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Sánchez-Muñoz S, Balbino TR, Terán-Hilares R, Mier-Alba E, Barbosa FG, Balagurusamy N, Santos JC, da Silva SS. Non-ionic surfactant formulation sequentially enhances the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulignin from sugarcane bagasse and the production of Monascus ruber biopigments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127781. [PMID: 35973567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a non-ionic surfactant optimized formulation (SOF) obtained from an experimental design was evaluated for different influencing variables in the processing of sugarcane bagasse cellulignin to produce biopigments. The major findings in the saccharification stage using the SOF point that: at same enzyme loading, the highest glucan hydrolysis yield was 63 % (2-fold higher compared to control); the enzyme loading of 2.5 FPU/g resulted in similar yield compared to 10 FPU/g (control); 15 % (m/v) of total solids loading maintained the yield in fed-batch configuration; the hydrolysis yield is maintained at high shear force stress (800 rpm of stirring rate) and temperatures (50-70 °C). Besides, under separate and semi-simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation, the maximum biopigments production were of 10 AU510nm/mL and 17.84 AU510nm/mL, respectively. The SOF used in this study was found to be a promising additive either in a single or sequential steps to produce biopigments in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sánchez-Muñoz
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - T R Balbino
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - R Terán-Hilares
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Membrane Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biochemical and Biotechnological Sciences, Catholic University of Santa María (UCSM), Yanahuara, Arequipa, Perú
| | - E Mier-Alba
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - F G Barbosa
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - N Balagurusamy
- Bioremediation Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreón Campus, 27000 Torreón, Coah., México
| | - J C Santos
- Biopolymers, Bioreactors, and Process Simulation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - S S da Silva
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), 12.602.810 Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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Pihlajaniemi V, Kallioinen A, Sipponen MH, Nyyssölä A. Modeling and optimization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition for cost-efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Digaitis R, Thybring EE, Thygesen LG. Investigating the role of mechanics in lignocellulosic biomass degradation during hydrolysis: Part II. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3083. [PMID: 32935452 PMCID: PMC7988658 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose breakdown in biorefineries is facilitated by enzymes and physical forces. Enzymes degrade and solubilize accessible lignocellulosic polymers, primarily on fiber surfaces, and make fibers physically weaker. Meanwhile physical forces acting during mechanical agitation induce tearing and cause rupture and attrition of the fibers, leading to liquefaction, that is, a less viscous hydrolysate that can be further processed in industrial settings. This study aims at understanding how mechanical agitation during enzymatic saccharification can be used to promote fiber attrition. The effects of reaction conditions, such as substrate and enzyme concentration on fiber attrition rate and hydrolysis yield were investigated. To gain insight into the fiber attrition mechanism, enzymatic hydrolysis was compared to hydrolysis by use of hydrochloric acid. Results show that fiber attrition depends on several factors concerning reactor design and operation including drum diameter, rotational speed, mixing schedule, and concentrations of fibers and enzymes. Surprisingly, different fiber attrition patterns during enzymatic and acid hydrolysis were found for similar mixing schedules. Specifically, for tumbling mixing, slow continuous mixing appears to function better than faster, intermittent mixing even for the same total number of drum revolutions. The findings indicate that reactor design and operation as well as hydrolysis conditions are key to process optimization and that detailed insights are needed to obtain fast liquefaction without sacrificing saccharification yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Digaitis
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emil Engelund Thybring
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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4
