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Alavianghavanini A, Shayesteh H, Bahri PA, Vadiveloo A, Moheimani NR. Microalgae cultivation for treating agricultural effluent and producing value-added products. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169369. [PMID: 38104821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater generated within agricultural sectors such as dairies, piggeries, poultry farms, and cattle meat processing plants is expected to reach 600 million m3 yr-1 globally. Currently, the wastewater produced by these industries are primarily treated by aerobic and anaerobic methods. However, the treated effluent maintains a significant concentration of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand, the valorisation of conventional microalgae biomass into bioproducts with high market value still requires expensive processing pathways such as dewatering and extraction. Consequently, cultivating microalgae using agricultural effluents shows the potential as a future technology for producing value-added products and treated water with low nutrient content. This review explores the feasibility of growing microalgae on agricultural effluents and their ability to remove nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition to evaluating the market size and value of products from wastewater-grown microalgae, we also analysed their biochemical characteristics including protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and pigment content. Furthermore, we assessed the costs of both upstream and downstream processing of biomass to gain a comprehensive understanding of the economic potential of the process. The findings from this study are expected to facilitate further techno-economic and feasibility assessments by providing insights into optimized processing pathways and ultimately leading to the reduction of costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alavianghavanini
- Engineering and Energy, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Murdoch University, 90 South street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Hajar Shayesteh
- Algae R & D Centre, Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Parisa A Bahri
- Engineering and Energy, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Murdoch University, 90 South street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ashiwin Vadiveloo
- Algae R & D Centre, Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Navid R Moheimani
- Algae R & D Centre, Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Chakraborty B, Gayen K, Bhowmick TK. Transition from synthetic to alternative media for microalgae cultivation: A critical review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 897:165412. [PMID: 37429469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, microalgae have drawn attention as a most feasible alternative and sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. However, laboratory-scale and pilot-scale studies revealed that producing only biofuels through the microalgal route is economically unfeasible. The high cost of synthetic media is one concern, and low-cost alternative cultivation media would replace synthetic media to culture microalgae for economic benefit. This paper critically consolidated the advantages of alternative media over synthetic media for microalgae cultivation. A comparative analysis of the compositions of synthetic and alternative media was made to evaluate the potential use of alternative media in microalgae cultivation. Investigations on microalgae cultivation using alternative media derived from different waste materials, such as domestic, farm, agricultural, industrial, etc., are highlighted. Vermiwash is another alternative media that contains essential micro and macronutrients required for the cultivation of microalgae. Two prime techniques, such as mix-waste culture media and recycling culture media, may provide more economic benefit for the large-scale production of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, West Tripura, Tripura 799046, India
| | - Kalyan Gayen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, West Tripura, Tripura 799046, India.
| | - Tridib Kumar Bhowmick
- Department of Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, West Tripura, Tripura 799046, India.
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3
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Liu S, Liu Y, Cai Y. Incubation study on remediation of nitrate-contaminated soil by Chroococcus sp. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:117637-117653. [PMID: 37870669 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using the non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium (Chroococcus sp.) for the reduction of soil nitrate contamination was tested through Petri dish experiments. The application of 0.03, 0.05 and 0.08 mg/cm2 Chroococcus sp. efficiently removed NO3--N from the soil through assimilation of nitrate nutrient and promotion of soil denitrification. At the optimal application dose of 0.05 mg/cm2, 44.06%, 36.89% and 36.17% of NO3--N were removed at initial NO3--N concentrations of 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg, respectively. The polysaccharides released by Chroococcus sp. acted as carbon sources for bacterial denitrification and facilitated the reduction of soil salinity, which significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated the growth of denitrifying bacteria (Hyphomicrobium denitrificans and Hyphomicrobium sp.) as well as significantly (p < 0.05) elevated the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase by 1.07-1.23 and 1.15-1.22 times, respectively. The application of Chroococcus sp. promoted the dominance of Nocardioides maradonensis in soil microbial community, which resulted in elevated phosphatase activity and increased available phosphorus content. The application of Chroococcus sp. positively regulated the growth of soil bacteria belonging to the genera Chitinophaga, Prevotella and Tumebacillus, which may contribute to increased soil fertility through the production of beneficial enzymes such as invertase, urease and catalase. To date, this is the first study verifying the remediation effect of non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria on nitrate-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaitong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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4
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Shahi Khalaf Ansar B, Kavusi E, Dehghanian Z, Pandey J, Asgari Lajayer B, Price GW, Astatkie T. Removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from the air, soil, and water by algae. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:116538-116566. [PMID: 35680750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increases in human populations and development has led to a significant exploitation of natural resources around the world. On the other hand, humans have come to terms with the consequences of their past mistakes and started to address current and future resource utilization challenges. Today's primary challenge is figuring out and implementing eco-friendly, inexpensive, and innovative solutions for conservation issues such as environmental pollution, carbon neutrality, and manufacturing effluent/wastewater treatment, along with xenobiotic contamination of the natural ecosystem. One of the most promising approaches to reduce the environmental contamination load is the utilization of algae for bioremediation. Owing to their significant biosorption capacity to deactivate hazardous chemicals, macro-/microalgae are among the primary microorganisms that can be utilized for phytoremediation as a safe method for curtailing environmental pollution. In recent years, the use of algae to overcome environmental problems has advanced technologically, such as through synthetic biology and high-throughput phenomics, which is increasing the likelihood of attaining sustainability. As the research progresses, there is a promise for a greener future and the preservation of healthy ecosystems by using algae. They might act as a valuable tool in creating new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Shahi Khalaf Ansar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Kavusi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Dehghanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Janhvi Pandey
- Division of Agronomy and Soil Science, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Gordon W Price
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
