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D' Bastiani C, Kennedy D, Reynolds A. CFD simulation of anaerobic granular sludge reactors: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120220. [PMID: 37354837 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion processes can generate renewable energy in the form of biogas while treating organic wastewater. The generation of biogas within anaerobic digestion systems is directly linked to the mixing conditions inside the reactors. In high-rate reactors such as the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor and the internal circulation (IC) reactor, the hydrodynamic behaviour will depend on the interactions between the wastewater, the biogas, and the biomass granules. Over the past few years, various researchers have used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the hydrodynamic behaviour in these types of reactors. This review aims to present and critically discuss the state of the art in the use of CFD applied to anaerobic granular sludge reactors (AGSRs). It briefly introduces and discusses the various aspects of modelling. It also reviews the various papers which used CFD to model these reactors and critically analyses the models used for the simulations in terms of general approaches and single-phase vs multiphase studies. The methods used in the validation of the CFD models are also described and discussed. Based on the findings, the challenges and future perspectives for the CFD modelling of AGSRs are discussed and gaps in the knowledge are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila D' Bastiani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Technological University Dublin, Bolton St, Dublin 1, D01 K822, Ireland.
| | - David Kennedy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Technological University Dublin, Bolton St, Dublin 1, D01 K822, Ireland
| | - Anthony Reynolds
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Technological University Dublin, Bolton St, Dublin 1, D01 K822, Ireland; Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Greenway Hub, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
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2
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Wang K, Qaisar M, Chen B, Xiao J, Cai J. Metagenomic analysis of microbial community and metabolic pathway of simultaneous sulfide and nitrite removal process exposed to divergent hydraulic retention times. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127186. [PMID: 35439563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on S0 production was assessed through metagenomics analyses. Considering comprehensive performance for the tested HRTs (0.25-13.33 h), the optimal HRT was 1 h, while respective sulfide and nitrite loading rate could reach 6.84 kg S/(m3·d) and 1.95 kg N/(m3·d), and total S0 yield was 0.36 kg S/(kg (VSS)·d). Bacterial community richness decreased along the shortening of HRT. Microbacterium, Sulfurimonas, Sulfurovum, Paracoccus and Thauera were highly abundant bacteria. During sulfur metabolism, high expression of sqr gene was the main reason of maintaining high desulfurization load, while lacking soxB caused the continuous increase of S0. Regarding nitrogen metabolism, the rapid decrease of nitrite transporter prevented nitrite to enter in cells, which caused a rapid decrease of nitrite removal under extreme HRT. Adjusting HRT is an effective way to enhance S0 production for the application of the simultaneous sulfide and nitrite removal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiquan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mahmood Qaisar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan; College of Science, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
| | - Bilong Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghong Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Nkuna R, Roopnarain A, Rashama C, Adeleke R. Insights into organic loading rates of anaerobic digestion for biogas production: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:487-507. [PMID: 34315294 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production is affected by many factors that includes organic loading rate (OLR). This OLR appears to be closely linked to various other factors and understanding these linkages would therefore allow the sole use of OLR for process performance monitoring, control, as well as reactor design. This review's objective is to collate the various AD factor specific studies, then relate these factors' role in OLR fluctuations. By further analyzing the influence of OLR on the AD performance, it would then be possible, once all the other factors have been determined and fixed, to manage an AD plant by monitoring and controlling OLR only. Decisions on reactor design, process kinetics, biogas yield and process stability can then be made much more quickly and with minimal troubleshooting steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Nkuna
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Ashira Roopnarain
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Soil Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Rashama
