transmission and hippocampal dopamine transmission might be necessary for a broad range of normal PFC functions. In order to understand the complex effects of dopamine signaling on PFC functions, measuring a single index related to basic dopamine tone is not sufficient. For a better understanding of the meanings of PET indices related to neurotransmitters, comprehensive information (presynaptic, postsynaptic, and beyond receptor signaling) will be required. Still, an interdisciplinary approach combining molecular imaging techniques with cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychiatry will provide new perspectives for understanding the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and their innovative drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Brauns S, Gollub RL, Walton E, Hass J, Smolka MN, White T, Wassink TH, Calhoun VD, Ehrlich S. Genetic variation in GAD1 is associated with cortical thickness in the parahippocampal gyrus. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:872-9. [PMID: 23566421 PMCID: PMC4115611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show widespread cortical thickness reductions throughout the brain. Likewise, reduced expression of the γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3749034 in the corresponding gene have been associated with schizophrenia. We tested whether this SNP is associated with reduced cortical thickness, an intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. Because of the well known interactions between the GABAergic and dopaminergic systems, we examined whether associations between GAD1 rs3749034 and cortical thickness are modulated by the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype. Structural MRI and genotype data was obtained from 94 healthy subjects enrolled in the Mind Clinical Imaging Consortium study to examine the relations between GAD1 genotype and cortical thickness. Our data show a robust reduction of cortical thickness in the left parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) in G allele homozygotes of GAD1 rs3749034. When we stratified our analyses according to the COMT Val158Met genotype, cortical thickness reductions of G allele homozygotes were only found in the presence of the Val allele. Genetic risk variants of schizophrenia in the GABAergic system might interact with the dopaminergic system and impact brain structure and functioning. Our findings point to the importance of the GABAergic system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brauns
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Germany,MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Germany,MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Erasmus MC – Sophia, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Germany,MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author. Dresden University of Technology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Fetscherstraβe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany. Tel.: +49 (0)351 458 5095; fax: +49 (0)351 458 5754. (S. Ehrlich)
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Chambers RA, McClintick JN, Sentir AM, Berg SA, Runyan M, Choi KH, Edenberg HJ. Cortical-striatal gene expression in neonatal hippocampal lesion (NVHL)-amplified cocaine sensitization. Genes Brain Behav 2013; 12:564-75. [PMID: 23682998 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cortical-striatal circuit dysfunction in mental illness may enhance addiction vulnerability. Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) model this dual diagnosis causality by producing a schizophrenia syndrome with enhanced responsiveness to addictive drugs. Rat genome-wide microarrays containing >24 000 probesets were used to examine separate and co-occurring effects of NVHLs and cocaine sensitization (15 mg/kg/day × 5 days) on gene expression within medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and caudate-putamen (CAPU). Two weeks after NVHLs robustly amplified cocaine behavioral sensitization, brains were harvested for genes of interest defined as those altered at P < 0.001 by NVHL or cocaine effects or interactions. Among 135 genes so impacted, NVHLs altered twofold more than cocaine, with half of all changes in the NAC. Although no genes were changed in the same direction by both NVHL and cocaine history, the anatomy and directionality of significant changes suggested synergy on the neural circuit level generative of compounded behavioral phenotypes: NVHL predominantly downregulated expression in MPFC and NAC while NVHL and cocaine history mostly upregulated CAPU expression. From 75 named genes altered by NVHL or cocaine, 27 had expression levels that correlated significantly with degree of behavioral sensitization, including 11 downregulated by NVHL in MPFC/NAC, and 10 upregulated by NVHL or cocaine in CAPU. These findings suggest that structural and functional impoverishment of prefrontal-cortical-accumbens circuits in mental illness is associated with abnormal striatal plasticity compounding with that in addictive disease. Polygenetic interactions impacting neuronal signaling and morphology within these networks likely contribute to addiction vulnerability in mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Chambers