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Bhandari M, Kumar P, Bhatt P, Simsek H, Kumar R, Chaudhary A, Malik A, Prajapati SK. An integration of algae-mediated wastewater treatment and resource recovery through anaerobic digestion. J Environ Manage 2023; 342:118159. [PMID: 37207460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication is one of the major emerging challenges in aquatic environment. Industrial facilities, including food, textile, leather, and paper, generate a significant amount of wastewater during their manufacturing process. Discharge of nutrient-rich industrial effluent into aquatic systems causes eutrophication, eventually disturbs the aquatic system. On the other hand, algae provide a sustainable approach to treat wastewater, while the resultant biomass may be used to produce biofuel and other valuable products such as biofertilizers. This review aims to provide new insight into the application of algal bloom biomass for biogas and biofertilizer production. The literature review suggests that algae can treat all types of wastewater (high strength, low strength, and industrial). However, algal growth and remediation potential mainly depend on growth media composition and operation conditions such as light intensity, wavelength, light/dark cycle, temperature, pH, and mixing. Further, the open pond raceways are cost-effective compared to closed photobioreactors, thus commercially applied for biomass generation. Additionally, converting wastewater-grown algal biomass into methane-rich biogas through anaerobic digestion seems appealing. Environmental factors such as substrate, inoculum-to-substrate ratio, pH, temperature, organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, and carbon/nitrogen ratio significantly impact the anaerobic digestion process and biogas production. Overall, further pilot-scale studies are required to warrant the real-world applicability of the closed-loop phycoremediation coupled biofuel production technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Bhandari
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pushpendar Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab (AML), Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Department of Physics, Janta Vedic Mahavidyalaya, Baraut (Baghpat), UP, 250611, India
| | - Aman Chaudhary
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab (AML), Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Rambabu K, Avornyo A, Gomathi T, Thanigaivelan A, Show PL, Banat F. Phycoremediation for carbon neutrality and circular economy: Potential, trends, and challenges. Bioresour Technol 2023; 367:128257. [PMID: 36343781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phycoremediation is gaining attention not only as a pollutant mitigation approach but also as one of the most cost-effective paths to achieve carbon neutrality. When compared to conventional treatment methods, phycoremediation is highly effective in removing noxious substances from wastewater and is inexpensive, eco-friendly, abundantly available, and has many other advantages. The process results in valuable bioproducts and bioenergy sources combined with pollutants capture, sequestration, and utilization. In this review, microalgae-based phycoremediation of various wastewaters for carbon neutrality and circular economy is analyzed scientometrically. Different mechanisms for pollutants removal and resource recovery from wastewaters are explained. Further, critical parameters that influence the engineering design and phycoremediation performance are described. A comprehensive knowledge map highlighting the microalgae potential to treat a variety of industrial effluents is also presented. Finally, challenges and future prospects for industrial implementation of phycoremediation towards carbon neutrality coupled with circular economy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rambabu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Amos Avornyo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - T Gomathi
- Biomaterials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, DKM College for Women (Autonomous), Vellore, India
| | - A Thanigaivelan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Dhali S, Jain R, Malik A, Sharma S, Raliya R. Cultivation of Navicula sp. on rice straw hydrolysate for the production of biogenic silica. Bioresour Technol 2022; 360:127577. [PMID: 35792331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw hydrolysate (RSH) prepared at room temperature was found to be rich in silica (140 ± 4.1 mg L-1) and other nutrients (nitrate-N: 160 ± 4.3 mg L-1, total dissolve phosphate: 164 ± 6.7 mg L-1, ammoniacal-N: 439.8 ± 17 mg L-1). The aim of this work was to study four RSH dilutions (10, 30, 50, 70% v/v) to cultivate Navicula sp. with modified ASN-III as a control. The best result was achieved in 30% RSH in terms ofdoubling time (d = 1.49 days) and growth rate (µmax = 0.46 day-1). Compared to control, specific growth rate and biomass productivity were increased by 2.93 folds and 1.85 folds, respectively. Cultivation in 5 L reactor with optimized 30% RSH yielded frustule (54.2 ± 1.9%), carbohydrate (12.4 ± 1.2%), lipid (18.9 ± 1.4%), and protein (8.2 ± 0.6%). The residual solid fraction showed 18.99% increased theoretical methane yield than raw rice straw. Overall, the present process offers a sustainable solution to manage rice straw residue and recover nanoporous silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Dhali
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Raliya
- Adjunct Faculty, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Wang S, Mukhambet Y, Esakkimuthu S, Abomohra AELF. Integrated microalgal biorefinery – Routes, energy, economic and environmental perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production 2022; 348:131245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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9
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Bhushan S, Rana MS, Bhandari M, Sharma AK, Simsek H, Prajapati SK. Enzymatic pretreatment of algal biomass has different optimal conditions for biogas and bioethanol routes. Chemosphere 2021; 284:131264. [PMID: 34216928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic pretreatment is emerging as an efficient tool for the extraction of biofuel precursors from algal biomass. However, yardsticks for end-use directed selection of optimal pretreatment conditions are not yet identified. The present study, for the first time, reveals different optimal conditions for algal biomass solubilization and sugar release. Algal biomass pretreatment optimization was carried out using the Taguchi method. Crude enzyme from Aspergillus fischeri was found effective for pretreatment of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Maximum sugar yield (190 mg g-1 biomass) from algal biomass was observed at a substrate concentration of 4 g L-1, with a 5% enzyme load at temperature 60°C, pH 5.5, and shaking speed of 80 rpm. In contrast, maximum sCOD (1350 mg g-1 biomass) was obtained at 2 g L-1 substrate concentration with enzyme load of 20% v/v, at 60°C, pH 4, and shaking speed of 100 rpm. Hence, the first set of conditions would be more beneficial for bioethanol production. Whereas another set of conditions would improve the biofuel production that requires maximum solubilization of algal biomass, such as fermentative methane production. Overall, the present observations established that process conditions required for enzymatic pretreatment of algal biomass should be selected according to the desired biofuel type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Uttarakhand, 247667, India; Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), North Dakota, 58102, USA
| | - Mohit Singh Rana
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Mamta Bhandari
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Ashwini Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), North Dakota, 58102, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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10
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Mathur M, Kumar A, Ariyadasa TU, Malik A. Yeast assisted algal flocculation for enhancing nutraceutical potential of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bioresour Technol 2021; 340:125670. [PMID: 34364083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present research describes yeast assisted algal flocculation followed by evaluation of algae-yeast flocs for nutritional profile as potent food product. Co-flocculation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed 58.33 ± 2.37% flocculation efficiency. Nutrient composition of algae-yeast flocs (CP-Y) depicted higher protein content (35.52%) as compared to algae (23.72%) and yeast biomass (33.89). Amino acid profiles of CP-Y biomass depicted increase in essential amino acid content with higher ratio of essential to non-essential amino acid (0.68) as compared to Y (0.57) and CP (0.57) biomass. Lipid and carbohydrate content of CP-Y flocs was estimated as 26.95 ± 0.57% and 21.12 ± 0.83%, respectively. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) analysis showed presence of omega rich polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like α-linolenic acid (ω-3), Linoleic acid (ω-6), Palmitoleic acid (ω-7) etc in CP-Y biomass. The study provides novel insights on nutrition enriched biomass obtained after algal-yeast flocculation, which can be a better alternative to existing flocculation methods for food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Mathur
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ankur Kumar
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Thilini U Ariyadasa
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka.
