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Theodorakopoulos GV, Karousos DS, Favvas EP, Gotzias A. Formation of Polyimide Membranes via Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chempluschem 2024:e202300766. [PMID: 38624079 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to investigate the formation of P84 polyimide membranes through the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process, considering two scenarios: one using a conventional organic solvent like n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and the other a greener alternative, γ-butyrolactone (GBL), with water serving as the non-solvent. Different compositions of polymer solutions were established along the binodal boundaries of the respective systems, derived from experimental cloud point data on the ternary phase diagram. The resulting polymer membranes were analyzed and compared in terms of their morphology. The wettability of their surfaces was notably affected by the polymer content in the initial casting solution and demonstrated a correlation with the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) specific surface area of the associated polymer nanostructures. The GBL solvent systems produced porous polymers qualitatively similar to those obtained with NMP, albeit with slightly narrower pore size distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George V Theodorakopoulos
- Ethniko Kentro Ereunas Physikon Epistemon Demokritos, Institute of nanpscience and nanotechnology, GREECE
| | - Dionysios S Karousos
- Ethniko Kentro Ereunas Physikon Epistemon Demokritos, institute of nanoscience and nanotechnology, GREECE
| | - Evangelos P Favvas
- Ethniko Kentro Ereunas Physikon Epistemon Demokritos, institute of nanoscience and nanotechnology, GREECE
| | - Anastasios Gotzias
- National Centre for Scientific Research-Demokritos, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, P.O.Box 60037, 153 10 ATHENS, GREECE, 15310, Athens, GREECE
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2
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Fekete S, Lauber M, Xu M. Considering the selectivity of pore size gradient size exclusion chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464726. [PMID: 38354505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
One of the most significant performance determining variables of a size exclusion column is the pore size of its packing material. This is most definitely the case for assigning the suitability of a given column for differently sized analytes. As technologies for particle and column manufacturing continue to advance, it is worth contemplating the value of more finely controlled manipulation of this parameter. The change in a packing material's pores across the length of a size exclusion column was thus explored. A change in average pore diameter and pore size distribution was studied by means of theoretical modeling. These parameters were investigated for independent and combinatorial effects. From our predictions, versus tandem column chromatography, a gradient column apparatus does not yield sizable increases in monomer to dimer selectivity of any given critical pair. Instead, our modeling suggests it can yield more universally effective separations of multiple pairs of species at once, as is sometimes necessary when analyzing the high molecular weight components of highly aggregated drug substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- Waters Corporation, located in CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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3
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Cwieka K, Wysocki B, Skibinski J, Chmielewska A, Swieszkowski W. Numerical design of open-porous titanium scaffolds for Powder Bed Fusion using Laser Beam (PBF-LB). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106359. [PMID: 38181569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The paper concerns the numerical design of novel three-dimensional titanium scaffolds with complex open-porous structures and desired mechanical properties for the Powder Bed Fusion using Laser Beam (PBF-LB). The 60 structures with a broad range of porosity (38-78%), strut diameters (0.70-1.15 mm), and coefficients of pore volume variation, CV(Vp), 0.35-5.35, were designed using the Laguerre-Voronoi tessellations (LVT). Their Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios were calculated using Finite Element Model (FEM) simulations. The experimental verification was performed on the representative designs additively manufactured (AM) from commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) which, after chemical polishing, were subjected to uniaxial compression tests. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations and microtomography (μ-CT) confirmed the removal of the support structures and unmelted powder particles. PBF-LB structures after chemical polishing were in close agreement with the CAD models' dimensions having 4-12% more volume. The computational and experimental results show that elastic properties were predicted in very close agreement for the low CV(Vp), and with even 30-40% discrepancies for CV(Vp) higher than 4.0, mainly due to PBF-LB scaffold architecture drawbacks rather than CAD inaccuracy. Our research demonstrates the possibility of designing the open-porous scaffolds with pore volume diversity and tuning their elastic properties for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Cwieka
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Ludwika Warynskiego 1, 00-645, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bartlomiej Wysocki
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Marii Konopnickiej 1, 05-092, Dziekanow Lesny, Poland
| | - Jakub Skibinski
- Institute of Heat Engineering, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 21/25 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmielewska
- The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Lyu X, Chen Y, Xu Z. Pore size distribution and Al oxide content significantly regulated the effects of humic acid on perfluorooctanoic acid transport in natural soils. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141342. [PMID: 38301839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) makes it encounter the released perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in subsurface environment. However, the effect of DOM (e.g., humic acid, HA) on PFOA transport in soils and the critical influencing factors and mechanisms remain obscure. Column experiments were conducted to explore PFOA transport with the presence of different concentrations of HA in three types of soils and two types of Al oxide coated sand. Results revealed soil properties significantly regulate the effects of HA on PFOA transport, for which pore size distribution, minerals content (e.g., Al oxide) and pH were critical influencing soil-properties. For soil with large mesopore volume, pore blockage caused by HA controlled the effect of HA on PFOA transport. Large mesopore volume significantly alleviated pore blockage of HA, and led to insignificant effects of HA on PFOA transport. For soil exhibited minimum mesopore volume, Al oxide content and pH dominated the effect of HA on PFOA transport. Results from Al oxide coated sand (low mesopore volume) columns further proved that higher Al oxide content and lower pH caused more significant facilitating effect of HA on PFOA transport via site competition. Results highlighted the importance of considering pore size distribution and Al oxide content when assessing PFOA mobility capacity with co-transport with DOM in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Lyu
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yifan Chen
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Yi SC, Heijbroek A, Cutz L, Pillay S, de Jong W, Abeel T, Gebert J. Effects of fir-wood biochar on CH 4 oxidation rates and methanotrophs in landfill cover soils packed at three different proctor compaction levels. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167951. [PMID: 37865253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Application of biochar to landfill cover soils can purportedly improve methane (CH4) oxidation rates, but understanding the combined effects of soil texture, compaction, and biochar on the activity and composition of the methanotrophs is limited. The amendment of wood biochar on two differently textured landfill cover soils at three compaction levels of the Proctor density was explored by analyzing changes in soil physical properties relevant to methane oxidation, the effects on CH4 oxidation rates, and the composition of the methanotrophic community. Loose soils with and without biochar were pre-incubated to equally elevate the CH4 oxidation rates. Hereafter, soils were compacted and re-incubated. Methane oxidation rates, gas diffusivity, water retention characteristics, and pore size distribution were analyzed on the compacted soils. The relative abundance of methanotrophic bacteria (MOB) was determined at the end of both the pre-incubation and incubation tests of the packed samples. Biochar significantly increased porosity at all compaction levels, enhancing diffusion coefficients. Also, a re-distribution in pore sizes was observed. Increased gas diffusivity from low compaction and amendment of biochar, though, did not reflect higher methane oxidation rates due to high diffusive oxygen fluxes over the limited height of the compacted soil specimens. All soils, with and without biochar, were strongly dominated by Type II methanotrophs. In the sandy soil, biochar amendment strongly increased MOB abundance, which could be attributed to a corresponding increase in the relative abundance of Methylocystis species, while no such response was observed in the clayey soil. Compaction did not change the community composition in either soil. Fir-wood biochar addition to landfill cover soils may not always enhance methanotrophic activity and hence reduce fugitive methane emissions, with the effect being soil-specific. However, especially in finer and more compacted soils, biochar amendment can maintain soil diffusivity above a critical level, preventing the collapse of methanotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Yi
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Geosciences Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands.
| | - Anne Heijbroek
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Geosciences Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands
| | - Luis Cutz
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Pillay
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Van Mourik Broekmanweg 6, 2628 XE Delft, Netherlands
| | - Wiebren de Jong
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Abeel
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Van Mourik Broekmanweg 6, 2628 XE Delft, Netherlands; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Julia Gebert
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Geosciences Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Netherlands
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Zhu J, Wang J, Zhong H, Hu Y, Hu L, Rao P, Liu R, Zhu J, Li G. New method for measuring the pore sizes and pore size distributions of filter membranes-the fluorescence probe method. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:469. [PMID: 37971627 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple, and rapid method is demonstrated for measuring the pore size and pore size distribution of filtration membranes (FMs) used in aqueous applications with fluorescence probes. Because the selected fluorescent probes are mixable and have strong signals, combined with the operation of dead-end filtration, this method only requires small amounts of reagents; additionally, it is time-efficient by avoiding multiple rounds of filtration. This method detects the size of a FM pore throat (i.e., the narrowest position of a pore tunnel), which is more consistent with the actual filtration situation. The conditions, such as probe concentration, temperature, transmembrane pressure difference, and types of surfactants, have been optimized. The experimental results show that the fluorescence probe method has good accuracy and reproducibility for measuring the pore size and pore size distribution of both organic and inorganic FMs. The method is particularly suitable for rapid testing of the filtration performance (nominal pore size≥0.02 μm) of purchased or synthetic membranes in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Key Laboratory of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Membrane, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Key Laboratory of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Membrane, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Key Laboratory of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Membrane, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Key Laboratory of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Membrane, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Key Laboratory of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Membrane, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinhua Rao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Key Laboratory of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Membrane, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Key Laboratory of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Membrane, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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Parvin S, Hara-Yamamura H, Kanai Y, Yamasaki A, Adachi T, Sorn S, Honda R, Yamamura H. Important properties of anion exchange resins for efficient removal of PFOS and PFOA from groundwater. Chemosphere 2023; 341:139983. [PMID: 37643650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) present in various water sources have raised a serious concern on their health risk worldwide. Anion exchange is known to be one of the effective treatment methods but the resin properties suitable for theses contaminants have not been fully understood. We examined four commercially available anion exchange resins with different properties (DIAION™ PA312, HPA25M, UBA120, and WA30) and one polymer-based adsorbent (HP20), for their PFOA and PFOS removal in the batch experiment. All or a part of the selected resins were further characterized for their functional group, surface morphology and pore size distribution. The 72 h batch experiment with the 100 mg/L PFOA or PFOS in the laboratory pure water matrix showed a superior capacity of the strong base anion exchange resins, the porous-type HPA25M and PA312, and the gel-type UBA120, for PFOA removal (92.6-97.9%). Among those resins, the high porous HPA25M was suggested most effective due to its remarkably high reaction rate and effectiveness to PFOS (99.9%). In the groundwater matrix, however, the performance of the those anion exchange resins was generally suppressed, causing up to 71% decrease in their removal rates. The least matrix impact was observed for PFOS removal by HPA25M, which indicated the resin's high selectivity to the contaminant. The physiochemical analysis indicated that the presence of relatively large pores (1 nm-10 nm) over HPA25M played an important role in the PFAS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanaz Parvin
- Division of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroe Hara-Yamamura
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Yuma Kanai
- Division of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Aki Yamasaki
- Specialty Materials Business Group, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1-1, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8251, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Adachi
- Separation Materials Group, Life Solutions Technology Center, R&D Division, Specialty Materials Business Group, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1-1, Kurosaki-Shiroishi, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 806-0004, Japan.
| | - Sovannlaksmy Sorn
- Division of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamamura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan.