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Chen F, Li ZL, Lv M, Huang C, Liang B, Yuan Y, Lin XQ, Gao XY, Wang AJ. Recirculation ratio regulates denitrifying sulfide removal and elemental sulfur recovery by altering sludge characteristics and microbial community composition in an EGSB reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108905. [PMID: 31767354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) is regarded as a promising reactor to carry out denitrifying sulfide removal (DSR) and elemental sulfur (S0) recovery. Although the recirculation ratio is an essential parameter for EGSB reactors, how it impacts the DSR process remains poorly understood. Here, three lab-scale DSR-EGSB reactors were established with the different recirculation ratios (3:1, 6:1 and 9:1) to evaluate the corresponding variations in pollutant removal, S0 recovery, anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) characteristics and microbial community composition. It was found that an intermediate recirculation ratio (6:1) could facilitate long-term reactor stability. Adequate recirculation ratio could enhance S0 recovery, but an excessive recirculation ratio (9:1) was likely to cause AGS fragmentation and biomass loss. The S0 desorbed more from sludge at higher recirculation ratios, probably due to the enhanced hydraulic disturbance caused by the increased recirculation ratios. At the low recirculation ratio (3:1), S0 accumulation as inorganic suspended solids in AGS led to a decrease in VSS/TSS ratio and mass transfer efficiency. Although typical denitrifying and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Azoarcus, Thauera and Arcobacter) were predominant in all conditions, facultative and heterotrophic functional bacteria (e.g., Azoarcus and Thauera) were more adaptable to higher recirculation ratios than autotrophs (e.g., Arcobacter, Thiobacillus and Vulcanibacillus), which was conducive to the formation of bacterial aggregates to response to the increased recirculation ratio. The study revealed recirculation ratio regulation significantly impacted the DSR-EGSB reactor performance by altering AGS characteristics and microbial community composition, which provides a novel strategy to improve DSR performance and S0 recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Miao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Cong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Baeten JE, Batstone DJ, Schraa OJ, van Loosdrecht MCM, Volcke EIP. Modelling anaerobic, aerobic and partial nitritation-anammox granular sludge reactors - A review. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:322-341. [PMID: 30469019 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment processes with granular sludge are compact and are becoming increasingly popular. Interest has been accompanied by the development of mathematical models. This contribution simultaneously reviews available models in the scientific literature for anaerobic, aerobic and partial nitritation-anammox granular sludge reactors because they comprise common phenomena (e.g. liquid, gas and granule transport) and thus pose similar challenges. Many of the publications were found to have no clearly defined goal. The importance of a goal is stressed because it determines the appropriate model complexity and helps other potential users to find a suitable model in the vast amount of literature. Secondly, a wide variety was found in the model features. This review explains the chosen modelling assumptions based on the different reactor types and goals wherever possible, but some assumptions appeared to be habitual within fields of research, without clear reason. We therefore suggest further research to more clearly define the range of operational conditions and goals for which certain simplifying assumptions can be made, e.g. when intragranule solute transport can be lumped in apparent kinetics and when biofilm models are needed, which explicitly calculate substrate concentration gradients inside granules. Furthermore, research is needed to better mechanistically understand detachment, removal of influent particulate matter and changes in the mixing behaviour inside anaerobic systems, before these phenomena can be adequately incorporated in models. Finally, it is suggested to perform full-scale model validation studies for aerobic and anammox reactors. A spreadsheet in the supplementary information provides an overview of the features in the 167 reviewed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis E Baeten
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Banu JR, Yukesh Kannah R, Dinesh Kumar M, Gunasekaran M, Sivagurunathan P, Park JH, Kumar G. Recent advances on biogranules formation in dark hydrogen fermentation system: Mechanism of formation and microbial characteristics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:787-796. [PMID: 30025888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen producing granules (HPGs) are most promising biological methods used to treat organic rich wastes and generate clean hydrogen energy. This review provides information regarding types of immobilization, supporting materials and microbiome involved on HPG formation and its performances. In this review, importance has been given to three kinds of immobilization techniques such as adsorption, encapsulation, and entrapment. The HPG, characteristics and types of organic and inorganic supporting materials followed for enhancing hydrogen yield were also discussed. This review also considers the applications of HPG for sustainable and high rate hydrogen production. A detailed discussion on insight of key mechanism for HPGs formation and its performances for stable operation of high rate hydrogen production system are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Campus Anna University Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Yukesh Kannah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Campus Anna University Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Campus Anna University Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Gunasekaran