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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11
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Leng L, Li W, Chen J, Leng S, Chen J, Wei L, Peng H, Li J, Zhou W, Huang H. Co-culture of fungi-microalgae consortium for wastewater treatment: A review. Bioresour Technol 2021; 330:125008. [PMID: 33773267 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of wastewater by microalgae has been studied and proved to be effective through previous studies. Due to the small size of microalgae, how to efficiently harvest microalgae from wastewater is a crucial factor restricting the development of algal technologies. Fungi-assisted microalgae bio-flocculation for microalgae harvesting and wastewater treatment simultaneously, which was overlooked previously, has attracted increasing attention in the recent decade due to its low cost and high efficiency. This review found that fungal hyphae and microalgae can stick together due to electrostatic neutralization, surface protein interaction, and exopolysaccharide adhesion in the co-culture process, realizing co-pelletization of microalgae and fungi, which is conducive to microalgae harvesting. Besides, the combination of fungi and microalgae has a complementary effect on pollutant removal from wastewaters. The co-culture of fungi-microalgae has excellent development prospects with both environmental and economic benefits, and it is expected to be applied on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Leng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Songqi Leng
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Liang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Haoyi Peng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Huajun Huang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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12
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Nigam H, Malik A, Singh V. A novel nanoemulsion-based microalgal growth medium for enhanced biomass production. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:111. [PMID: 33941238 PMCID: PMC8091788 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are well-established feedstocks for applications ranging from biofuels to valuable pigments and therapeutic proteins. However, the low biomass productivity using commercially available growth mediums is a roadblock for its mass production. This work describes a strategy to boost algal biomass productivity by using an effective CO2 supplement. RESULTS In the present study, a novel nanoemulsion-based media has been tested for the growth of freshwater microalgae strain Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Two different nanoemulsion-based media were developed using 1% silicone oil nanoemulsion (1% SE) and 1% paraffin oil nanoemulsion (1% PE) supplemented in Blue-green 11 media (BG11). After 12 days of cultivation, biomass yield was found highest in 1% PE followed by 1% SE and control, i.e., 3.20, 2.75, and 1.03 g L-1, respectively. The chlorophyll-a synthesis was improved by 76% in 1% SE and 53% in 1% PE compared with control. The respective microalgal cell numbers for 1% PE, 1% SE and control measured using the cell counter were 3.00 × 106, 2.40 × 106, and 1.34 × 106 cells mL-1. The effective CO2 absorption tendency of the emulsion was highlighted as the key mechanism for enhanced algal growth and biomass production. On the biochemical characterization of the produced biomass, it was found that the nanoemulsion-cultivated C. pyrenoidosa had increased lipid (1% PE = 26.80%, 1% SE = 23.60%) and carbohydrates (1% PE = 17.20%, 1% SE = 18.90%) content compared to the control (lipid = 18.05%, carbohydrates = 13.60%). CONCLUSIONS This study describes a novel nanoemulsion which potentially acts as an effective CO2 supplement for microalgal growth media thereby increasing the growth of microalgal cells. Further, nanoemulsion-cultivated microalgal biomass depicts an increase in lipid and carbohydrate content. The approach provides high microalgal biomass productivity without altering morphological characteristics like cell shape and size as revealed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Nigam
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 India
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Ishika T, Nwoba EG, Kwambai C, Moheimani NR. How harvesting frequency influence the biomass and lipid productivities of Nannochloropsis sp. ALGAL RES 2021; 53:102074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Samuchiwal S, Gola D, Malik A. Decolourization of textile effluent using native microbial consortium enriched from textile industry effluent. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123835. [PMID: 33254813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A robust and efficient treatment process is required to address the problem of residual colour and avoid expensive post-treatment steps while dealing with textile effluents. In the present work, a novel microbial consortium enriched from textile effluent was used to optimize the process of decolourization under extreme conditions with minimum inputs. With PreTreatment Range (PTR) effluent as a carbon source and only 0.5 g/L yeast extract as external input, the process enabled 70-73% colour reduction (from 1910-1930 to 516-555 hazen) in dyeing unit wastewater. Unhindered performance at higher temperatures (30 °C-50 °C) and wide pH range (7-12) makes this process highly suitable for the treatment of warm and extremely alkaline textile effluents. No significant difference was observed in the decolourization efficiency for effluents from different batches (Colour: 1647-4307 hazen; pH-11.5-12.0) despite wide variation in nature and concentration of dyes employed. Long term (60 days) continuous mode performance monitoring at hydraulic retention time of 48 h in lab-scale bioreactor showed consistent colour (from 1734-1980 to 545-723 hazen) and chemical oxygen demand (1720-2170 to 669-844 mg/L) removal and consistently neutral pH of the treated water. Present study thus makes a significant contribution by uncovering the ability of native microbial consortium to reliably treat dye laden textile wastewater without any dilution or pre-treatment and with minimum external inputs. The results ensure easy applicability of this indigenously developed process at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Samuchiwal
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Deepak Gola
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Baldisserotto C, Demaria S, Accoto O, Marchesini R, Zanella M, Benetti L, Avolio F, Maglie M, Ferroni L, Pancaldi S. Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Thickening Effluent of an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant by an Isolated Green Microalga. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9121802. [PMID: 33353199 PMCID: PMC7766996 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms and are considered excellent candidates for a wide range of biotechnological applications, including the removal of nutrients from urban wastewaters, which they can recover and convert into biomass. Microalgae-based systems can be integrated into conventional urban wastewater treatment plants (WW-TP) to improve the water depuration process. However, microalgal strain selection represents a crucial step for effective phytoremediation. In this work, a microalga isolated from the effluent derived from the thickening stage of waste sludge of an urban WW-TP was selected and tested to highlight its potential for nutrient removal. Ammonium and phosphate abatements by microalgae were evaluated using both the effluent and a synthetic medium in a comparative approach. Parallelly, the isolate was characterized in terms of growth capability, morphology, photosynthetic pigment content and photosystem II maximum quantum yield. The isolated microalga showed surprisingly high biomass yield and removal efficiency of both ammonium and phosphate ions from the effluent but not from the synthetic medium. This suggests its clear preference to grow in the effluent, linked to the overall characteristics of this matrix. Moreover, biomass from microalgae cultivated in wastewater was enriched in photosynthetic pigments, polyphosphates, proteins and starch, but not lipids, suggesting its possible use as a biofertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Baldisserotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.B.); (S.D.); (O.A.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Sara Demaria
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.B.); (S.D.); (O.A.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Ornella Accoto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.B.); (S.D.); (O.A.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Roberta Marchesini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.B.); (S.D.); (O.A.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Marcello Zanella
- HERA SpA—Direzione Acqua, Via C. Diana, 40, Cassana, 44044 Ferrara, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Linda Benetti
- HERA SpA—Direzione Acqua, Via C. Diana, 40, Cassana, 44044 Ferrara, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesco Avolio
- HERA SpA—Direzione Acqua, Via C. Diana, 40, Cassana, 44044 Ferrara, Italy; (M.Z.); (L.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Michele Maglie
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.B.); (S.D.); (O.A.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.B.); (S.D.); (O.A.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.B.); (S.D.); (O.A.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (L.F.)