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Gimenez Marassi A, de Araújo-Ferreira AG, Lucas-Oliveira E, Luiz Géa Vidoto E, Donizeti Fernandes de Amorim A, Andrighetto Trevizan W, José Bonagamba T. Transverse relaxation measurements for moving samples in the presence of strong magnetic field gradients. J Magn Reson 2023; 354:107522. [PMID: 37506553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the primary techniques used in the oil industry for logging operations and in the laboratory environment to study rock formations due to its reliability in offering a reliable estimation of oil well productivity. Two types of well-logging operations exist, Wireline Logging and Logging While Drilling (LWD). Wireline Logging involves NMR measurements taken under static conditions. In contrast, LWD involves measurements taken during the drilling process while the tool is in motion, translating, rotating, and vibrating relative to the formation. To understand the behavior of NMR signals measured under LWD conditions on a laboratory scale, we developed a setup that includes a single-sided magnet, rf probes, and a mechanical system that emulates a relative sinusoidal motion between the sample and the applied magnetic field. Four representative rock samples were selected according to their relaxation times, which were short, intermediate, and long compared to the oscillation period of the LWD simulator: three sandstone, Fontainebleau, Berea Sandstone, and Portland Red, and one carbonate, Indiana Limestone. The results show that even with the modifications observed in the relaxation times distribution, which could lead to misinterpreting the geological formation parameters, the total porosity remains unaffected and independent of the sample motion during the NMR measurements, even under severe conditions and using the standard procedures of the data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agide Gimenez Marassi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Everton Lucas-Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Géa Vidoto
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tito José Bonagamba
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Indra A, Razi R, Jasmayeti R, Fauzan A, Wahyudi D, Handra N, Subardi A, Susanto I, Purnomo MJ. The practical process of manufacturing poly(methyl methacrylate)-based scaffolds having high porosity and high strength. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105862. [PMID: 37086523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based scaffolds have been produced using the granule casting method with grain sizes M80-100 and M100-140. The novelty of this study was the application of the cold-cutting method (CCm) to reduce the PMMA granule size. PMMA granule shape, granule size (mesh), and sintering temperature were the primary variables in manufacturing PMMA scaffolds. CCm was applied to reduce the granule size of commercial PMMA, which was originally solid cylindrical, by lowering the temperature to 3.5 °C, 0 °C, and-8.3 °C. PMMA granules that had been reduced were sieved with mesh sizes M80-100 and M100-140. Green bodies were made by the granule casting method using an aluminum mold measuring 8 × 8 × 8 mm3. The sintering process was carried out at temperatures varying from 115 °C to 140 °C, a heating rate of 5 °C/min, and a holding time of 2 h, the cooling process was carried out in a furnace. The characterization of the PMMA-based scaffolds' properties was carried out by observing the microstructure with SEM, analyzing the distribution of pore sizes with ImageJ software, and testing the porosity, the phase, with XRD, and the compressive strength. The best results from the overall analysis were the M80-100 PMMA scaffold treated at a sintering temperature of 130 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 8.2 MPa, 62.0%, and 121-399 μm, respectively, and the M100-140 one treated at a sintering temperature of 135 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 12.1 MPa, 61.2%, and 140-366 μm, respectively. There were interconnected pores in the PMMA scaffolds, as evidenced by the SEM images. There was no PMMA phase change between before and after the sintering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ade Indra
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia.
| | - Rivaldo Razi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Riri Jasmayeti
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Alfi Fauzan
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Didi Wahyudi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Nofriady Handra
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Adi Subardi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta, Sleman, 55281, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Susanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, West Java, 16425, Indonesia
| | - M Jalu Purnomo
- Department of Aeronautics, Institut Teknologi Dirgantara Adisutjipto, Yogyakarta, 55198, Indonesia
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10
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Yang F, Lv J, Zheng Y, Cui J, Huang Y, Cao X, Liu H, Zhao L. Enhancement of coal gangue performance by surface micro-crystalline glaze derived from mineral powder. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159986. [PMID: 36356758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coal gangue is a waste derived from coal mining, and its unreasonable disposal usually causes serious land occupation and environmental pollution. Using coal gangue as a substitute for natural aggregate is an effective recycling approach, however, the high water absorption and high crushing rate of coal gangue seriously weaken its performance. This study proposed a novel strategy to decrease the water absorption and crushing rate of coal gangue by co-calcining with mineral powders, including K-feldspar, wollastonite, blast furnace slag and fly ash, meanwhile clarified the improvement mechanisms. Results showed that after calcining with mineral powders, the crushing rate of coal gangue decreased from 16.8 % to 16.1-13.2 %, and water absorption decreased from 5.29 % to 2.74-3.90 %, among which the coal gangue treated by K-feldspar and blast furnace slag had the lowest water absorption (2.74 %), reducing by 48.2 % compared to raw coal gangue. Underlying mechanisms were that during calcination, mineral powders generated micro-crystalline glaze on gangue surface, which improved the pore size distribution of coal gangue and strengthened its hardness. Specifically, as for pores with 1-1000 nm diameter, the pore volume percentage decreased from 88.5 % to 43.2-71.3 %. Vickers hardness of coal gangue increased from 0.29 GPa to 6.37-6.79 GPa, and the fracture toughness increased significantly to 41.9-67.6 MPa m1/2. Under K-feldspar and blast furnace slag treatment, the approximate thickness of micro-crystalline glaze was about 32 μm. The main component of micro-crystalline glaze was silicate lattice derived from SiO2 and Al2O3, and abundant Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 crystalline were sealed in the glaze. This study provides an innovative approach to strengthen the performance of coal gangue, which is important to expand the resource utilization of coal gangue and control the environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Junfan Lv
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yangfan Zheng
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiayan Cui
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuandong Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Environmental System Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13-W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Zelenka T, Horikawa T, Do DD. Artifacts and misinterpretations in gas physisorption measurements and characterization of porous solids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102831. [PMID: 36586219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This contribution provides a critical review of gas physisorption in the textural characterization of porous solids, with the focus on the artifacts in experimental data that lead to serious misinterpretation of the results derived from the analysis of adsorption isotherms. Apart from the problems related to the determination and interpretation of the BET area, we paid particular attention to the issues associated with the determination of pore size distribution; for example, the choice of the correct branch of the hysteresis loop and the network effects. Pitfalls in the analyses using either the classical macroscopic or the advanced microscopic (DFT, GCMC) methodology are addressed. The ultimate aim is to provide guidance for proper calculations and correct interpretation of physisorption data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Zelenka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 70103 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Toshihide Horikawa
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, University of Tokushima, 2-1, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - D D Do
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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12
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Teng Z, Luo Y, Pearlstein DJ, Zhou B, Johnson CM, Mowery J, Wang Q, Fonseca JM. Agarose hydrogel composite supports microgreen cultivation with enhanced porosity and continuous water supply under terrestrial and microgravitational conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:135-46. [PMID: 35963353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are attractive soilless media for plant cultivation with strong water and nutrient retention. However, pristine hydrogels contain mostly ultra-micro pores and lack air-filled porosity for root zone aeration. Herein we report a porous hydrogel composite comprising an agarose network and porous growing mix particle (GMP) fillers. The agarose backbone allowed the composite to sustain a 12-d growth cycle for red cabbage microgreens without the need for watering or crew interaction. Moreover, the GMP induced greater total pore volume and increased the prevalence of pores >30 μm by 8-fold. Further investigation suggested that the nutrients from GMP accounted for a 54 % increase in microgreen yield over pristine hydrogel, while the porous structure introduced by GMP improved the yield by another 44 %. Increased air-filled porosity accelerated the water transport and loss of hydrogel but maintained favorable water potential levels for plant extraction. Finally, the hydrogel composite supported microgreen growth satisfyingly under simulated microgravity despite some morphological changes. Results of this study reveal a novel growth substrate that is lightweight, convenient, and water-efficient, while effectively sustaining plant growth for multiple applications including indoor farming and space farming.