- Department of Physics, Regional Campus Anna University Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Experimental and numerical assessment of the hydraulic behavior of a pilot-scale Periodic Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (PABR). Comput Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Antwi P, Li J, Boadi PO, Meng J, Shi E, Deng K, Bondinuba FK. Estimation of biogas and methane yields in an UASB treating potato starch processing wastewater with backpropagation artificial neural network. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 228:106-115. [PMID: 28056364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-layered feedforward backpropagation (BP) artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple nonlinear regression (MnLR) models were developed to estimate biogas and methane yield in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating potato starch processing wastewater (PSPW). Anaerobic process parameters were optimized to identify their importance on methanation. pH, total chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, alkalinity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, volatile fatty acids and hydraulic retention time selected based on principal component analysis were used as input variables, whiles biogas and methane yield were employed as target variables. Quasi-Newton method and conjugate gradient backpropagation algorithms were best among eleven training algorithms. Coefficient of determination (R2) of the BP-ANN reached 98.72% and 97.93% whiles MnLR model attained 93.9% and 91.08% for biogas and methane yield, respectively. Compared with the MnLR model, BP-ANN model demonstrated significant performance, suggesting possible control of the anaerobic digestion process with the BP-ANN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Antwi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Portia Opoku Boadi
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - En Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Kaiwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Francis Kwesi Bondinuba
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Institute for Social Policy, Housing, Environment and Real Estate, Heriot-Watt University, UK
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Bassani I, Kougias PG, Angelidaki I. In-situ biogas upgrading in thermophilic granular UASB reactor: key factors affecting the hydrogen mass transfer rate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 221:485-491. [PMID: 27677151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological biogas upgrading coupling CO2 with external H2 to form biomethane opens new avenues for sustainable biofuel production. For developing this technology, efficient H2 to liquid transfer is fundamental. This study proposes an innovative setup for in-situ biogas upgrading converting the CO2 in the biogas into CH4, via hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. The setup consisted of a granular reactor connected to a separate chamber, where H2 was injected. Different packing materials (rashig rings and alumina ceramic sponge) were tested to increase gas-liquid mass transfer. This aspect was optimized by liquid and gas recirculation and chamber configuration. It was shown that by distributing H2 through a metallic diffuser followed by ceramic sponge in a separate chamber, having a volume of 25% of the reactor, and by applying a mild gas recirculation, CO2 content in the biogas dropped from 42 to 10% and the final biogas was upgraded from 58 to 82% CH4 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bassani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Panagiotis G Kougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Jiang J, Wu J, Poncin S, Li HZ. Effect of hydrodynamic shear on biogas production and granule characteristics in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Lu X, Chen S, Luo J, Qian G, Liu J, Zhen G, Li YY. Application of a CO2-stripping system for calcium removal to upgrade organic matter removal and sludge granulation in a leachate-fed EGSB bioreactor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of a CO2-stripping system for calcium removal to upgrade organic matter removal and sludge granulation in a leachate-fed EGSB bioreactor was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 2004444
- PR China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
| | - Shanping Chen
- Shanghai Environment Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd
- Shanghai 200232
- P. R. China
| | - Jinghuan Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 2004444
- PR China
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 2004444
- PR China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 2004444
- PR China
| | - Guangyin Zhen
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
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Jiang J, Wu J, Zhang J, Poncin S, Li HZ. Multiscale hydrodynamic investigation to intensify the biogas production in upflow anaerobic reactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 155:1-7. [PMID: 24398185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamics plays a main role for the performance of an anaerobic reactor involving three phases: wastewater, sludge granules and biogas bubbles. The present work was focused on an original approach to investigate the hydrodynamics at different scales and then to intensify the performance of such complex reactors. The experiments were carried out respectively in a 3D reactor at macroscale, a 2D reactor at mesoscale and a 1D anaerobic reactor at microscale. A Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), a micro-PIV and a high-speed camera were employed to quantify the liquid flow fields and the relative motion between sludge granules and bubbles. Shear rates exerted on sludge granules were quantified from liquid flow fields. The optimal biogas production is obtained at mean shear rate varying from 28 to 48s(-1), which is controlled by two antagonistic mechanisms. The multiscale approach demonstrates pertinent mechanisms proper to each scale and allows a better understanding of such reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Jiang
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jinbai Zhang
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Souhila Poncin
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Huai Z Li
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy cedex, France.
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