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Dębowski M, Zieliński M, Kazimierowicz J, Kujawska N, Talbierz S. Microalgae Cultivation Technologies as an Opportunity for Bioenergetic System Development—Advantages and Limitations. Sustainability 2020; 12:9980. [DOI: 10.3390/su12239980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass is currently considered as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for biofuel production (biohydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel) characterized by lower emissions of hazardous air pollutants than fossil fuels. Photobioreactors for microalgae growth can be exploited using many industrial and domestic wastes. It allows locating the commercial microalgal systems in areas that cannot be employed for agricultural purposes, i.e., near heating or wastewater treatment plants and other industrial facilities producing carbon dioxide and organic and nutrient compounds. Despite their high potential, the large-scale algal biomass production technologies are not popular because the systems for biomass production, separation, drainage, and conversion into energy carriers are difficult to explicitly assess and balance, considering the ecological and economical concerns. Most of the studies presented in the literature have been carried out on a small, laboratory scale. This significantly limits the possibility of obtaining reliable data for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of such solutions. Therefore, there is a need to verify the results in pilot-scale and the full technical-scale studies. This study summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of microalgal biomass production technologies for bioenergetic applications.
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Andreotti V, Solimeno A, Rossi S, Ficara E, Marazzi F, Mezzanotte V, García J. Bioremediation of aquaculture wastewater with the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica: Semi-continuous experiments, simulation and photo-respirometric tests. Sci Total Environ 2020; 738:139859. [PMID: 32534276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetraselmis suecica was cultivated in a semi-continuously operated tubular photobioreactor fed on aquaculture wastewater (AW) testing two hydraulic retention times (HRT): 10 and 7 days (RUN_1 and RUN_2, respectively). The integrated mechanistic model BIO_ALGAE was validated with experimental data in order to simulate the biomass production and nutrient uptake of T. suecica. Moreover, AW was used as substitute synthetic cultivation medium to test the production of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in the microalgal biomass. Preliminary photo-respirometric tests were carried out on the AW suspension containing microalgae and bacteria. Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) and Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP) were analyzed for the two RUNs, and no significant difference was highlighted (p > 0.05). On the contrary, the productivity of the Total suspended solids (TSS) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for RUN_1 (900 mg TSS/L) than for RUN_2 (550 mg TSS/L). The analysis of the biochemical composition of biomass has demonstrated a higher content of proteins than of lipids and carbohydrates for the two RUNs. BIO_ALGAE model was validated by comparing simulated results to experimental data. The model was able to reproduce the pattern of these experimental data quite well, for both nutrient uptake and biomass production. The simulated curve follows the same pattern as the experimental data for both RUNs. The wavelike trend indicates the good accuracy of the simulated curves to reproduce the microalgae growth and nutrient uptake that occurring during daytime and at night. With this study, BIO_ALGAE Model was demonstrated to be useful to simulate bioremediation and microalgae production in aquaculture wastewater in a semi-continuous system with different environmental factors. The photo-respirometric outputs were compared with the process rates affecting dissolved oxygen dynamics computed by the mathematical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Andreotti
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alessandro Solimeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands (ITC), Playa de Pozo Izquierdo s/n, 35119, Pozo Izquierdo, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Simone Rossi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Via Golgi, 39, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Ficara
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Via Golgi, 39, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Marazzi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Mezzanotte
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Scarponi P, Bonetto A, Bolzonella D, Astals S, Cavinato C. Anaerobic Co-Digestion Effluent as Substrate for Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus Cultivation. Energies 2020; 13:4880. [DOI: 10.3390/en13184880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestate supernatant can be used as a nutrient source for microalgae cultivation, thus integrating phytoremediation processes with high value products storage in microalgae biomass. Microalgae are able to use nitrogen and phosphorous from digestate, but high nutrient concentration can cause growth inhibition. In this study, two microalgae strains (C. vulgaris and S. obliquus) were cultivated on the anaerobic co-digestion supernatant (obtained from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and waste activated sludge (WAS)) in a preliminary Petri plate screening at different dilutions (1:10 and 1:5) using a synthetic medium (ISO) and tap water (TW). Direct Nile red screening was applied on colonies to preliminarily identify hydrophobic compound storage and then a batch test was performed (without air insufflation). Results show that C. vulgaris was able to grow on digestate supernatant 1:5 diluted, while Nile red screening allowed the preliminary detection of hydrophobic compound storage in colonies. The analysis carried out at the end of the test on ammonia, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate showed a removal percentage of 47.5 ± 0.8%, 65.0 ± 6.0%, 95.0 ± 3.0% and 99.5 ± 0.1%, respectively.
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Brar A, Kumar M, Singh RP, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Phycoremediation coupled biomethane production employing sewage wastewater: Energy balance and feasibility analysis. Bioresour Technol 2020; 308:123292. [PMID: 32278995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present work Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus abundans and Anabaena ambigua have been evaluated for their biomass, phycoremediation efficiency and biomethane production potential by cultivating them in the primary treated sewage waste water (PTSWW) under controlled conditions. By the end of 25-day experiment, up to 52-88% reduction was observed in the nutrient concentration from the 3:1 ratio of PTSWW. Co-digestion of microalgal biomass (dry) with cow dung was performed to estimate biomethane potential. Biogas yield of 618-925 ml g-1 VS with 48-65% of methane content was obtained employing the microalgal species cultivated in PTSWW. Microalgae appeared notably competent at nutrient sequestration from PTSWW with significant microalgal biomass productivity for biogas production. Energy balance studies revealed the feasibility of coupling the remediation with energy generation. High photosynthetic rate and biomass generation ability along with nutrient confiscation supports employment of microalgae as a potential next generation biofuel source with waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Brar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh P Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - V Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India.
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Abstract
PurposeThis paper highlights how biological waste materials can be used for generating the much needed energy and obtaining nutrient-rich compost for agriculture through anaerobic digestion (AD). The paper further highlights the importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in using AD for converting waste to energy (WTE), leading to many environmental benefits as well as clean energy generation. It would help to reduce pollution, water acidification and carbon emissions that eventually lead to climate change.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers undertook an in-depth study to highlight the role played by an SME in converting WTE and helping towards achieving circularity. An exploratory case-based approach was used to understand value leakage for an AD plant operating on WTE principles in the UK. The plant is still currently active, and it is located in the Midlands, England. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were undertaken with different stakeholders.FindingsThis paper reveals the importance of WTE and the significant role played by AD in converting food waste into useful matter. It reports further into the value leakage issue faced in the AD plants. It demonstrates the importance of technological innovation in SME to capture value leakages in a circular model. Most importantly, it demonstrates how SMEs gain competitive advantage and generate value proposition, while they aim for zero waste to landfill objective.Research limitations/implicationsThe research involves a case study based on an SME, operating on a circular business model. It will be worth investigating how other businesses could gain competitive advantage. For SMEs interested in AD for WTE, this paper introduces further technological innovation to the AD process to leverage further potential for reuse of waste liquid. Any SMEs entering WTE market ought to take into consideration such design implications.Practical implicationsThe paper reveals how the use of waste by SMEs would lead to many environmental benefits as well as clean energy generation. It would help to reduce pollution, water acidification and carbon emissions that eventually lead to climate change. It is useful for addressing the needs of waste food producers and is a cheap raw material for generating energy. The benefits to the public are that it reduces the need for landfill and increases recycling.Social implicationsThe WTE is an effective way of making use of last-stage waste.Originality/valueDespite SMEs being the powerhouse of the European economies, there is limited research investigating how circular economy (CE) could unlock their potential. Moreover, development of AD in the UK has lagged behind other EU countries. We highlight value leakages and argue how technological innovation should be used to close the value chain loop in the WTE production process. This paper, therefore, demonstrates the important role of an AD process, which involves decomposition of biodegradable materials. It shows that AD is an economically viable and environmentally friendly process of obtaining clean energy at low cost.