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13
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Bovi RC, Pessoa TN, Boschi RS, Castilho SCDP, Libardi PL, Cooper M. Effect of hydrophysical properties on pipe formation in tropical soils. Sci Total Environ 2022; 827:154296. [PMID: 35257773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Piping is an erosive process in which subsurface soil particles are removed, causing the formation of underground tunnels. A variety of physical and chemical factors control pipe formation. This study focused on hydrophysical soil properties to propose a mechanism to explain the piping process in soils in a tropical climate in Brazil. We observed two levels of pipes in the field: shallow pipes that form at the transition between E/B horizons (~0.30-0.45 m) and deep pipes that form between different Bt horizons (~1.50 m). We collected disturbed soil samples to determine the soil particle distribution and organic matter content, and undisturbed soil samples were collected to determine the hydrophysical attributes and for soil micromorphometric analysis. We found that the study area was prone to soil collapse and that physical properties controlled the process. The results showed a textural and structural gradient between the E and Bt horizons, where the Bt horizons presented a higher clay content and a well-developed structure (strong sub-angular blocks) compared to the essentially sandy E horizons (single grain). This gradient changed the soil porosity from macroporosity in the E horizon to microporosity in the Bt horizon, particularly represented by the decrease in complex pores. For deeper pipes, soil attribute gradients were found between different Bt horizons. A modification in the structure grade from moderate to weakly moderate, soil water retention curves with different slopes and shapes, and an increase in porosity correlating with soil depth, reflect an increase in larger complex pores. These changes in structure, texture, porosity, and pore type reflect the soil's hydraulic conductivity in the transition of different horizons, which can promote the accumulation and temporary stagnation of water at the top of the Bt horizons, and trigger the piping process when the lateral water flow reaches the critical flow velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Cristina Bovi
- Soil Science Department, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Nascimento Pessoa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of São Paulo - "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Pádua Dias Avenue, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Stucchi Boschi
- Environmental Management and Sustainability, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Paulo Leonel Libardi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of São Paulo - "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Pádua Dias Avenue, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Miguel Cooper
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, Brazil.
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14
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Liao Q, Hu L, Gao R, Qu B. Molecular insight into the diffusion/flow potential properties initiated by methane adsorption in coal matrix: taking the factor of moisture contents into account. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:36225-36242. [PMID: 35061177 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coal seam permeability is one of the key parameters affecting coalbed methane (CBM), and plays an important role in resource evaluation and regional selection. To fully explore the diffusion/flow potential properties initiated by methane adsorption beneath diverse moisture contents (1-5%) in coal molecules. The pore size distribution and methane adsorption capacities were discussed based on Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. The potential properties of diffusion/flow induced by methane adsorption were investigated using the maximum absolute adsorption capacities as benchmark. The variation patterns of the pore structure were analyzed using SEM scanning experiment to verify the results of simulation analysis. It is found that the free pores facilitate methane molecular adsorption and increase adsorption spaces; the skeleton pores restrict the flow and transport of water molecules. Reduction values in surface free energies increase at different temperatures, and released heat diffusion coefficients and permeabilities for methane molecules drop as moisture contents increase. Interestingly, however, enhancements in temperatures increase the methane molecular diffusion coefficients. The lower the activation energies, the easier they are to diffuse. Sufficiently, the optimum conditions for gas drainage of coal seam are at temperature of 293K and moisture content of 5%, indicating greater contributions to gas pressure relief for coal seam. By comparing the results of molecular simulation and SEM scanning, trend of change is basically the same. Moreover, it is explored that hydraulic measure was the most significant to the CBM stimulation technology through field engineering application. This research is expected to provide guidance for facilitating the effectiveness of gas extraction for coal seam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhu
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Qi Liao
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lintao Hu
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rongxiang Gao
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Baolin Qu
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
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15
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Arauzo PJ, Maziarka PA, Schoder KA, Pfersich J, Ronsse F, Kruse A. Influence of sequential HTC pre-treatment and pyrolysis on wet food-industry wastes: Optimisation toward nitrogen-rich hierarchical carbonaceous materials intended for use in energy storage solutions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 816:151648. [PMID: 34780831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to elevated protein content, the food-industry bio-wastes are promising feedstock to produce hierarchical (micro-mesoporous) carbonaceous materials with the intended use as electrodes in the energy storage solutions. However, the high initial water content, makes their direct activation through high-temperature processes costineffective due to significant heat requirements. In this study, the influence of pretreatment with hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on wet food-industry bio-wastes, further pyrolysed, was investigated. Selected wastes (brewer's spent grains, spent coffee grains and spent sugar beets) were pre-treated by HTC at 180 °C or 240 °C, and then pyrolysed at 500 °C or 700 °C. Obtained materials were examined using elemental analysis, gas adsorption (N2 and CO2) and FT-IR. Besides minor differences caused by the bio-composition of wastes, the general trends were similar for feedstock. The pre-treatment had a beneficial influence on the properties of all wastes. The HTC at 180 °C and pyrolysis at 700 °C for all wastes show the most promising total specific surface area 560 ± 10 m2/g and accessible specific surface area 96 m2/g. Those conditions simultaneously did not reduce the total solid yield in comparison to the one-step process. The pre-treatment at 240 °C led to elevated nitrogen incorporation in the carbonaceous structure compared to HTC at 180 °C. However, it formed a hierarchical structure that was not stable for the thermal treatment. Study proves the HTC pre-treatment at 180 °C is beneficial for the conversion of food-industry bio-wastes into hierarchical carbonaceous material for their use in the energy storage systems application.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Arauzo
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - P A Maziarka
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K A Schoder
- State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Pfersich
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F Ronsse
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Kruse
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Mogale R, Akpomie KG, Conradie J, Langner EHG. Dye adsorption of aluminium- and zirconium-based metal organic frameworks with azobenzene dicarboxylate linkers. J Environ Manage 2022; 304:114166. [PMID: 34864408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high efficiency of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) such as the ZIF, MIL and UiO type species in dye adsorption is well established. Recently, an emerging class of photoresponsive azobenzene-based MOFs has found suitable application in gas adsorption. However, there is a dearth of research on their use in the adsorption of dyes and other water pollutants. In this research, two microporous photoresponsive azobenzene dicarboxylate MOFs of Al3+ (Al-AZB) and Zr4+ (Zr-AZB) were synthesized for the adsorption of congo red (CR) dye. The surface and textural properties of the synthesized MOFs were characterized by FTIR, PXRD, SEM, TGA, BET and pore analysis. Both MOFs were crystalline, thermally stable up to 300 °C and stable in aqueous medium at room temperature. The Al-AZB displayed a higher surface area (2718 m2/g) than the Zr-AZB (1098 m2/g), which significantly impacted the higher adsorption of CR. Besides, pore volumes of 0.86 cm3/g and 0.35 cm3/g were obtained for Al-AZB and Zr-AZB, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of Al-AZB and Zr-AZB was 456.6 mg/g and 128.9 mg/g, respectively, with the former superior to other potent adsorbents. The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models were well correlated with the dye uptake on the MOFs. Thermodynamics revealed random and endothermic sorption of CR dominated by chemisorption, while efficient regeneration and reuse of both MOFs were achieved using dimethylformamide as eluent. The results proved the potency of the synthesized photoresponsive MOFs, as highly efficient and reusable materials for dye adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refilwe Mogale
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Kovo G Akpomie
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Ernst H G Langner
- Chemistry Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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17
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Sun J, Chen Z, Liu S, Kang J, Wang B, Shen J, Zhao S, Li X, Song Z, Wang Z. Powdered activated carbon doping improves the mechanical and adsorption properties of cementitious microfiltration membrane. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132260. [PMID: 34543907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cementitious membrane (CM) is a promising microfiltration membrane with low cost for raw materials and low energy consumption of non-sintering fabrication process. A novel carbon-cementitious microfiltration membrane (CCM) was fabricated with powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an additive based on CM, to solve the low mechanical strength of CM during multiple practical uses. While maintaining adequate pure water flux and porosity, the mechanical strength of the membrane was greatly improved to ensure the stability of the membrane in the filtration process. The bending strength of the CCM was 2-3 times higher than that of CM. 10 wt% CCM has the smallest critical pore size and optimal permeability, which was chosen to be the optimal PAC doping ratio. The X-ray diffraction and FT-IR results indicated that the addition of PAC did not change the mineral composition of cement hydration products, and the appropriate amount of PAC acted as a nucleation site and accelerated hydration. The effect of size effect on bending strength was more obvious with the decrease of membrane thickness. In the membrane adsorption experiments of benzophenone-4, nitrobenzene and p-chloronitrobenzene, the CCM exhibited prominent adsorption properties than CM. These results broaden the application scope of microfiltration membranes in water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Zilong Song
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
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18
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Xu H, Zhou A, Jiang P, Qi Y, Mei L, Zhang L. The permeability of dredged material-bentonite backfills. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:40053-40059. [PMID: 32198684 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extensive attention has been paid to the treatment and disposal of dredged material, and there is a need to clarify the feasibility of recycling dredged material by using it as backfill in soil-bentonite vertical cutoff walls. By setting the dredged material in the Baimao storage yard of Meiliang Bay in Taihu Lake and bentonite as the research objects, this paper studied the influences of bentonite content, confining pressure and pore size distribution on the permeability of dredged material-bentonite backfills. According to the test results, from the perspective of medium-term and short-term permeability, it is feasible to recycle dredged material by using it as backfill in a vertical cutoff wall. The permeability of the dredged material-bentonite soil mixture decreases with increasing bentonite content, but the degree of decrease is not significant. At the same time, the higher the confining pressure is, the smaller the variation in hydraulic conductivity with bentonite content. The permeability of the soil mixture decreases with increasing confining pressure, and the range of reduction is within a certain order of magnitude. Moreover, the confining pressure has a similar impact on the decrease in the permeability of the soil mixtures with different bentonite contents. The hydraulic conductivity of the dredged material-bentonite mixture decreases because the addition of bentonite changes the pore size distribution and reduces the porosity and characteristic pore size D50 of the soil mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Xu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.
| | - Aizhao Zhou
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Pengming Jiang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Yongzheng Qi
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Ling Mei
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
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19
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Schomberg AK, Diener A, Wünsch I, Finke JH, Kwade A. The use of X-ray microtomography to investigate the microstructure of pharmaceutical tablets: Potentials and comparison to common physical methods. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100090. [PMID: 34377974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, tablets microstructure was investigated by X-ray microtomgraphy. The aim was to gain information about their microstructure, and thus, derive deeper interpretation of tablet properties (mechanical strength, component distribution) and qualified property functions. Challenges in image processing are discussed for the correct identification of solids and voids. Furthermore, XMT measurements are critically compared with complementary physical methods for characterizing active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and porosity and its distribution (mercury porosimetry, calculated tablet porosity, Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM)). The derived porosity by XMT is generally lower than the calculated porosity based on geometrical data due to the resolution of the XMT in relation to the pore sizes in tablets. With rising compactions stress and API concentration, deviations between the actual and the calculated API decrease. XMT showed that API clusters are present for all tablets containing >1 wt% of ibuprofen. The 3D orientation of the components is assessable by deriving cord lengths along all dimensions of the tablets. An increasing compaction stress leads to rising cord lengths, showing higher connectivity of the respective material. Its lesser extent in the z-direction illustrates the anisotropy of the compaction process. Additionally, cracks in the fabric are identified in tablets without visible macroscopic damage. Finally, the application of XMT provides valuable structural insights if its limitations are taken into account and its strengths are fostered by advanced pre- and post-processing.