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Pihlajaniemi V, Ellilä S, Poikkimäki S, Nappa M, Rinne M, Lantto R, Siika-aho M. Comparison of pretreatments and cost-optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis for production of single cell protein from grass silage fibre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Rosales-Calderon O, Arantes V. A review on commercial-scale high-value products that can be produced alongside cellulosic ethanol. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:240. [PMID: 31624502 PMCID: PMC6781352 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The demand for fossil derivate fuels and chemicals has increased, augmenting concerns on climate change, global economic stability, and sustainability on fossil resources. Therefore, the production of fuels and chemicals from alternative and renewable resources has attracted considerable and growing attention. Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can reduce the consumption of gasoline in the transportation sector and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock to produce bioethanol (cellulosic ethanol) because of its abundance and low cost. Since the conversion of lignocellulose to ethanol is complex and expensive, the cellulosic ethanol price cannot compete with those of the fossil derivate fuels. A promising strategy to lower the production cost of cellulosic ethanol is developing a biorefinery which produces ethanol and other high-value chemicals from lignocellulose. The selection of such chemicals is difficult because there are hundreds of products that can be produced from lignocellulose. Multiple reviews and reports have described a small group of lignocellulose derivate compounds that have the potential to be commercialized. Some of these products are in the bench scale and require extensive research and time before they can be industrially produced. This review examines chemicals and materials with a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of at least 8, which have reached a commercial scale and could be shortly or immediately integrated into a cellulosic ethanol process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rosales-Calderon
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, Lorena, SP CEP 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, Lorena, SP CEP 12602-810 Brazil
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6
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Digaitis R, Thybring EE, Thygesen LG. Investigating the role of mechanics in lignocellulosic biomass degradation during hydrolysis. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2754. [PMID: 30468315 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes and mechanics play major roles in lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction in biorefineries by catalyzing chemical cleavage or inducing physical breakdown of biomass, respectively. At industrially relevant substrate concentrations mechanical agitation is also a driving force for mass transfer as well as agglomeration of elongated biomass particles. Contrary to the physically induced particle attrition, which typically facilitates feedstock handling, particle agglomeration tends to hinder mass transfer and in the worst case induces processing difficulties like pipe blockage. Understanding the complex interplay between mechanical agitation and enzymatic degradation during hydrolysis is therefore critical and was the aim of this study. Particle size analyses revealed that neither mechanical agitation alone nor enzymatic treatment without mechanical agitation had any noteworthy effect on flax fiber attrition. Similarly, successive treatment, where mechanical agitation was either preceded or proceeded by enzymatic hydrolysis, did not induce any substantial segmentation of flax fibers. Simultaneous enzymatic and mechanical treatment on the other hand was found to promote fast fiber shortening. Higher hydrolysis yields, however, were obtained from nonagitated samples after prolonged enzymatic treatment, indicating that mechanical agitation in the long run reduces activity of the cellulolytic enzymes. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2754, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Digaitis
- Dept. of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Emil Engelund Thybring
- Dept. of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- Dept. of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Toyosawa Y, Ikeo M, Taneda D, Okino S. Quantitative analysis of adsorption and desorption behavior of individual cellulase components during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with the addition of lysozyme. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:150-157. [PMID: 28319763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of non-catalytic protein addition on the adsorption/desorption behavior of individual cellulase components on/from substrates during the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose and steam exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB) were investigated. The addition of non-catalytic protein enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of SEB, but did not enhance the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. During the hydrolysis of SEB, adsorption of beta-glucosidase (BGL) was prevented in the presence of non-catalytic protein. Cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) and endoglucanase I (EG I) desorbed from the substrate after temporary adsorption in the presence of non-catalytic protein during SEB hydrolysis. This suggested that reduction of the non-specific adsorption of cellulase components, CBH I, EG I, and BGL, on lignin in SEB led to the improving of enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Toyosawa
- JGC Corporation, 2205, Narita-cho, Oarai-machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Pref. 311-1313, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeo
- JGC Corporation, 2205, Narita-cho, Oarai-machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Pref. 311-1313, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taneda
- JGC Corporation, 2205, Narita-cho, Oarai-machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Pref. 311-1313, Japan
| | - Shohei Okino
- JGC Corporation, 2205, Narita-cho, Oarai-machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Pref. 311-1313, Japan.