- Lab for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Catts VS, Fung SJ, Long LE, Joshi D, Vercammen A, Allen KM, Fillman SG, Rothmond DA, Sinclair D, Tiwari Y, Tsai SY, Weickert TW, Shannon Weickert C. Rethinking schizophrenia in the context of normal neurodevelopment. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:60. [PMID: 23720610 PMCID: PMC3654207 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The schizophrenia brain is differentiated from the normal brain by subtle changes, with significant overlap in measures between normal and disease states. For the past 25 years, schizophrenia has increasingly been considered a neurodevelopmental disorder. This frame of reference challenges biological researchers to consider how pathological changes identified in adult brain tissue can be accounted for by aberrant developmental processes occurring during fetal, childhood, or adolescent periods. To place schizophrenia neuropathology in a neurodevelopmental context requires solid, scrutinized evidence of changes occurring during normal development of the human brain, particularly in the cortex; however, too often data on normative developmental change are selectively referenced. This paper focuses on the development of the prefrontal cortex and charts major molecular, cellular, and behavioral events on a similar time line. We first consider the time at which human cognitive abilities such as selective attention, working memory, and inhibitory control mature, emphasizing that attainment of full adult potential is a process requiring decades. We review the timing of neurogenesis, neuronal migration, white matter changes (myelination), and synapse development. We consider how molecular changes in neurotransmitter signaling pathways are altered throughout life and how they may be concomitant with cellular and cognitive changes. We end with a consideration of how the response to drugs of abuse changes with age. We conclude that the concepts around the timing of cortical neuronal migration, interneuron maturation, and synaptic regression in humans may need revision and include greater emphasis on the protracted and dynamic changes occurring in adolescence. Updating our current understanding of post-natal neurodevelopment should aid researchers in interpreting gray matter changes and derailed neurodevelopmental processes that could underlie emergence of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke S. Catts
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Fung
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonora E. Long
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dipesh Joshi
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ans Vercammen
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine M. Allen
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stu G. Fillman
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Debora A. Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duncan Sinclair
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yash Tiwari
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shan-Yuan Tsai
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas W. Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Schizophrenia Research InstituteSydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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Naert A, Gantois I, Laeremans A, Vreysen S, Van den Bergh G, Arckens L, Callaerts-Vegh Z, D'Hooge R. Behavioural alterations relevant to developmental brain disorders in mice with neonatally induced ventral hippocampal lesions. Brain Res Bull 2013; 94:71-81. [PMID: 23357176 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal lesioning of the ventral hippocampus (vHc) in rats has served as a useful heuristic animal model to elucidate neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia (SCZ). In the current study we have established that this procedure can be applied to model SCZ symptomatology in mice. Neonatal mice (postnatal day 6) were anaesthetised by hypothermia and electrolytic lesions of the vHc were induced. We observed locomotor hyperactivity at prepubertal and adult age and hypersensitivity to amphetamine. Furthermore, working memory deficits were observed in Y-maze (spontaneous alternation) and T-maze (exploration of a novel arm) test protocols. Decreased anxious behaviour in the elevated plus maze and increased sociability were also observed. These changes were dependent on lesion size. No differences were observed in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, latent inhibition, spatial memory (Morris water maze), problem solving capacities (syringe puzzle) and ability to discriminate between different unfamiliar mice. The presented findings might further help to identify neurobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Naert
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KULeuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Seshadri S, Zeledon M, Sawa A. Synapse-specific contributions in the cortical pathology of schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 53:26-35. [PMID: 23336981 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is often described as a disease of neuronal connectivity. Cognitive processes such as working memory, which are particularly dependent on the proper functioning of complex cortical circuitry, are disturbed in the disease. Reciprocal connections between pyramidal neurons and interneurons, as well as dopaminergic innervations, form the basis for higher cognition in the cortex. Nonetheless, only a few review articles are available which address how each synapse operates, and is possibly disturbed in SZ, at least in part by the mechanisms involving genetic susceptibility factors for SZ. In this review, we provide an overview of cortical glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic circuitry, review SZ-associated deficits at each of these synapses, and discuss how genetic factors for SZ may contribute to SZ-related phenotype deficits in a synapse-specific manner. Pinpointing the spatially and temporally distinct sites of action of putative SZ susceptibility factors may help us better understand the pathological mechanisms of SZ, especially those associated with synaptic functioning and neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Seshadri
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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