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20
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Hochstrasser J, Juère E, Kleitz F, Wang W, Kübel C, Tallarek U. Insights into the intraparticle morphology of dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles from electron tomographic reconstructions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 592:296-309. [PMID: 33676192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Although many synthetic pathways allow to fine-tune the morphology of dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs), the control of their particle size and mesopore diameter remains a challenge. Our study focuses on either increasing the mean particle size or adjusting the pore size distribution, changing only one parameter (particle or pore size) at a time. The dependence of key morphological features (porosity; pore shape and pore dimensions) on radial distance from the particle center has been investigated in detail. EXPERIMENTS Three-dimensional reconstructions of the particles obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography were adapted as geometrical models for the quantification of intraparticle morphologies by radial porosity and chord length distribution analyses. Structural properties of the different synthesized DMSNs have been complementary characterized using TEM, SEM, nitrogen physisorption, and dynamic light scattering. FINDINGS The successful independent tuning of particle and pore sizes of the DMSNs could be confirmed by conventional analysis methods. Unique morphological features, which influence the uptake and release of guest molecules in biomedical applications, were uncovered from analyzing the STEM tomography-based reconstructions. It includes the quantification of structural hierarchy, identification of intrawall openings and pores, as well as the distinction of pore shapes (conical vs. cylindrical).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Hochstrasser
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Estelle Juère
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Sun J, Chen Z, Shen J, Wang B, Zhao S, Wang W, Zhu X, Wang Z, Kang J. Improvement of the fabricated and application of aluminosilicate-based microfiltration membrane. Chemosphere 2021; 273:129628. [PMID: 33508688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminosilicate composite materials are characterized by their low cost, nontoxicity and facilely shaped. Membrane prepared using aluminosilicate composites have the following disadvantages: large mean pore size and low mechanical strength. To address these limitations, flat microfiltration membranes were fabricated using SiO2 powder and aluminosilicate composite as raw materials. The membrane performance was optimized by regulating the particle size of SiO2, the ratio of SiO2 to aluminosilicate composite (s/a), and the type of chemical admixture. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that the crystalline SiO2 particles were favorable for the preparation of membranes with higher bending strengths. The decreasing particle sizes of SiO2 (1.33-0.15 μm) decreased the pore size distribution. The bending strength of the membrane reduced with an increase in s/a, while was effectively enhanced by adding dissolved Na2SiO3. The optimized inorganic microfiltration membrane could also catalyze ozone to remove 100% of benzophenone-4 with an initial concentration of 10 mg L-1 within 15 min, and TOC removal by 52.67%. This paper presents a revised method for preparing an inorganic microfiltration membrane, which is an increasingly promising material for water treatment because of its low cost, low energy consumption, and high catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Weiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xinwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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22
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Chen L, McClements DJ, Ma Y, Yang T, Ren F, Tian Y, Jin Z. Analysis of porous structure of potato starch granules by low-field NMR cryoporometry and AFM. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:307-314. [PMID: 33476621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pore size distribution is a crucial structural element affecting the adsorption and diffusion of reagents and enzymes within starch granules. An accurate and credible method of determining the pore size distribution of starch granules especially for smooth ones is therefore required. In this work, low-field NMR cryoporometry (LF-NMRC) was applied to analyze the pore structure of potato starch (PS). The reliability of the LF-NMRC method is verified by comparing with the traditional method, i.e. the low temperature nitrogen adsorption (LT-NA). Both LF-NMRC and LT-NA could characterize the PS pore structure in mesoporous range. However, LF-NMRC has superiority over LT-NA in terms of the distinguishment and determination of pore size distribution approaching to the micropores, gives more accurate and reliable results than LT-NA does. Structural evidences from scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) further indicated that the new proposed method is a non-destructive method that does not induce structural changes during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | | | - Yun Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fei Ren
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yaoqi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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23
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Wu K, Fang Y, Wu H, Wan Y, Qian H, Jiang F, Chen S. Improving konjac glucomannan-based aerogels filtration properties by combining aerogel pieces in series with different pore size distributions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1499-1507. [PMID: 33181223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pore size distribution of konjac glucomannan (KGM)-based aerogels seriously impacted the air filtration efficiency and filtration resistance. This study aimed to investigate the pore size distribution control of KGM-based aerogels through total solid concentration of the sol and to improve the filtration performance by preparing aerogel stacks, which were made by combining KGM-based aerogels with different pore size distribution (range: 0-180 μm). Results indicated that with increased total solid concentration from 50% to 100% of the origin formulae, aerogel pore size became smaller and the porosity was decreased for all the three sample formulae. Meanwhile, the aerogel mechanical property and filtration efficiency were both strengthened with increased total solid concentration, but the air resistance became significantly higher. The changing extent and rule were influenced by the sample components (KGM, starch, gelatin, wheat straw). The aerogel stacks prepared by in series combining the aerogel pieces with different pore size distribution (from large size to small size) was found to improve filtration efficiency (e.g. from 70% to 80% for K1G2S4WS2) and significantly lower the air resistance (e.g. from 270 Pa to 190 Pa for K1G2S4WS2). This study could guide the filtration performance improvement of aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao Wu
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Huaxin Wu
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hong Qian
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Fatang Jiang
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Yellow Crane Tower Science and Technology Park (Group) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, Hubei, China.
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24
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Jensen JL, Schjønning P, Watts CW, Christensen BT, Munkholm LJ. Short-term changes in soil pore size distribution: Impact of land use. Soil Tillage Res 2020; 199:104597. [PMID: 32362696 PMCID: PMC7074003 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2020.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in land use affect the pore size distribution (PSD) of the soil, and hence important soil functions such as gas exchange, water availability and plant growth. The objective of this study was to investigate potentially damaging and restorative soil management practices on soil pore structure. We quantified the rate of change in PSD six years after changes in land use taking advantage of the Highfield land-use change experiment at Rothamsted Research. This experiment includes short-term soil degradation and restoration scenarios established simultaneously within long-term contrasting treatments that had reached steady-state equilibrium. The land-use change scenarios comprised conversion to grassland of previously arable or bare fallow soil, and conversion of grassland to arable and bare fallow soils. In the laboratory, we exposed intact soil cores (100 cm3) to matric potentials ranging from -10 hPa to -1.5 MPa. Based on equivalent soil mass, the plant available water capacity decreased after conversion from grassland, whereas no change was observed after conversion to grassland. Structural void ratio decreased after termination of grassland and introduction of grassland in bare fallow soil, while no change was seen when changing arable to grassland. Consequently, it was faster to degrade than to restore a complex soil structure. The study illustrates that introducing grassland in degraded soil may result in short-term increase in soil density.
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Key Words
- A, Arable
- AG, Arable converted to grass
- BF, Bare fallow
- BFG, Bare fallow converted to grass
- Dex, Double-exponential model
- G, Grass
- GA, Grass converted to arable
- GBF, Grass converted to bare fallow
- Land-use change
- PAWCeq, Plant available water capacity based on identical soil quantities
- PSD, Pore size distribution
- Pore size distribution
- Soil degradation and recovery
- V2, Structural void ratio
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Jensen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Per Schjønning
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Christopher W. Watts
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bent T. Christensen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Lars J. Munkholm
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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25
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Martinez-Carvajal GD, Oxarango L, Clément R, Molle P, Forquet N. Assessment of spatial representativity of X-ray tomography to study Vertical Flow Treatment wetlands. Sci Total Environ 2020; 713:136510. [PMID: 31958721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
French Vertical Flow (VF) treatment wetlands receive raw wastewater and provide simultaneous sludge and wastewater treatment. For proper sludge handling, the treatment wetland must be designed adequately and specific operational conditions must be maintained. When these conditions are not met, accumulation of biosolids may lead to clogging. Filtration in French VF Treatment wetlands is governed by mechanisms at the pore-scale. They must be better understood to predict reliably biosolid accumulation. X-ray Computed Tomography (Xray-CT) is a promising technique to characterize in detail the morphology of the filtering media in treatment wetlands. In order to set a solid basis for the use of Xray-CT, the spatial representativity of measurements must be assessed. This issue is addressed in this study by successively analyzing spatial properties at the filter scale using Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Measurements (FDEMs), and at the pore scale using Xray-CT. A map of the electric conductivity at the surface of a French VF Treatment wetland is obtained by FDEM that indicates a homogeneous distribution of biosolids to which electrical conductivity is highly correlated. Different morphological properties were computed from Xray-CT after phase segmentation: phase volume fraction profiles, Specific Surface Area profiles and pore size distributions. Samples show several similarities of pore scale properties obtained by Xray-CT independently of the sampling region and especially the same vertical gradients. FDEM measurements and Xray-CT analysis are in agreement to indicate a good influent distribution at the surface of a full-scale mature French VF Treatment wetland. A criterion to define the limits of the deposit layer and gravel layer is introduced. This division allows to compare layers independently. Finally, a 2D-REV analysis suggests that the selected sample diameter of 5 cm is large enough to be representative of the heterogeneous distribution of phases at the pore-scale as long as no Phragmites are present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Oxarango
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Rémi Clément
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua 32108, Villeurbanne 69616, France
| | - Pascal Molle
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua 32108, Villeurbanne 69616, France
| | - Nicolas Forquet
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua 32108, Villeurbanne 69616, France.