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Moungmoon T, Chaichana C, Pumas C, Pathom-Aree W, Ruangrit K, Pekkoh J. Quantitative analysis of methane and glycolate production from microalgae using undiluted wastewater obtained from chicken-manure biogas digester. Sci Total Environ 2020; 714:136577. [PMID: 31982736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass is often used as a raw material in methane production. Some microalgae possess a complex cell-wall structure which has a low degradability of microorganisms in anaerobic digestion. However, some microalgae produce glycolate, which is excreted outside the cell and can be used to produce methane under anaerobic condition. This research aims to investigate microalgal cultivation using wastewater to reduce nutrients and efficiently create glycolate. Two strains of microalgae (Acutodesmus sp. AARL G023, Chlorella sp. AARL G049) and two microalgal consortia were cultivated at dilutions of 0.5-fold (W50), 0.75-fold (W75) and undiluted wastewater (W100). The results showed that the microalgal consortium with undiluted wastewater (WCW100) consisted of Leptolyngbya sp. (30.4%), Chlorella sp. (16.1%) and Chlamydomonas sp. (52.2%), revealed the highest biomass productivity at 64.38 ± 14.54 mg·L-1·d-1 and the highest glycolate productivity at 5.12 ± 0.48 mmol·L-1·d-1. The cultivation of microalgae effectively reduced ammonium‑nitrogen (NH4+-N) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) levels in the wastewater at 43.5 ± 1.3% and 49.6 ± 6.9%. Furthermore, WCW100 showed the highest biogas productivity at 1.44 ± 0.07 mL·g-1·d-1 and the highest methane content at 58.3 ± 6.0% v/v. This study indicates that there is a definite potential of using undiluted wastewater for microalgal biomass production and glycolate production that can reduce the wastewater volume and be applied as a raw material for methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoranit Moungmoon
- PhD Degree Program in Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Chaichana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayakorn Pumas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasu Pathom-Aree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Khomsan Ruangrit
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Bélanger-Lépine F, Lemire-Lamothe M, Tremblay A, Rondeau S, Marchand P, Huot Y, Barnabé S. Cultivation of an Algae-Bacteria Consortium in a Mixture of Industrial Wastewater to Obtain Valuable Products for Local Use. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Bélanger-Lépine
- Department of Environmental Science, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Lemire-Lamothe
- Department of Environmental Science, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Tremblay
- Department of Environmental Science, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Rondeau
- Department of Environmental Science, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Yannick Huot
- Department of Applied Geomatics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Barnabé
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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Sukačová K, Búzová D, Trávníček P, Červený J, Vítězová M, Vítěz T. Optimization of microalgal growth and cultivation parameters for increasing bioenergy potential: Case study using the oleaginous microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick (IPPAS C2). ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gao Y, Feng J, Lv J, Liu Q, Nan F, Liu X, Xie S. Physiological Changes of Parachlorella Kessleri TY02 in Lipid Accumulation under Nitrogen Stress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1188. [PMID: 30987041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effects of nitrogen stress on the lipid synthesis of Parachlorella kessleri TY02 and to understand the changes in growth, photosynthetic pigments, total protein and total carbohydrate contents during lipid accumulation, the cells of the strain were cultured in nitrogen-deficient (N−) and nitrogen-rich (N+) media for one week. Changes in cell growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, neutral lipid and total lipid content, total protein content and total carbohydrate content were measured and analyzed. The results showed that, under nitrogen stress, the algal strain grew slowly, and chlorophyll and total protein contents decreased, while total carbohydrate and total lipid contents increased. This indicated that, under nitrogen stress, most of the carbon flowed to the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. Meanwhile, reducing the nitrogen content was a relatively economical and easy to operate method of promoting lipid accumulation.
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Brar A, Kumar M, Pareek N. Comparative Appraisal of Biomass Production, Remediation, and Bioenergy Generation Potential of Microalgae in Dairy Wastewater. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:678. [PMID: 30984158 PMCID: PMC6449868 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is a trail to integrate the phycoremediation and bioenergy production from microalgal species cultivated in the dairy wastewater (DWW). Higher biomass productivities for Chlorella pyrenoidosa (24.44 ± 8.02 mg L-1d-1), Anabaena ambigua (23.64 ± 5.69 mg L-1d-1) and Scenedesmus abundans (18.72 ± 2.06 mg L-1d-1) were recorded in 3:1 DWW over the control. The microalgal species have effectively reduced the BOD by 56%, COD by 77%, nitrate by 88%, and phosphate by 85% following 25 days of the cultivation in the 3:1 DWW. The total lipid content was 10.36, 13.13, and 16.93% of dry matter of biomass in C. pyrenoidosa, A. ambigua, and S. abundans, respectively following 25 days of cultivation in the 3:1 ratio of DWW. The biochemical characterization revealed that the protein content was 21.8% in C. pyrenoidosa, 17.73% in A. ambigua and 34.06% in S. abundans. The estimation of theoretical methane potential suggested that the microalgal species have the desirable possibility of biogas generation. The results have marked the achievability of an integrated process for the remediation and bioenergy production by the employment of microalgal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nidhi Pareek
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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Tang W, Xu X, Ye BC, Cao P, Ali A. Decolorization and degradation analysis of Disperse Red 3B by a consortium of the fungus Aspergillus sp. XJ-2 and the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana XJK. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14558-14566. [PMID: 35519313 PMCID: PMC9064126 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disperse Red 3B, an anthraquinone dye, was decolorized by a consortium, which was constituted of the fungus (Aspergillus sp. XJ-2) and the microalgae (Chlorella sorokiniana XJK). The consortium performed better than the single system in terms of decolorization and nutrient removal simultaneously in the simulated wastewater of Dispersed Red 3B. The decolorization rate could reach 98.09% by the consortium under the optimized conditions. The removal rate of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TP (Total Phosphorus), and ammonia nitrogen reached 93.9%, 83.9% and 87.6%. Also, the consortium could tolerate higher salt and dye concentration than the single system did. In this co-cultural system, the lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase enzyme activities contributed to the degradation of Disperse Red 3B, which reached 86.7 U L−1 and 122.5 U L−1. The result of fermentation liquid analysis with UV-vis, FTIR and GC-MS showed that the colored functional group of the dye was broken and the Dispersed Red 3B was degraded into small molecular compounds with low toxicity. It was suggested that degradation plays a major role during the color removal process. The consortium exhibited greater potential in terms of color removal and water pollutant removal than the separate system did. The consortium of fungi and microalgae exhibited simultaneous removal of color, nutrients and COD in simulated wastewater.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Tang
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- School of Biological Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Asghar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi
- People's Republic of China