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8
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Yang P, Zhang H, Jiang S. Construction of recombinant sestc Saccharomyces cerevisiae for consolidated bioprocessing, cellulase characterization, and ethanol production by in situ fermentation. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:192. [PMID: 28330264 PMCID: PMC5010821 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioethanol is an important oil substitute produced by the sugar fermentation process. To improve the efficiency of cellulase expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryotic expression vector harboring a single-enzyme-system-three-cellulase gene (sestc) was integrated into the S. cerevisiae genome by the protoplast method. Using PCR screening, RT-PCR, and “transparent circle” detection, several recombinant S. cerevisiae strains, capable of efficiently expressing the heterogeneous cellulase, were selected. The total activity of cellulase, endo-β-D-glucanase, exo-β-D-glucanase, and xylanase of the recombinant S. cerevisiae transformant (designated number 14) was 1.1, 378, 1.44, and 164 U ml−1, respectively, which was 27.5-, 63-, 24-, and 19-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The concentration of ethanol produced by the engineered S. cerevisiae strain was 8.1 gl−1, with wheat bran as the carbon source, under submerged conditions; this was 57.86-fold higher than that produced by the wild-type strain (0.14 gl−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
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9
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Pihlajaniemi V, Sipponen MH, Kallioinen A, Nyyssölä A, Laakso S. Rate-constraining changes in surface properties, porosity and hydrolysis kinetics of lignocellulose in the course of enzymatic saccharification. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:18. [PMID: 26816528 PMCID: PMC4727270 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explaining the reduction of hydrolysis rate during lignocellulose hydrolysis is a challenge for the understanding and modelling of the process. This article reports the changes of cellulose and lignin surface areas, porosity and the residual cellulase activity during the hydrolysis of autohydrolysed wheat straw and delignified wheat straw. The potential rate-constraining mechanisms are assessed with a simplified kinetic model and compared to the observed effects, residual cellulase activity and product inhibition. RESULTS The reaction rate depended exclusively on the degree of hydrolysis, while enzyme denaturation or time-dependent changes in substrate hydrolysability were absent. Cellulose surface area decreased linearly with hydrolysis, in correlation with total cellulose content. Lignin surface area was initially decreased by the dissolution of phenolics and then remained unchanged. The dissolved phenolics did not contribute to product inhibition. The porosity of delignified straw was decreased during hydrolysis, but no difference in porosity was detected during the hydrolysis of autohydrolysed straw. CONCLUSIONS Although a hydrolysis-dependent increase of non-productive binding capacity of lignin was not apparent, the dependence of hydrolysis maxima on the enzyme dosage was best explained by partial irreversible product inhibition. Cellulose surface area correlated with the total cellulose content, which is thus an appropriate approximation of the substrate concentration for kinetic modelling. Kinetic models of cellulose hydrolysis should be simplified enough to include reversible and irreversible product inhibition and reduction of hydrolysability, as well as their possible non-linear relations to hydrolysis degree, without overparameterization of particular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pihlajaniemi
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Henrikki Sipponen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioinen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Antti Nyyssölä
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Simo Laakso
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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Bayitse R, Hou X, Bjerre AB, Saalia FK. Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava peel to produce fermentable sugars. AMB Express 2015; 5:60. [PMID: 26384340 PMCID: PMC4573961 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava peels was evaluated using cellulase and beta-glucanase enzymes and their mixtures at three different enzyme loadings with time. The pH of the medium used for hydrolysis was 5 and the temperature was 50 °C. The efficiency of the hydrolysis using beta-glucanase was better than cellulase and glucose recovery of 69 % was realised when beta-glucanase dosage was increased to 10 % (v/w) at 48 h which rose to 73 % at 120 h, releasing 11.19 g/l and 12.17 g/l of glucose respectively. Less than 20 % of glucose was hydrolysed at 10 % (v/w) cellulase at 120 h releasing 2.6 g/l glucose. The optimum experimental condition for hydrolysis of cassava peel was established at 120 h when glucose recovery increased to 88 % for enzyme mixture of 5 % (v/w) cellulase + 10 % (v/w) beta-glucanase producing 14.67 g/l glucose in the hydrolysate.