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26
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Pires LF, Auler AC, Roque WL, Mooney SJ. X-ray microtomography analysis of soil pore structure dynamics under wetting and drying cycles. Geoderma 2020; 362:114103. [PMID: 32184497 PMCID: PMC7043393 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The soil water retention curve is one of the most important properties used to predict the amount of water available to plants, pore size distribution and hydraulic conductivity, as well as knowledge for drainage and irrigation modeling. Depending on the method of measurement adopted, the water retention curve can involve the application of several wetting and drying (W-D) cycles to a soil sample. The method assumes soil pore structure is constant throughout however most of the time soil structure is dynamic and subjected to change when submitted to continuous W-D. Consequently, the pore size distribution, as well as other soil morphological properties can be affected. With this in mind, high resolution X-ray Computed micro-Tomography was utilized to evaluate changes in the soil pore architecture following W-D cycles during the procedure of the water retention curve evaluation. Two different soil sample volumes were analyzed: ROIW (whole sample) and ROIHC (the region close to the bottom of the sample). The second region was selected due to its proximity to the hydraulic contact of the soil with the water retention curve measurement apparatus. Samples were submitted to the following W-D treatments: 0, 6 and 12 W-D. Results indicated the soil changed its porous architecture after W-D cycles. The image-derived porosity did not show differences after W-D cycles for ROIW; while for ROIHC it increased porosity. The porosity was also lower in ROIHC in comparison to ROIW. Pore connectivity improved after W-D cycles for ROIHC, but not for ROIW. W-D cycles induced more aligned pores for both ROIs as observed by the tortuosity results. Pore shape showed changes mainly for ROIW for the equant and triaxial shaped pores; while pore size was significantly influenced by the W-D cycles. Soil water retention curve measurements showed that W-D cycles can affect water retention evaluation and that the changes in the soil morphological properties can play an important role in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F. Pires
- Laboratory of Physics Applied to Soils and Environmental Sciences, Department of Physics, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), 84.030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - André C. Auler
- Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, 80.035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldir L. Roque
- Petroleum Engineering Modelling Laboratory, Department of Scientific Computation, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Sacha J. Mooney
- Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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27
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Ming F, Chen L, Li D, Wei X. Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of saturated frozen soil from the soil freezing characteristic curve. Sci Total Environ 2020; 698:134132. [PMID: 31494428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of hydraulic conductivity is crucial for determining water movement in frozen soil, and the objective of this study is to introduce the soil freezing characteristic curve to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of saturated frozen soil. Based on the non-uniform tortuous capillary bundle model and the assumption that the ice was first formed in the pores with largest size, a physical infiltration model of saturated frozen soil was developed. On the basis of this physical infiltration model, a new approach for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of saturated frozen soil was developed by using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation and Darcy's law. To verify the validity of this approach, five soil data sets, including 29 data points with hydraulic conductivity between 10-6 cm/s and 10-11 cm/s, were used to compare the predicted results and experimental data. The results show that the new approach fits the experimental data well. This approach is more convenient than the soil water characteristic curve in numerical modeling, and it can be used to describe the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and minus temperature. Moreover, the new approach and the results in this study maybe also can provide a reference for the research on water flow and the related numerical modeling in cold regions environmental engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dongqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Gritti F, Gilar M, Walter TH, Wyndham K. Retention loss of reversed-phase chromatographic columns using 100% aqueous mobile phases from fundamental insights to best practice. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1612:460662. [PMID: 31690460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with experimental investigations pertaining to the impact of chemical (electrolyte concentration from 0 to 100 mM, dissolved nitrogen gas from 0 to 6.7 × 10-4 M in water; surface chemistry including hexylphenyl, polyphenyl, C30, C18, and C8; surface coverage in C18-bonded chains from 1.5 to 3.5 µmol/m2; presence of surface dopant), physical (hydrostatic pressure of water from 50 to 500 bar; temperature from 27 ∘C to 75 ∘C), and structural parameters (average pore size from 50 Å to 400 Å; pore connectivity) on the dewetting kinetics of water from the hydrophobic mesopores of particles packed in RPLC columns. The results are explained from physico-chemical viewpoints involving intrusion and extrusion Laplace pressures, advancing and receding contact angles, surface tension of water, vapor pressure of water, 3D reconstruction of the actual mesoporous structure, pore connectivity, and the hysteresis in nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm onto reversed-phase chromatographic materials. A model of water dewetting consistent with the observations and the physical interpretations is then proposed. Finally, the most relevant practical solutions (pressurizing the column in absence of flow, pore size enlargement, using phenyl-bonded phase, polar embedded or surface doped C18-bonded phases, reducing the C18 surface coverage, doping the silica surface, lengthening of the alkyl-bonded chains, applying low temperatures, purging and degassing the mobile phase with helium gas) are suggested in order to eliminate or at least minimize the retention loss of RPLC columns when using fully aqueous mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
| | - Martin Gilar
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Thomas H Walter
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Kevin Wyndham
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
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29
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Rao B, Su X, Qiu S, Xu P, Lu X, Wu M, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Dong W. Meso-mechanism of mechanical dewatering of municipal sludge based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. Water Res 2019; 162:161-169. [PMID: 31272041 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Both huge volume and high moisture content of municipal sludge have brought great troubles and attracted extensive concerns in the world. In this paper, the mechanical press filtration (MPF) dewatering was performed under ultrahigh pressure in order to improve the dewatering performance of municipal sludge. Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique was used to study the effect of MPF parameters on dewatering performance. Based on the pore characteristics of municipal sludge, a capillary bundle model was developed to explore the mesoscopic mechanisms of MPF dewatering. The results indicate that moisture content of sludge cake decreases gradually with the increase of compressed pressure and dewatering time as well as the decrease of sludge weight , and the moisture content of municipal sludge can be reduced to as low as 30% with MPF dewatering. According to the peak and envelope area of relaxation time curve in NMR, it can be found that the size of pores decreases and the percentage of small pores increases during the dewatering process. Therefore, the capillary water cannot be removed by MPF method because the capillary pressure in very small pores increases evidently. Furthermore, the compaction degree of the outmost layer is generally higher than that of the middle layer, and the difference of moisture content between the middle and outmost layers of cake is 25%-28.4%. The present work may be helpful to understand the MPF dewatering mechanism and shed light on the new dewatering techniques of municipal sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binqi Rao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Shuxia Qiu
- College of Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Xilong Lu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Jicheng Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Wenjie Dong
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
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30
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Smith CA, Keiser DD, Miller BD, Aitkaliyeva A. Comparison of manual and automated image analysis techniques for characterization of fission gas pores in irradiated U-Mo fuels. Micron 2019; 119:98-108. [PMID: 30708340 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of low enriched uranium-molybdenum fuel results in the production and agglomeration of fission gas bubbles that can potentially lead to fuel failure. Manual point volume fraction counting in accordance with ASTME562 standard has been historically used to conduct pore size distribution analysis. While effective, the manual methodology is not efficient and therefore not feasible for the characterization of several fuel plates in a timely manner. In this contribution, ImageJ and MATLAB software were investigated as suitable alternatives to manual counting. Validation and verification were performed to show that the results are reproducible. Image analysis revealed insignificant variation of fission gas pore morphology with fission density. In addition, the results from two different sample preparation techniques - vibratory polishing and focused ion beam milling were compared. Sample preparation has more than 1% influence on the results of pore size distribution analysis. Comprehensive comparison identified vibratory polishing as the preferred method for conducting fission gas pore size distribution analysis.