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Bélanger-Lépine F, Tremblay A, Huot Y, Barnabé S. Cultivation of an algae-bacteria consortium in wastewater from an industrial park: Effect of environmental stress and nutrient deficiency on lipid production. Bioresour Technol 2018; 267:657-665. [PMID: 30059946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Adoption of microalgae-sourced products depends on the economic feasibility. In the case of fatty acids, it is crucial to obtain high lipid yield, especially in the form of storage lipids (TAGs). However, the production of these lipids often comes into competition with the microalgae biomass, resulting in a decrease in growth. A microalgae culture integration project was conducted in an industrial park in Canada in order to cultivate microalgae from park's wastewaters and then obtain products from the biomass. Different deficiencies and stresses were tested to evaluate what condition allowed the induction of the highest lipids accumulation without compromising the growth of microalgae. The results showed that the medium controlled to pH 7.0 allowed reaching the largest amount of extracted lipids (28 ± 4.3%). Companies involved in this project could be able to make significant savings by the reduced wastewater treatment costs and by not adding expensive nutrients in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Bélanger-Lépine
- Department of Environmental Science, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Tremblay
- Department of Environmental Science, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Yannick Huot
- Canada Research Chair in Earth Observation and Phytoplankton Ecophysiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Simon Barnabé
- Department of Environmental Science, Industrial Research Chair in Environment and Biotechnology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
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Johnson TJ, Katuwal S, Anderson GA, Gu L, Zhou R, Gibbons WR. Photobioreactor cultivation strategies for microalgae and cyanobacteria. Biotechnol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tylor J. Johnson
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
- Dept. of MicrobiologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxville TN37996
| | - Sarmila Katuwal
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept.South Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - Gary A. Anderson
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept.South Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - Liping Gu
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - Ruanbao Zhou
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
| | - William R. Gibbons
- Dept. of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings SD57007
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Kumar P, Kumar D, Nehra P, Sharma PK. Green Algae Biomass Cultivation, Harvesting and Genetic Modifications for Enhanced Cellular Lipids. In: Patra JK, Das G, Shin H, editors. Microbial Biotechnology. Singapore: Springer; 2018. pp. 119-40. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7140-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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Wang Y, Yu J, Wang P, Deng S, Chang J, Ran Z. Response of energy microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to nitrogen and phosphorus stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:5762-5770. [PMID: 29230652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae can effectively absorb nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in wastewater, while growth characteristics can be affected by such nutrients. The influences of the N and P concentration on growth, biomass yield, protein yield, and cell ultrastructure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) were investigated in this study. The results showed that, in the optimum conditions (24-72 mg/L for N and 4.5-13.5 mg/L for P), the final biomass and protein content of C. reinhardtii could reach maximum value, and the cell organelles (chloroplast, mitochondria,etc.) showed good structures with larger chloroplasts, and more and neater thylakoids. However, if the concentration of nutrients was much higher or lower than the optimal value, it would cause adverse effects on the growth of C. reinhardtii, especially in high nitrogen (1000 mg/L) and low phosphorus (0.5 mg/L) conditions. Under these extreme conditions, the ultrastructure of the cells was also damaged significantly as follows: the majority of the organelles were deformed, the chloroplast membrane became shrunken, and the mitochondria became swollen, even partial disintegrated (differing slightly under high-N and low-P conditions); furthermore, it is found that C. reinhardtii was more sensitive to low-P stress. On the basis of these results, our findings have general implications in the application of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Deng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Chang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxin Ran
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
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Guldhe A, Kumari S, Ramanna L, Ramsundar P, Singh P, Rawat I, Bux F. Prospects, recent advancements and challenges of different wastewater streams for microalgal cultivation. J Environ Manage 2017; 203:299-315. [PMID: 28803154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are recognized as one of the most powerful biotechnology platforms for many value added products including biofuels, bioactive compounds, animal and aquaculture feed etc. However, large scale production of microalgal biomass poses challenges due to the requirements of large amounts of water and nutrients for cultivation. Using wastewater for microalgal cultivation has emerged as a potential cost effective strategy for large scale microalgal biomass production. This approach also offers an efficient means to remove nutrients and metals from wastewater making wastewater treatment sustainable and energy efficient. Therefore, much research has been conducted in the recent years on utilizing various wastewater streams for microalgae cultivation. This review identifies and discusses the opportunities and challenges of different wastewater streams for microalgal cultivation. Many alternative routes for microalgal cultivation have been proposed to tackle some of the challenges that occur during microalgal cultivation in wastewater such as nutrient deficiency, substrate inhibition, toxicity etc. Scope and challenges of microalgal biomass grown on wastewater for various applications are also discussed along with the biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Guldhe
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Luveshan Ramanna
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Prathana Ramsundar
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Poonam Singh
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Bhattacharya A, Malik A, Malik HK. A mathematical model to describe the fungal assisted algal flocculation process. Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:975-981. [PMID: 28847089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal assisted algal harvesting is an attractive option for separating algae from bulk media. Although numerous studies have been reported in the recent time, no workable mathematical model has been developed for the same. In the present study, a mathematical model has been developed for fungal-assisted algal harvesting which shows that the process is not a second order process unlike other flocculation models. The process is also dependent on the radius of the algal cells and fungal pellets. Moreover, the flocculation process is affected by the velocity gradient of the system. The model was validated using different experiments viz. different fungal-algal ratio, variation in rpm, different algal strains, algae grown in different wastewaters and finally in a 10L photobioreactor. The proposed model is found to be in agreement with the experimental results along with r2>0.90 in most of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Bhattacharya
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hitendra K Malik
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Xaaldi Kalhor A, Movafeghi A, Mohammadi-Nassab AD, Abedi E, Bahrami A. Potential of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris for biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 123:286-290. [PMID: 28844453 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil production and/or transportation can cause severe environmental pollution and disrupt the populations of living organisms. In the present study, biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is investigated using Chlorella vulgaris as a green algal species. The microalga was treated by 10 and 20g/l crude oil/water concentrations at two experimental durations (7 and 14days). Based on the results obtained, C. vulgaris owned not only considerable resistance against the pollutants but also high ability in remediation of crude oil hydrocarbons (~94% of the light and ~88% of heavy compounds in 14days). Intriguingly, dry weight of C. vulgaris increased by the rising crude oil concentration indicating the positive effect of crude oil on the growth of the algal species. This biodegradation process is remarkably a continuous progression over a period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadel Xaaldi Kalhor