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11
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Gaona A, Lawryshyn Y, Saville B. The Effect of Fed-Batch Operation and Rotational Speed on High-Solids Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hardwood Substrates. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2014.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gaona
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Enzyme Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yuri Lawryshyn
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Enzyme Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bradley Saville
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Enzyme Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Heterologous β-glucosidase in a fungal cellulase system: Comparison of different methods for development of multienzyme cocktails. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Co-optimization of sugar yield and input energy by the stepwise reduction of agitation rate during lignocellulose hydrolysis. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Sideney BO, Zipora MQS, Francini YK, Shaiana PM. Cellulases produced by the endophytic fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajar2015.9487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Lee YR, Tang B, Zhang H, Bi W, Row KH. Effects of β-glucanase-Immobilized Silica on Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides in Chamaecyparis obtusa Residues. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.936607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Lee
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Baokun Tang
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Heng Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Wantao Bi
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
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16
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Chakraborty S, Raju S, Pal RK. A multiscale three-zone reactive mixing model for engineering a scale separation in enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 173:140-147. [PMID: 25299490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This multiscale three-zone reactive mixing model provides a theoretical framework for engineering a scale separation in batch enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to strategize significant leaps in glucose yields. Formulated using the Liapunov-Schmidt method of the classical bifurcation theory, our model explores the multiscale spatiotemporal dynamics between the fundamental processes of macromixing (convection) and micromixing (diffusion) of the enzymes (Endoglucanase, Exoglucanase, β-glucasidase) and reducing sugars, adsorption and desorption of enzymes on the solid cellulosic substrates, and the product-inhibited liquid and solid phase enzymatic reactions that depolymerize microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel). The model is validated for a range of substrate loadings (2-5%) using our experimental results for the two asymptotic cases of no mixing and continuous mixing, as well as for the macro/micro scale-separated optimal mixing strategy that increases the glucose yield by up to 26% by macromixing completely for an initial period followed by micromixing for the remaining duration of the hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Satyanarayana Raju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ramendra Kishor Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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17
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Politov A, Golyazimova O. Increasing the energy yield of mechanochemical transformations: selected case studies. Faraday Discuss 2014; 170:345-56. [PMID: 25406484 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The products of mechanical treatment are surface atoms or molecules, substances with a crystal structure different from their initial one (another polymorph, amorphous), point or linear defects, radicals and new chemical substances. It is often assumed, that to increase the yield of the products of a mechanical treatment, it is necessary to increase the treatment time and the mechanical power input. In view of the low energy yield of many mechanochemical transformations, this leads to high power consumption and contamination of the matter under treatment with the wear products of the material of a mill or reactor, in which the mechanical treatment is carried out. As a result, the technological attractiveness of mechanochemical processes is reduced, so that many mechanochemical transformations that have been discovered recently do not reach the stage of commercialization. In the present paper we describe different examples of increasing successfully the energy yield of mechanochemical processes, by a factor of several times to several orders of magnitude, for inorganic and organic substances. An increase in the energy yield of mechanochemical transformations opens new possibilities for their practical usage. In particular, the methods of preliminary treatment and the modes of conducting enzymatic processes that may find application in the production of second-generation biofuels are discussed using lignocellulose materials as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Politov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
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18
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Ye Z, Hatfield KM, Berson RE. Relative extents of activity loss between enzyme-substrate interactions and combined environmental mechanisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 164:143-148. [PMID: 24852646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass undergoes a significant decrease in rate, which is often attributed to activity loss of enzyme during the incubation. Activity loss due to both interaction with substrate (for example inactivation of adsorbed enzyme) and all combined environmental mechanisms in a substrate free buffer solution were compared in this study. Enzyme-substrate interactions contributed more towards the overall activity loss than did the combined environmental sources as evidenced from three independent metrics. (1) Relative extents of inactivation were higher for enzyme-substrate interactions than for environmental mechanisms. (2) Apparent half-lives (1.37-11.01 h) following interaction with substrate were relatively small compared to environmental inactivation, which was 21.5h. (3) The inactivation rate constant for enzyme-substrate interactions (0.56 h(-1)) was 46 times higher than that of environmental inactivation (0.0123 h(-1)). These results suggest enzyme-substrate interaction is the main cause of cellulase activity loss and contributes significantly to the slow rate of hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoliang Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Kristen M Hatfield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - R Eric Berson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States.