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31
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Dieguez-Alonso A, Anca-Couce A, Frišták V, Moreno-Jiménez E, Bacher M, Bucheli TD, Cimò G, Conte P, Hagemann N, Haller A, Hilber I, Husson O, Kammann CI, Kienzl N, Leifeld J, Rosenau T, Soja G, Schmidt HP. Designing biochar properties through the blending of biomass feedstock with metals: Impact on oxyanions adsorption behavior. Chemosphere 2019; 214:743-753. [PMID: 30293028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal-blending of biomass prior to pyrolysis is investigated in this work as a tool to modify biochar physico-chemical properties and its behavior as adsorbent. Six different compounds were used for metal-blending: AlCl3, Cu(OH)2, FeSO4, KCl, MgCl2 and Mg(OH)2. Pyrolysis experiments were performed at 400 and 700 °C and the characterization of biochar properties included: elemental composition, thermal stability, surface area and pore size distribution, Zeta potential, redox potential, chemical structure (with nuclear magnetic resonance) and adsorption behavior of arsenate, phosphate and nitrate. Metalblending strongly affected biochars' surface charge and redox potential. Moreover, it increased biochars' microporosity (per mass of organic carbon). For most biochars, mesoporosity was also increased. The adsorption behavior was enhanced for all metal-blended biochars, although with significant differences across species: Mg(OH)2-blended biochar produced at 400 °C showed the highest phosphate adsorption capacity (Langmuir Qmax approx. 250 mg g-1), while AlCl3-blended biochar produced also at 400 °C showed the highest arsenate adsorption (Langmuir Qmax approx. 14 mg g-1). Significant differences were present, even for the same biochar, with respect to the investigated oxyanions. This indicates that biochar properties need to be optimized for each application, but also that this optimization can be achieved with tools such as metal-blending. These results constitute a significant contribution towards the production of designer biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Dieguez-Alonso
- Institute of Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Chair for Energy Process Engineering and Conversion Technologies for Renewable Energies, Fasanenstr. 89, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrés Anca-Couce
- Institute of Thermal Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25b, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Vladimír Frišták
- Department of Chemistry, Trnava University, Trnava, SK-918 43, Slovak Republic
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Agrícola y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Bacher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU University), Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewables, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Cimò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 4, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 4, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nikolas Hagemann
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Haller
- Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Hilber
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Husson
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, TAB 115/02, Avenue Agropolis, F-34398, Montpellier, France; AIDA, University Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia I Kammann
- Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Kienzl
- BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jens Leifeld
- Climate and Agriculture, Agroscope, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU University), Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewables, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Schmidt
- Ithaka Institute for Carbon Strategies, Ancienne Eglise 9, Arbaz, 1974, Switzerland
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Bacq-Labreuil A, Crawford J, Mooney SJ, Neal AL, Akkari E, McAuliffe C, Zhang X, Redmile-Gordon M, Ritz K. Effects of cropping systems upon the three-dimensional architecture of soil systems are modulated by texture. Geoderma 2018; 332:73-83. [PMID: 30559518 PMCID: PMC6088510 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil delivers fundamental ecosystem functions via interactions between physical and biological processes mediated by soil structure. The structure of soil is also dynamic and modified by natural factors and management intervention. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different cropping systems on soil structure at contrasting spatial scales. Three systems were studied in replicated plot field experiments involving varying degrees of plant-derived inputs to the soil, viz. perennial (grassland), annual (arable), and no-plant control (bare fallow), associated with two contrasting soil textures (clayey and sandy). We hypothesized the presence of plants results in a greater range (diversity) of pore sizes and that perennial cropping systems invoke greater structural heterogeneity. Accordingly, the nature of the pore systems was visualised and quantified in 3D by X-ray Computed Tomography at the mm and μm scale. Plants did not affect the porosity of clay soil at the mm scale, but at the μm scale, annual and perennial plant cover resulted in significantly increased porosity, a wider range of pore sizes and greater connectivity compared to bare fallow soil. However, the opposite occurred in the sandy soil, where plants decreased the porosity and pore connectivity at the mm scale but had no significant structural effect at the μm scale. These data reveal profound effects of different agricultural management systems upon soil structural modification, which are strongly modulated by the extent of plant presence and also contingent on the inherent texture of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Bacq-Labreuil
- Division of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - John Crawford
- Sustainable Agriculture Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Sacha J. Mooney
- Division of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Andrew L. Neal
- Sustainable Agriculture Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Elsy Akkari
- Sustainable Agriculture Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Cormac McAuliffe
- Sustainable Agriculture Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Sustainable Agriculture Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Marc Redmile-Gordon
- Sustainable Agriculture Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Karl Ritz
- Division of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Patmonoaji A, Tsuji K, Muharrik M, Suekane T. Micro-tomographic analyses of specific interfacial area inside unconsolidated porous media with differing particle characteristics from microscopic to macroscopic scale. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 532:614-621. [PMID: 30114651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS In capillary trapping in an unconsolidated porous medium, the interphase area is influenced by the distribution of the trapped phase clusters. These attributes, in turn, are affected by particle characteristics, indicating that the interphase area is affected by the particle characteristics. EXPERIMENTS A micro-tomography technique was used to observe capillary trapping of a nitrogen-water system. The effect of particle characteristics on micro- to macroscopic properties was measured, respectively: pore size distribution (PSD) and porosity, bubble size distribution (BSD) and saturation, and bubble surface area and specific interfacial area. Capillary trapping experiments were carried out for media consisting of different particle shapes, range of sizes, and degrees of uniformity. FINDINGS Particle characteristics govern not only the PSD but also the pore shape. Then, the PSD and pore shape govern the BSD and bubble surface area, thus, affecting the specific interfacial area. The specific interfacial area of highly angular particles differs from that of highly spherical particles and natural sands. On the basis of these findings, a statistical model of PSD and a bubble morphology model are developed. Comparisons of specific interfacial area with uniform bubble distribution and thermodynamic filling assumption models show that those assumptions predict interfacial area less accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindityo Patmonoaji
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G3-31, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.
| | - Kento Tsuji
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G3-31, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Mushlih Muharrik
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G3-31, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suekane
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G3-31, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.
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Liang X, Gao G, Wu G. Statistical analysis on hollow and core-shell structured vanadium oxide microspheres as cathode materials for Lithium ion batteries. Data Brief 2018; 18:719-22. [PMID: 29896538 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this data, the statistical analyses of vanadium oxide microspheres cathode materials are presented for the research article entitled “Statistical analyses on hollow and core-shell structured vanadium oxides microspheres as cathode materials for Lithium ion batteries” (Liang et al., 2017) [1]. This article shows the statistical analyses on N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and morphology vanadium oxide microspheres as cathode materials for LIBs.
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Silletta EV, Franzoni MB, Monti GA, Acosta RH. Probing numerical Laplace inversion methods for two and three-site molecular exchange between interconnected pore structures. J Magn Reson 2018; 286:82-90. [PMID: 29197695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimension (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry experiments are a powerful tool extensively used to probe the interaction among different pore structures, mostly in inorganic systems. The analysis of the collected experimental data generally consists of a 2D numerical inversion of time-domain data where T2-T2 maps are generated. Through the years, different algorithms for the numerical inversion have been proposed. In this paper, two different algorithms for numerical inversion are tested and compared under different conditions of exchange dynamics; the method based on Butler-Reeds-Dawson (BRD) algorithm and the fast-iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (FISTA) method. By constructing a theoretical model, the algorithms were tested for a two- and three-site porous media, varying the exchange rates parameters, the pore sizes and the signal to noise ratio. In order to test the methods under realistic experimental conditions, a challenging organic system was chosen. The molecular exchange rates of water confined in hierarchical porous polymeric networks were obtained, for a two- and three-site porous media. Data processed with the BRD method was found to be accurate only under certain conditions of the exchange parameters, while data processed with the FISTA method is precise for all the studied parameters, except when SNR conditions are extreme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia V Silletta
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, IFEG, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María B Franzoni
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, IFEG, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo A Monti
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, IFEG, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo H Acosta
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, IFEG, Córdoba, Argentina
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Phadungbut P, Herrera LF, Do DD, Tangsathitkulchai C, Nicholson D, Junpirom S. Computational methodology for determining textural properties of simulated porous carbons. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 503:28-38. [PMID: 28500937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have refined and improved the computational efficiency of the TriPOD technique, used to determine the accessible characteristics of porous solids with a known configuration of solid atoms. Instead of placing a probe molecule randomly, as described in the original version of the TriPOD method (Herrera et al., 2011), we implemented a scheme for dividing the porous solid into 3D-grids and computing the solid-fluid potential energies at these grid points. We illustrate the potential of this technique in determining the total pore volume, the surface area and the pore size distribution of various molecular models of porous carbons, ranging from simple pore models to a more complex simulated porous carbon model; the latter is constructed from a canonical Monte Carlo simulation of carbon microcrystallites of various sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomiwat Phadungbut
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - L F Herrera
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - D D Do
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chaiyot Tangsathitkulchai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - D Nicholson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Supunnee Junpirom