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ali Movafeghi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Ehsan Abedi
- Persian Gulf Oceanography Research Station-Boushehr, Iran
| | - Ahmad Bahrami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Dayyer Branch, Dayyer, Iran
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Gani P, Sunar NM, Matias-Peralta H, Mohamed RMSR, Latiff AAA, Parjo UK. Extraction of hydrocarbons from freshwater green microalgae (Botryococcus sp.) biomass after phycoremediation of domestic wastewater. Int J Phytoremediation 2017; 19:679-685. [PMID: 28121457 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1284743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to analyze the efficiency of Botryococcus sp. in the phycoremediation of domestic wastewater and to determine the variety of hydrocarbons derived from microalgal oil after phycoremediation. The study showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of pollutant loads of up to 93.9% chemical oxygen demand, 69.1% biochemical oxygen demand, 59.9% total nitrogen, 54.5% total organic carbon, and 36.8% phosphate. The average dry weight biomass produce was 0.1 g/L of wastewater. In addition, the dry weight biomass of Botryococcus sp. was found to contain 72.5% of crude oil. The composition analysis using Gas Chromatogram - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) found that phthalic acid, 2-ethylhexyltridecyl ester (C29H48O4), contributed the highest percentage (71.6%) of the total hydrocarbon compounds to the extracted algae oil. The result of the study suggests that Botryococcus sp. can be used for effective phycoremediation, as well as to provide a sustainable hydrocarbon source as a value-added chemical for the bio-based plastic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paran Gani
- a Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Batu Pahat , Malaysia
| | - Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar
- b Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology , Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Batu Pahat , Malaysia
| | - Hazel Matias-Peralta
- c Department of Technology and Heritage, Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development , Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Batu Pahat , Malaysia
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- a Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Batu Pahat , Malaysia
| | - Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff
- a Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Batu Pahat , Malaysia
| | - Umi Kalthsom Parjo
- b Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology , Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Batu Pahat , Malaysia
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Abstract
The literature on hydrocarbon remediation with basidiomycetes was reviewed. Two ecological groups are considered for bioremediation, the saprotrophic basidiomycetes (white-rot and brown-rot fungi) and the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes. A remarkable capacity of basidiomycetes for in vitro degradation of simple and recalcitrant hydrocarbons, such as PAH, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), halogenated HC, aromatic HC and phenols, explosives and dyes was reported for many species. However, there is a need for more studies on the practical feasibility of field applications with basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Treu
- a Faculty of Science and Technology , Athabasca University , Athabasca , Canada
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- b Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Gdańsk University , Gdańsk , Poland
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Tao Q, Gao F, Qian CY, Guo XZ, Zheng Z, Yang ZH. Enhanced biomass/biofuel production and nutrient removal in an algal biofilm airlift photobioreactor. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ansari FA, Singh P, Guldhe A, Bux F. Microalgal cultivation using aquaculture wastewater: Integrated biomass generation and nutrient remediation. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Bhattacharya A, Mathur M, Kumar P, Prajapati SK, Malik A. A rapid method for fungal assisted algal flocculation: Critical parameters & mechanism insights. ALGAL RES 2017; 21:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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39
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Gani P, Sunar NM, Matias-Peralta HM, Latiff AAA, Parjo UK, Embong Z, Khalid A, Tajudin SAA. The potential of biodiesel production fromBotryococcussp. biomass after phycoremediation of domestic and industrial wastewater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/160/1/012048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Xaaldi Kalhor A, Mohammadi Nassab AD, Abedi E, Bahrami A, Movafeghi A. Biodiesel production in crude oil contaminated environment using Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresour Technol 2016; 222:190-194. [PMID: 27718401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a valuable alternative to fossil fuels and many countries choose biodiesel as an unconventional energy source. A large number of investigations have been done on microalgae as a source of oil production. In recent years, wastewater pollutions have caused many ecological problems, and therefore, wastewater phycoremediation has attracted the international attention. This paper studied the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in a crude oil polluted environment for biodiesel production. Intended concentrations were 10 and 20gperliter (crude oil/water) at two times. The results showed that the growth of C. vulgaris was improved in wastewater and the maximum amount of dry mass and oil was produced at the highest concentration of crude oil (0.41g and 0.15g/l, respectively). In addition, dry mass and oil yield of the microalga were significantly enhanced by increasing the experiment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadel Xaaldi Kalhor
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Ehsan Abedi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Persian Gulf Center, Boushehr, Iran
| | - Ahmad Bahrami
- Sepanir Oil and Gas Energy Eng. Co., Tesko Phase CO., Asaluyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Movafeghi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Klassen V, Blifernez-Klassen O, Wobbe L, Schlüter A, Kruse O, Mussgnug JH. Efficiency and biotechnological aspects of biogas production from microalgal substrates. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:7-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Carrillo-Reyes J, Barragán-Trinidad M, Buitrón G. Biological pretreatments of microalgal biomass for gaseous biofuel production and the potential use of rumen microorganisms: A review. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Paskuliakova A, Tonry S, Touzet N. Phycoremediation of landfill leachate with chlorophytes: Phosphate a limiting factor on ammonia nitrogen removal. Water Res 2016; 99:180-187. [PMID: 27161884 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential of microalgae to bioremediate wastewater has been reported in numerous studies but has not been investigated as extensively for landfill leachate, which may be attributed to its complex nature and toxicity. In this study we explored if microalgal phycoremediation could constitute an alternative biological treatment option for landfill leachate management in regions with temperate climatic conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of microalgae species at relatively low temperature (15 °C) and light intensity (14:10 h, light: dark, 22 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) for reduction in energy inputs. Four chlorophyte strains originating from the North-West of Ireland were selected and used in batch experiments in order to evaluate their ability to reduce total ammonia nitrogen, oxidised nitrogen and orthophosphate in landfill leachate. The Chlamydomonas sp. strain SW15aRL isolated from raw leachate achieved the highest level of pollutant reduction whereby a decrease of 51.7% of ammonia nitrogen was observed in 10% raw leachate (∼100 mg l(-1) NH4(+)-N) by day 24 in experiments without culture agitation. However, in the experiment conducted with 10% raw leachate supplemented with phosphate, a decrease of 90.7% of ammonia nitrogen was obtained by day 24 while also achieving higher biomass production. This series of experiments pointed to phosphorus being a limiting factor in the microalgae based phycoremediation of the landfill leachate. The effective reduction of ammonia nitrogen in landfill leachate can be achieved at lower temperature and light conditions. This was attained by employing native species adapted to such conditions and by improving nutrient balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paskuliakova
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability (CERIS), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Co., Sligo, Ireland.