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19
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Hama S, Nakano K, Onodera K, Nakamura M, Noda H, Kondo A. Saccharification behavior of cellulose acetate during enzymatic processing for microbial ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 157:1-5. [PMID: 24514162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to realize the potential application of cellulose acetate to enzymatic processing, followed by microbial ethanol fermentation. To eliminate the effect of steric hindrance of acetyl groups on the action of cellulase, cellulose acetate was subjected to deacetylation in the presence of 1N sodium hydroxide and a mixture of methanol/acetone, yielding 88.8-98.6% at 5-20% substrate loadings during a 48h saccharification at 50°C. Ethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae attained a high yield of 92.3% from the initial glucose concentration of 44.2g/L; however, a low saccharification yield was obtained at 35°C, decreasing efficiency during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Presaccharification at 50°C prior to SSF without increasing the total process time attained the ethanol titers of 19.8g/L (5% substrate), 38.0g/L (10% substrate), 55.9g/L (15% substrate), and 70.9g/L (20% substrate), which show a 12.0-16.2% improvement in ethanol yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hama
- Bio-energy Corporation, Research and Development Laboratory, 2-9-7 Minaminanamatsu, Amagasaki 660-0053, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Nakano
- Bio-energy Corporation, Research and Development Laboratory, 2-9-7 Minaminanamatsu, Amagasaki 660-0053, Japan
| | - Kaoru Onodera
- Bio-energy Corporation, Research and Development Laboratory, 2-9-7 Minaminanamatsu, Amagasaki 660-0053, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Bio-energy Corporation, Research and Development Laboratory, 2-9-7 Minaminanamatsu, Amagasaki 660-0053, Japan
| | - Hideo Noda
- Bio-energy Corporation, Research and Development Laboratory, 2-9-7 Minaminanamatsu, Amagasaki 660-0053, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Pihlajaniemi V, Sipponen S, Sipponen MH, Pastinen O, Laakso S. Enzymatic saccharification of pretreated wheat straw: comparison of solids-recycling, sequential hydrolysis and batch hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 153:15-22. [PMID: 24333697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose materials, the recycling of the solid residue has previously been considered within the context of enzyme recycling. In this study, a steady state investigation of a solids-recycling process was made with pretreated wheat straw and compared to sequential and batch hydrolysis at constant reaction times, substrate feed and liquid and enzyme consumption. Compared to batch hydrolysis, the recycling and sequential processes showed roughly equal hydrolysis yields, while the volumetric productivity was significantly increased. In the 72h process the improvement was 90% due to an increased reaction consistency, while the solids feed was 16% of the total process constituents. The improvement resulted primarily from product removal, which was equally efficient in solids-recycling and sequential hydrolysis processes. No evidence of accumulation of enzymes beyond the accumulation of the substrate was found in recycling. A mathematical model of solids-recycling was constructed, based on a geometrical series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pihlajaniemi
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Satu Sipponen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ossi Pastinen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Simo Laakso
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Espoo, Finland
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Pal RK, Chakraborty S. A novel mixing strategy for maximizing yields of glucose and reducing sugar in enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 148:611-614. [PMID: 24076148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the effects of mixing on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to innovate a novel mixing strategy that maximizes glucose and reducing sugar yields for production of cellulosic ethanol while reducing the power required for reactor mixing. Batch experiments of cellulose hydrolysis are performed under aseptic conditions for 72 h at various substrate loading (2-6% wt./vol.), where the reactor mixing is terminated after different intervals of time ranging from 0 to 72 h. We find that initial mixing for a certain 'optimal mixing time' followed by no mixing for the rest of the