- School of Chemical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Jahandar Lashaki M, Atkinson JD, Hashisho Z, Phillips JH, Anderson JE, Nichols M. The role of beaded activated carbon's pore size distribution on heel formation during cyclic adsorption/desorption of organic vapors. J Hazard Mater 2016; 315:42-51. [PMID: 27173087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of activated carbon's pore size distribution (PSD) on heel formation during adsorption of organic vapors was investigated. Five commercially available beaded activated carbons (BAC) with varying PSDs (30-88% microporous) were investigated. Virgin samples had similar elemental compositions but different PSDs, which allowed for isolating the contribution of carbon's microporosity to heel formation. Heel formation was linearly correlated (R(2)=0.91) with BAC micropore volume; heel for the BAC with the lowest micropore volume was 20% lower than the BAC with the highest micropore volume. Meanwhile, first cycle adsorption capacities and breakthrough times correlated linearly (R(2)=0.87 and 0.93, respectively) with BAC total pore volume. Micropore volume reduction for all BACs confirmed that heel accumulation takes place in the highest energy pores. Overall, these results show that a greater portion of adsorbed species are converted into heel on highly microporous adsorbents due to higher share of high energy adsorption sites in their structure. This differs from mesoporous adsorbents (low microporosity) in which large pores contribute to adsorption but not to heel formation, resulting in longer adsorbent lifetime. Thus, activated carbon with high adsorption capacity and high mesopore fraction is particularly desirable for organic vapor application involving extended adsorption/regeneration cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Jahandar Lashaki
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - John D Atkinson
- University at Buffalo, Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Zaher Hashisho
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - John H Phillips
- Ford Motor Company, Environmental Quality Office, Dearborn, MI 48126, USA
| | - James E Anderson
- Ford Motor Company, Research and Advanced Engineering, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
| | - Mark Nichols
- Ford Motor Company, Research and Advanced Engineering, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
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Stoch G, Krzyżak AT. Parameterized signal calibration for NMR cryoporometry experiment without external standard. J Magn Reson 2016; 269:97-103. [PMID: 27262657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In cryoporometric experiments non-linear effects associated with the sample and the probehead bring unwanted contributions to the total signal along with the change of temperature. The elimination of these influences often occurs with the help of an intermediate measurement of a separate liquid sample. In this paper we suggest an alternative approach under certain assumptions, solely based on data from the target experiment. In order to obtain calibration parameters the method uses all of these raw data points. Its reliability is therefore enhanced as compared to other methods based on lesser number of data points. Presented approach is automatically valid for desired temperature range. The need for intermediate measurement is removed and parameters for such a calibration are naturally adapted to the individual sample-probehead combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Stoch
- AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Artur T Krzyżak
- AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Prajapati YN, Bhaduri B, Joshi HC, Srivastava A, Verma N. Aqueous phase adsorption of different sized molecules on activated carbon fibers: Effect of textural properties. Chemosphere 2016; 155:62-69. [PMID: 27107386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect that the textural properties of rayon-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs), such as the BET surface area and pore size distribution (PSD), have on the adsorption of differently sized molecules, namely, brilliant yellow (BY), methyl orange (MO) and phenol (PH), was investigated in the aqueous phase. ACF samples with different BET areas and PSDs were produced by steam-activating carbonized fibers for different activation times (0.25, 0.5, and 1 h). The samples activated for 0.25 h were predominantly microporous, whereas those activated for relatively longer times contained hierarchical micro-mesopores. The adsorption capacities of the ACFs for the adsorbate increased with increasing BET surface area and pore volume, and ranged from 51 to 1306 mg/g depending on the textural properties of the ACFs and adsorbate size. The adsorption capacities of the hierarchical ACF samples followed the order BY > MO > PH. Interestingly, the number of molecules adsorbed by the ACFs followed the reverse order: PH > MO > BY. This anomaly was attributed to the increasing molecular weight of the PH, MO and BY molecules. The equilibrium adsorption data were described using the Langmuir isotherm. This study shows that suitable textural modifications to ACFs are required for the efficient aqueous phase removal of an adsorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra N Prajapati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Bhaskar Bhaduri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Harish C Joshi
- Defense Materials and Stores Research & Development Establishment, Kanpur 208013, India
| | - Anurag Srivastava
- Defense Materials and Stores Research & Development Establishment, Kanpur 208013, India
| | - Nishith Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Benjamini D, Komlosh ME, Holtzclaw LA, Nevo U, Basser PJ. White matter microstructure from nonparametric axon diameter distribution mapping. Neuroimage 2016; 135:333-44. [PMID: 27126002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a double diffusion encoding (DDE) MRI method to estimate and map the axon diameter distribution (ADD) within an imaging volume. A variety of biological processes, ranging from development to disease and trauma, may lead to changes in the ADD in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Unlike previously proposed methods, this ADD experimental design and estimation framework employs a more general, nonparametric approach, without a priori assumptions about the underlying form of the ADD, making it suitable to analyze abnormal tissue. In the current study, this framework was used on an ex vivo ferret spinal cord, while emphasizing the way in which the ADD can be weighted by either the number or the volume of the axons. The different weightings, which result in different spatial contrasts, were considered throughout this work. DDE data were analyzed to derive spatially resolved maps of average axon diameter, ADD variance, and extra-axonal volume fraction, along with a novel sub-micron restricted structures map. The morphological information contained in these maps was then used to segment white matter into distinct domains by using a proposed k-means clustering algorithm with spatial contiguity and left-right symmetry constraints, resulting in identifiable white matter tracks. The method was validated by comparing histological measures to the estimated ADDs using a quantitative similarity metric, resulting in good agreement. With further acquisition acceleration and experimental parameters adjustments, this ADD estimation framework could be first used preclinically, and eventually clinically, enabling a wide range of neuroimaging applications for improved understanding of neurodegenerative pathologies and assessing microstructural changes resulting from trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Benjamini
- Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michal E Komlosh
- Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Lynne A Holtzclaw
- Microscopy & Imaging Core, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Uri Nevo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Peter J Basser
- Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Pihlajaniemi V, Sipponen MH, Kallioinen A, Nyyssölä A, Laakso S. Rate-constraining changes in surface properties, porosity and hydrolysis kinetics of lignocellulose in the course of enzymatic saccharification. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:18. [PMID: 26816528 PMCID: PMC4727270 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explaining the reduction of hydrolysis rate during lignocellulose hydrolysis is a challenge for the understanding and modelling of the process. This article reports the changes of cellulose and lignin surface areas, porosity and the residual cellulase activity during the hydrolysis of autohydrolysed wheat straw and delignified wheat straw. The potential rate-constraining mechanisms are assessed with a simplified kinetic model and compared to the observed effects, residual cellulase activity and product inhibition. RESULTS The reaction rate depended exclusively on the degree of hydrolysis, while enzyme denaturation or time-dependent changes in substrate hydrolysability were absent. Cellulose surface area decreased linearly with hydrolysis, in correlation with total cellulose content. Lignin surface area was initially decreased by the dissolution of phenolics and then remained unchanged. The dissolved phenolics did not contribute to product inhibition. The porosity of delignified straw was decreased during hydrolysis, but no difference in porosity was detected during the hydrolysis of autohydrolysed straw. CONCLUSIONS Although a hydrolysis-dependent increase of non-productive binding capacity of lignin was not apparent, the dependence of hydrolysis maxima on the enzyme dosage was best explained by partial irreversible product inhibition. Cellulose surface area correlated with the total cellulose content, which is thus an appropriate approximation of the substrate concentration for kinetic modelling. Kinetic models of cellulose hydrolysis should be simplified enough to include reversible and irreversible product inhibition and reduction of hydrolysability, as well as their possible non-linear relations to hydrolysis degree, without overparameterization of particular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pihlajaniemi
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Henrikki Sipponen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioinen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Antti Nyyssölä
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Simo Laakso
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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Liu C, Wang H, Tang X, Guan Z, Reid BJ, Rajapaksha AU, Ok YS, Sun H. Biochar increased water holding capacity but accelerated organic carbon leaching from a sloping farmland soil in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:995-1006. [PMID: 26109221 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hydrologically contained field study, to assess biochar (produced from mixed crop straws) influence upon soil hydraulic properties and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching, was conducted on a loamy soil (entisol). The soil, noted for its low plant-available water and low soil organic matter, is the most important arable soil type in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River catchment, China. Pore size distribution characterization (by N2 adsorption, mercury intrusion, and water retention) showed that the biochar had a tri-modal pore size distribution. This included pores with diameters in the range of 0.1-10 μm that can retain plant-available water. Comparison of soil water retention curves between the control (0) and the biochar plots (16 t ha(-1) on dry weight basis) demonstrated biochar amendment to increase soil water holding capacity. However, significant increases in DOC concentration of soil pore water in both the plough layer and the undisturbed subsoil layer were observed in the biochar-amended plots. An increased loss of DOC relative to the control was observed upon rainfall events. Measurements of excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence indicated the DOC increment originated primarily from the organic carbon pool in the soil that became more soluble following biochar incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Honglan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhuo Guan
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Brian J Reid
- School of Environmental Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England, UK
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Korea Biochar Research Center and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Pastorino D, Canal C, Ginebra MP. Multiple characterization study on porosity and pore structure of calcium phosphate cements. Acta Biomater 2015; 28:205-214. [PMID: 26384703 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the intricate pore structure of calcium phosphate cements is a key step to successfully link the structural properties of these synthetic bone grafts with their most relevant properties, such as in vitro or in vivo behaviour, drug loading and release properties, or degradation over time. This is a challenging task due to the wide range of pore sizes in calcium phosphate cements, compared to most other ceramic biomaterials. This work provides a critical assessment of three different techniques based on different physical phenomena, namely mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Nitrogen sorption, and thermoporometry (TPM) for the detailed characterization of four calcium phosphate cements with different textural properties in terms of total porosity, pore size distribution (PSD), and pore entrance size distribution (PESD). MIP covers a much wider size range than TPM and Nitrogen sorption, offering more comprehensive information at the micrometer level. TPM, and especially Nitrogen sorption, are non-destructive techniques and, although they cover a limited size range, provide complementary information regarding pore structure associated with crystal shape at the nanoscale, recording both PSD and PESD in a single experiment. MIP tended to register smaller sizes, especially at low L/P ratios, due to the network effect, which has a strong influence on the outcome of this technique. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The detailed characterisation of the porosity of calcium phosphate cements is of paramount importance, since it is a key parameter influencing some of the most relevant features, like mechanical properties, degradation rate or drug loading and release kinetics. However, this is a challenging task because, once hardened, calcium phosphate cements present an intricate morphology, consisting of a network of precipitated crystals, which generate a high intrinsic micro/nano porosity, with pore sizes covering six orders of magnitude. This work provides for the first time a critical assessment of the advantages and limitations of three different techniques, namely mercury intrusion porosimetry, Nitrogen sorption and Thermoporometry, for the characterisation of the porosity of four calcium phosphate cements with different textural properties.