| | - Steven Tonry
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability (CERIS), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Co., Sligo, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability (CERIS), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Co., Sligo, Ireland
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Michelon W, Da Silva MLB, Mezzari MP, Pirolli M, Prandini JM, Soares HM. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Biochemical Composition of Microalgae Polyculture Harvested from Phycoremediation of Piggery Wastewater Digestate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:1407-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Youssef NH, Farag IF, Rinke C, Hallam SJ, Woyke T, Elshahed MS. In Silico Analysis of the Metabolic Potential and Niche Specialization of Candidate Phylum "Latescibacteria" (WS3). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127499. [PMID: 26039074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The “Latescibacteria” (formerly WS3), member of the Fibrobacteres–Chlorobi–Bacteroidetes (FCB) superphylum, represents a ubiquitous candidate phylum found in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems. Recently, single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) representing the “Latescibacteria” were obtained from the anoxic monimolimnion layers of Sakinaw Lake (British Columbia, Canada), and anoxic sediments of a coastal lagoon (Etoliko lagoon, Western Greece). Here, we present a detailed in-silico analysis of the four SAGs to gain some insights on their metabolic potential and apparent ecological roles. Metabolic reconstruction suggests an anaerobic fermentative mode of metabolism, as well as the capability to degrade multiple polysaccharides and glycoproteins that represent integral components of green (Charophyta and Chlorophyta) and brown (Phaeophycaea) algae cell walls (pectin, alginate, ulvan, fucan, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins), storage molecules (starch and trehalose), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The analyzed SAGs also encode dedicated transporters for the uptake of produced sugars and amino acids/oligopeptides, as well as an extensive machinery for the catabolism of all transported sugars, including the production of a bacterial microcompartment (BMC) to sequester propionaldehyde, a toxic intermediate produced during fucose and rhamnose metabolism. Finally, genes for the formation of gas vesicles, flagella, type IV pili, and oxidative stress response were found, features that could aid in cellular association with algal detritus. Collectively, these results indicate that the analyzed “Latescibacteria” mediate the turnover of multiple complex organic polymers of algal origin that reach deeper anoxic/microoxic habitats in lakes and lagoons. The implications of such process on our understanding of niche specialization in microbial communities mediating organic carbon turnover in stratified water bodies are discussed.
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Sukačová K, Trtílek M, Rataj T. Phosphorus removal using a microalgal biofilm in a new biofilm photobioreactor for tertiary wastewater treatment. Water Res 2015; 71:55-63. [PMID: 25594825 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication of surface water has been an important environmental issue for nearly half a century. High concentrations of phosphorus contribute to the process of eutrophication, resulting in the demand for effective and economic methods of phosphorus removal from treated water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity for phosphorus removal of a microalgal biofilm during different light regimes. The photobioreactor was operated for nine months each year over a two-year period without interruption and without any need of re-inoculation. The algal biofilm was able to remove 97 ± 1% of total phosphorus from wastewater during 24 h of continuous artificial illumination. The average TP uptake rate in our experiments was 0.16 ± 0.008 g m(-2) d(-1). Phosphorus removal values ranged from 36 to 41% when the algal biofilm was illuminated by natural light (12 h sunlight-12 h night). The biomass production rate was 12.21 ± 10 g dry weight m(-2) d(-1) in experiments with continuous artificial light and 5.6 ± 1 g dry weight (DW) m(-2) d(-1) in experiments with natural light. These results indicate the great potential of microalgal biofilms in the tertiary treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Sukačová
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Bělidla 986/4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Trtílek
- Photon Systems Instruments, 664 24 Drásov 470, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Rataj
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Bělidla 986/4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
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Prajapati SK, Malik A, Vijay VK, Sreekrishnan TR. Enhanced methane production from algal biomass through short duration enzymatic pretreatment and codigestion with carbon rich waste. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel two fold approach comprising short duration fungal crude enzyme pretreatment of algal biomass followed by codigestion with cattle dung resulting in enhanced methane yield is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Biochemical Engineering and Bioenergy Lab (BEBL)
- Division of Biotechnology
- Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110078
- India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab (AML)
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - V. K. Vijay
- Biogas Laboratory
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - T. R. Sreekrishnan
- Laboratory for Waste Treatment and Metagenomics
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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Bhattacharya A, Dey P, Gola D, Mishra A, Malik A, Patel N. Assessment of Yamuna and associated drains used for irrigation in rural and peri-urban settings of Delhi NCR. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:4146. [PMID: 25410949 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the quality of Yamuna River and the Najafgarh drain water for irrigational purposes in the Delhi region in terms of spatial variations in the physicochemical characteristics as well as heavy metal concentrations. The monitoring was done for the period July 2012-August 2013 representing pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon sessions and considering six physicochemical parameters. Heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, and lead have been found in the river due to rampant discharge of industrial effluents into the river. The mean metal concentrations in the 15 sampling sites were in the range of (mg L(-1)) 0.02-0.64 (Cu), 0-0.42 (Cr), 0.13-2.22(Zn), 0.03-0.27 (Pb), 0-0.07 (Cd), and 0.01-0.13 (Ni). Multivariate statistics (PCA and HCA) were used to identify the possible sources of metal contamination and to examine the spatial changes in the Yamuna River as well as in the Najafgarh drain. This study reveals the occurrence of mean Cd concentration above the safe limit at Palla, Christian Ashram and Jagatpur of the Yamuna river while Punjabi Bagh of the Najafgarh drain necessitate treatment in terms of heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn before it could be rendered useful for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Bhattacharya
- Applied Microbiology Lab, CRDT, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Prajapati SK, Choudhary P, Malik A, Vijay VK. Algae mediated treatment and bioenergy generation process for handling liquid and solid waste from dairy cattle farm. Bioresour Technol 2014; 167:260-8. [PMID: 24994683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present work four algae were tested for their biomass production potential in neat livestock wastewater. Chroococcus sp.1 was found to be the best for biomass production under controlled (2.13 g L(-1)) and outdoor conditions (4.44 g L(-1)) with >80% of nutrients removal. The produced biomass was then digested with cattle dung as cosubstrate. Interestingly, up to 291.83 ± 3.904 mL CH4 g(-1) VS fed was produced during codigestion studies (C/N ≈ 13.0/1). In contrast to this, only 202.49 ± 11.19 and 141.70 ± 2.57 mL CH4 g(-1) VS fed was recorded with algae (C/N ≈ 9.26/1) and cattle dung (C/N ≈ 31.56/1) alone, respectively. The estimated renewable power generation potential of the investigated coupled process was around 333.79-576.57 kW h d(-1) for a dairy farm with 100 adult cattle. However, further scale-up and testing is needed to make this process a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, CRDT, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India; Biogas Research Laboratory, CRDT, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Poonam Choudhary
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, CRDT, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, CRDT, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Virendra Kumar Vijay
- Biogas Research Laboratory, CRDT, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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