reaction time maximizes glucose and reducing sugar yields. We report a maximum of 26% and 31% increase in glucose and reducing yields, respectively, in case of optimal mixing over continuous mixing for 2% substrate loading. We obtain an algebraic expression that predicts that the optimal mixing time increases exponentially with substrate loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra Kishor Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Okino S, Ikeo M, Ueno Y, Taneda D. Effects of Tween 80 on cellulase stability under agitated conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 142:535-9. [PMID: 23765004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the increase in the hydrolysis rate and yield by the addition of Tween 80 to the hydrolysis reaction of filter paper was investigated under static and agitated conditions. The increase in the hydrolysis rate by addition of Tween 80 was observed under the agitated condition only. The effects of Tween 80 on the changes in the protein concentration of individual cellulase components were investigated in the absence of substrates. Agitation of the enzyme solution resulted in the drastic decrease of SDS-PAGE bands intensity of CBH2 (cellobiohydrolase 2). The addition of Tween 80 prevented this. Thus, the Tween 80 functions to stabilize instable cellulase components under the agitated condition. Moreover, addition of Tween 80 completely suppressed the decrease of CBH2 intensity by agitation at 30°C. Results suggest that Tween 80 stabilizes instable cellulase components not only during hydrolysis, but during enzyme production also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Okino
- JGC Corporation, 2205, Narita-cho, Oarai-machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Pref. 311-1313, Japan
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Meng F, Wei D, Wang W. Heterologous protein expression in Trichoderma reesei using the cbhII promoter. Plasmid 2013; 70:272-6. [PMID: 23701911 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To express homologous or heterologous proteins in fungi, a protein expression system using the promoter of cellobiohydrolase II gene (cbhII) was constructed by generating an expression vector called pWEIIF00. The obtained vector possesses the left and right borders, a hygromycin phosphotransferase B selective marker and a strong promoter and terminator of cbhII from Trichoderma reesei. It can easily undergo random recombination. The applicability of the vector was tested by red fluorescent protein gene (DsRed2) expression detection in T. reesei Rut C30. Using this system, a recombinant Cel5A variant, N342R (Qin et al., 2008), was then selected to express in Rut-C30. Compared to that of the parent strain, integration of the N342R gene resulted in 31.09% increased carboxymethyl-cellulose-degrading (CMCase) activity at pH 5.0 and 56.06% increased activity at pH 6.0. The increased CMCase activity of the recombinant strains would be beneficial for its application uses in multiple industries. The vector constructed in this study can used in fungi to produce industrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanju Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Newman RH, Vaidya AA, Campion SH. A mathematical model for the inhibitory effects of lignin in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:757-762. [PMID: 23340076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new model for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass distinguishes causal influences from enzyme deactivation and restrictions on the accessibility of cellulose. It focuses on calculating the amount of unreacted cellulose at cessation of enzyme activity, unlike existing models that were constructed for calculating the time dependence of conversion. There are three adjustable parameters: (1) 'occluded cellulose' is defined as cellulose that cannot be hydrolysed regardless of enzyme loading or incubation time, (2) a 'characteristic enzyme loading' is sufficient to hydrolyse half of the non-occluded cellulose, (3) a 'mechanism index' measures deviations from first-order kinetics. This model was used to predict that the optimal incubation temperature is lower for lignocellulosics than for pure cellulose. For steam-exploded pine wood after 96h incubation, occluded cellulose was 24% and 26% at 30°C and 50°C, and the characteristic enzyme loadings were 10 and 18FPU/g substrate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger H Newman
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua Mail Centre, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand.
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