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Luo ZX, Paulsen J, Song YQ. Robust determination of surface relaxivity from nuclear magnetic resonance DT(2) measurements. J Magn Reson 2015; 259:146-152. [PMID: 26340435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool to probe into geological materials such as hydrocarbon reservoir rocks and groundwater aquifers. It is unique in its ability to obtain in situ the fluid type and the pore size distributions (PSD). The T1 and T2 relaxation times are closely related to the pore geometry through the parameter called surface relaxivity. This parameter is critical for converting the relaxation time distribution into the PSD and so is key to accurately predicting permeability. The conventional way to determine the surface relaxivity ρ2 had required independent laboratory measurements of the pore size. Recently Zielinski et al. proposed a restricted diffusion model to extract the surface relaxivity from the NMR diffusion-T2 relaxation (DT2) measurement. Although this method significantly improved the ability to directly extract surface relaxivity from a pure NMR measurement, there are inconsistencies with their model and it relies on a number of preset parameters. Here we propose an improved signal model to incorporate a scalable LT and extend their method to extract the surface relaxivity based on analyzing multiple DT2 maps with varied diffusion observation time. With multiple diffusion observation times, the apparent diffusion coefficient correctly describes the restricted diffusion behavior in samples with wide PSDs, and the new method does not require predetermined parameters, such as the bulk diffusion coefficient and tortuosity. Laboratory experiments on glass beads packs with the beads diameter ranging from 50 μm to 500 μm are used to validate the new method. The extracted diffusion parameters are consistent with their known values and the determined surface relaxivity ρ2 agrees with the expected value within ±7%. This method is further successfully applied on a Berea sandstone core and yields surface relaxivity ρ2 consistent with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Luo
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, One Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, United States
| | - Jeffrey Paulsen
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, One Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Yi-Qiao Song
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, One Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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Benjamini D, Komlosh ME, Basser PJ, Nevo U. Nonparametric pore size distribution using d-PFG: comparison to s-PFG and migration to MRI. J Magn Reson 2014; 246:36-45. [PMID: 25064269 PMCID: PMC7477619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the successful translation of a pore size distribution (PSD) estimation method from NMR to MRI. This approach is validated using a well-characterized MRI phantom consisting of stacked glass capillary arrays (GCA) having different diameters. By employing a double pulsed-field gradient (d-PFG) MRI sequence, this method overcomes several important theoretical and experimental limitations of previous single-PFG (s-PFG) based MRI methods by allowing the relative diffusion gradients' direction to vary. This feature adds an essential second dimension in the parameters space, which can potentially improve the reliability and stability of the PSD estimation. To infer PSDs from the MRI data in each voxel an inverse linear problem is solved in conjunction with the multiple correlation function (MCF) framework, which can account for arbitrary experimental parameters (e.g., long diffusion pulses). This scheme makes no a priori assumptions about the functional form of the underlying PSD. Creative use of region of interest (ROI) analysis allows us to create different underlying PSDs using the same GCA MRI phantom. We show that an s-PFG experiment on the GCA phantom fails to accurately reconstruct the size distribution, thus demonstrating the superiority of the d-PFG experiment. In addition, signal simulations corrupted by different noise levels were used to generate continuous and complex PSDs, which were then successfully reconstructed. Finally, owing to the reduced q- or b- values required to measure microscopic PSDs via d-PFG MRI, this method will be better suited to biomedical and clinical applications, in which gradient strength of scanners is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Benjamini
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal E Komlosh
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniform Service University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Basser
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uri Nevo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. The rationale for the optimum efficiency of columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous Titan-C18 particles-a detailed investigation of the intra-particle diffusivity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:164-78. [PMID: 24969087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report, it was reported that columns packed with fully porous 1.9μm Titan-C18 particles provided a minimum reduced plate height as small as 1.7 for the most retained compound (n-octanophenone) under RPLC conditions. These particles are characterized by a relatively narrow size distribution with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of only 10%. A column packed with classical 5μm Symmetry-C18 particles, used as a reference RPLC column, generated a minimum reduced plate height of 2.1 for the same retained compound. This work demonstrates that this was due to an unusually low intra-particle diffusivity across these particles, which leads to a small longitudinal diffusion coefficient along the column. The demonstration is based on the combination of accurate measurements of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP), inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC), peak parking (PP), and minor disturbance method (MDM) experiments. The experimental results show that the reduced eddy dispersion HETP term (A=0.8 for a reduced velocity of 5), the internal particle porosity (ϵp=0.35), and the enrichment of acetonitrile in the pore volume (75% acetonitrile in the bulk, 85% inside the mesoporous volume) are identical on both the Titan-C18 and Symmetry-C18 columns. The difference between the internal structures of these two brands of RPLC-C18 fully porous particles lies in the values of the internal obstruction factor γp, which is 0.42 for the Symmetry-C18 but only 0.26 for the Titan-C18 particles. This is in part related to the diffusion hindrance due to the small average pore size of the Titan-C18 particles, around 59Å versus 77Å for Symmetry-C18 particles. A simple model of constriction along diffusion paths having the shape of a truncated cone suggests that the width of the pore size distribution (RSD of 30% and 20% for Titan-C18 and Symmetry-C18 particles) is mostly responsible for the difference in their obstruction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
| | - Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA.
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Benjamini D, Elsner JJ, Zilberman M, Nevo U. Pore size distribution of bioresorbable films using a 3-D diffusion NMR method. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2762-8. [PMID: 24534719 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pore size distribution (PSD) within porous biomaterials is an important microstructural feature for assessing their biocompatibility, longevity and drug release kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is the most common method used to obtain the PSD of soft biomaterials. The method is highly invasive and user dependent, since it requires fracturing of the sample and then considers only the small portion that the user had acquired in the image. In the current study we present a novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method as an alternative method for estimation of PSD in soft porous materials. This noninvasive 3-D diffusion NMR method considers the entire volume of the specimen and eliminates the user's need to choose a specific field of view. Moreover, NMR does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation and can potentially have preclinical and clinical uses. The method was applied on four porous 50/50 poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) bioresorbable films with different porosities, which were created using the freeze-drying of inverted emulsions technique. We show that the proposed NMR method is able to address the main limitations associated with SEM-based PSD estimations by being non-destructive, depicting the full volume of the specimens and not being dependent on the magnification factor. Upon comparison, both methods yielded a similar PSD in the smaller pore size range (1-25μm), while the NMR-based method provided additional information on the larger pores (25-50μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Benjamini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jonathan J Elsner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Meital Zilberman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Uri Nevo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Bodner G, Leitner D, Kaul HP. Coarse and fine root plants affect pore size distributions differently. Plant Soil 2014; 380:133-151. [PMID: 25834289 PMCID: PMC4372837 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-014-2079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Small scale root-pore interactions require validation of their impact on effective hydraulic processes at the field scale. Our objective was to develop an interpretative framework linking root effects on macroscopic pore parameters with knowledge at the rhizosphere scale. METHODS A field experiment with twelve species from different families was conducted. Parameters of Kosugi's pore size distribution (PSD) model were determined inversely from tension infiltrometer data. Measured root traits were related to pore variables by regression analysis. A pore evolution model was used to analyze if observed pore dynamics followed a diffusion like process. RESULTS Roots essentially conditioned soil properties at the field scale. Rooting densities higher than 0.5 % of pore space stabilized soil structure against pore loss. Coarse root systems increased macroporosity by 30 %. Species with dense fine root systems induced heterogenization of the pore space and higher micropore volume. We suggested particle re-orientation and aggregate coalescence as main underlying processes. The diffusion type pore evolution model could only partially capture the observed PSD dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Root systems differing in axes morphology induced distinctive pore dynamics. Scaling between these effective hydraulic impacts and processes at the root-pore interface is essential for plant based management of soil structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Bodner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - D. Leitner
- Computational Science Center, University of Vienna, Oskar Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - H.-P. Kaul
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Scholl P, Leitner D, Kammerer G, Loiskandl W, Kaul HP, Bodner G. Root induced changes of effective 1D hydraulic properties in a soil column. Plant Soil 2014; 381:193-213. [PMID: 25834290 PMCID: PMC4372835 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-014-2121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Roots are essential drivers of soil structure and pore formation. This study aimed at quantifying root induced changes of the pore size distribution (PSD). The focus was on the extent of clogging vs. formation of pores during active root growth. METHODS Parameters of Kosugi's lognormal PSD model were determined by inverse estimation in a column experiment with two cover crops (mustard, rye) and an unplanted control. Pore dynamics were described using a convection-dispersion like pore evolution model. RESULTS Rooted treatments showed a wider range of pore radii with increasing volumes of large macropores >500 μm and micropores <2.5 μm, while fine macropores, mesopores and larger micropores decreased. The non-rooted control showed narrowing of the PSD and reduced porosity over all radius classes. The pore evolution model accurately described root induced changes, while structure degradation in the non-rooted control was not captured properly. Our study demonstrated significant short term root effects with heterogenization of the pore system as dominant process of root induced structure formation. CONCLUSIONS Pore clogging is suggested as a partial cause for reduced pore volume. The important change in micro- and large macropores however indicates that multiple mechanic and biochemical processes are involved in root-pore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Scholl
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - D. Leitner
- Computational Science Center, University of Vienna, Oskar Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G. Kammerer
- Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - W. Loiskandl
- Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - H.-P. Kaul
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G. Bodner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Meng X, Foston M, Leisen J, DeMartini J, Wyman CE, Ragauskas AJ. Determination of porosity of lignocellulosic biomass before and after pretreatment by using Simons' stain and NMR techniques. Bioresour Technol 2013; 144:467-76. [PMID: 23899571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To further investigate the effect of dilute acid pretreatment (DAP) and steam explosion pretreatment (SE) on the change in cellulose accessibility, several techniques were applied including a Simons' stain (SS) technique along with several NMR methods (i.e., NMR cryoporometry, (1)H spin-lattice (T1) and (1)H spin-spin (T2) relaxometry, and diffusometry). These methods were utilized to probe biomass porosity and thus assess cellulose accessibility on untreated and pretreated Populus. In general, these techniques indicate that pretreated Populus has larger pore size distributions and specific surface area (SSA) when compared to an untreated sample. The SS method revealed that DAP is more effective than SE in terms of the SSA increase, and that DAP increases SSA as a function of pretreatment severity. Relaxometry and diffusion measurements also suggest pore expansion occurs primarily in the first 10 min of DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Meng
- BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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