1
|
Wan C, Fu L, Li Z, Liu X, Lin L, Wu C. Formation, application, and storage-reactivation of aerobic granular sludge: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116302. [PMID: 36150350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It was an important discovery in wastewater treatment that the microorganisms in the traditional activated sludge can form aerobic granular sludge (AGS) by self-aggregation under appropriate water quality and operation conditions. With a typical three-dimensional spherical structure, AGS has high sludge-water separation efficiency, great treatment capacity, and strong tolerance to toxic and harmful substances, so it has been considered to be one of the most promising wastewater treatment technologies. This paper comprehensively reviewed AGS from multiple perspectives over the past two decades, including the culture conditions, granulation mechanisms, metabolic and structural stability, storage, and its diverse applications. Some important issues, such as the reproducibility of culture conditions and the structural and functional stability during application and storage, were also summarized, and the research prospects were put forward. The aggregation behavior of microorganisms in AGS was explained from the perspectives of physiology and ecology of complex populations. The storage of AGS is considered to have large commercial potential value with the increase of large-scale applications. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the systematic and in-depth study on the sludge aerobic granulation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhengwen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Changyong Wu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamiruddin NA, Awang NA, Mohd Shahpudin SN, Zaidi NS, Said MAM, Chaplot B, Azamathulla HM. Effects of wastewater type on stability and operating conditions control strategy in relation to the formation of aerobic granular sludge - a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:2113-2130. [PMID: 34810301 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, research trends on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) have integrated the operating conditions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) towards the stability of AGS systems in various types of wastewater with different physical and biochemical characteristics. More attention is given to the stability of the AGS system for real site applications. Although recent studies have reported comprehensively the mechanism of AGS formation and stability in relation to other intermolecular interactions such as microbial distribution, shock loading and toxicity, standard operating condition control strategies for different types of wastewater have not yet been discussed. Thus, the dimensional multi-layer structural model of AGS is discussed comprehensively in the first part of this review paper, focusing on diameter size, thickness variability of each layer and diffusion factor. This can assist in facilitating the interrelation between disposition and stability of AGS structure to correspond to the changes in wastewater types, which is the main objective and novelty of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Hamiruddin
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - N A Awang
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - S N Mohd Shahpudin
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - N S Zaidi
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - M A M Said
- School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - B Chaplot
- Department of Geography, M.J.K College, Bettiah, a constituent unit of B.R.A., Bihar University, Bettiah, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - H M Azamathulla
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pishgar R, Lee J, Dominic JA, Hosseini S, Tay JH, Chu A. Augmentation of Biogranules for Enhanced Performance of Full-Scale Lagoon-Based Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:426-443. [PMID: 32166591 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the treatment performance of lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants (LWWTPs) inoculated by proprietary biogranules. Augmentation process included enhancing the microbial community of lagoon basins by weekly addition of biogranules over the treatment seasons (summer and fall). Effluent qualities before and after the augmentation process were compared, and the results were reported as "enhanced treatment efficiencies, EE". Very low concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen (TN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4), and total phosphorus (TP) were detected at discharge points after the augmentation process, which corresponded to enhanced treatment efficiencies of 86, 74, 72, 92.7, and 71%, respectively. Significant reduction in total coliform and E. coli concentrations in the effluents (91 and 98%, respectively) demonstrated the capability of granule-based lagoons in destroying pathogens. Adding biogranules to lagoons was an efficient remedy for excess sludge buildup in short and long runs. Hence, inoculating lagoon plants using biogranules was suggested as an effective technique to augment rural wastewater treatment facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Pishgar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Environmental Management and Sustainability, Royal Roads University, Victoria, Canada.,Hycura™, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Sadegh Hosseini
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joo Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Angus Chu
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haavisto JM, Lakaniemi AM, Puhakka JA. Storing of exoelectrogenic anolyte for efficient microbial fuel cell recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:1467-1475. [PMID: 29293411 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1423395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Starting up a microbial fuel cell (MFC) requires often a long-term culture enrichment period, which is a challenge after process upsets. The purpose of this study was to develop low-cost storage for MFC enrichment culture to enable prompt process recovery after upsets. Anolyte of an operating xylose-fed MFC was stored at different temperatures and for different time periods. Storing the anolyte for 1 week or 1 month at +4°C did not significantly affect power production, but the lag time for power production was increased from 2 days to 3 or 5 days, respectively. One month storing at -20°C increased the lag time to 7 days. The average power density in these MFCs varied between 1.2 and 1.7 W/m3. The share of dead cells (measured by live/dead staining) increased with storing time. After 6-month storage, the power production was insignificant. However, xylose removal remained similar in all cultures (99-100%) while volatile fatty acids production varied. The results indicate that fermentative organisms tolerated the long storage better than the exoelectrogens. As storing at +4°C is less energy intensive compared to freezing, anolyte storage at +4°C for a maximum of 1 month is recommended as start-up seed for MFC after process failure to enable efficient process recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Haavisto
- a Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Aino-Maija Lakaniemi
- a Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Jaakko A Puhakka
- a Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv Y, Wan C, Lee DJ, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tay JH. Dehydrated and recovered aerobic granules: Identifying acetone-dehydration resistant strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
6
|
Tiwari SS, Iorhemen OT, Tay JH. Aerobic granular sludge and naphthenic acids treatment by varying initial concentrations and supplemental carbon concentrations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 362:348-357. [PMID: 30243258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has previously been utilized in the treatment of toxic compounds due to its diverse and dense microbial structure. The present study subjected mature AGS to model naphthenic acids (NAs) representative of the Canadian oil sands. To this effect, three NA concentrations (10, 50 and 100 mg/L) and three supplemental carbon source concentrations (600, 1200 and 2500 mg/L) were studied in batch reactors for 5 days. The responding variables were chemical oxygen demand (COD), NA concentrations and nutrients. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CHCA), cyclohexane acetic acid (CHAA) and 1-adamantane carboxylic acid (ACA) were chosen to study structure-based degradation kinetics. The optimal COD according to the runs was 1200 mg/L. CHCA was removed completely with biodegradation rate constants increasing with lower NA concentrations and lower COD concentrations. CHAA was also removed completely, however, an optimal rate constant of 1.9 d-1 was achieved at NA and COD concentrations of 50 mg/L and 1200 mg/L, respectively. ACA removal trends did not follow statistically significant regressions; however, degradation and sorption helped remove ACA up to 19.9%. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Hyphomonas and Brevundimonas spp. increased over time, indicating increased AGS adaptability to NAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham S Tiwari
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Oliver T Iorhemen
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Joo Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng Y, Xuan X, Zhang L, Zhao J, Long B. Storage of aerobic granular sludge embedded in agar and its reactivation by real wastewater. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:958-969. [PMID: 30540270 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was preserved using an agar embedding method to maintain its stability. No obvious damage was imposed on the granular appearance during 30 days of cold and dry storage, but the granular microstructure had an uneven surface with a large number of holes. The results were consistent with the extinction of microbial communities and the monitored consumption of extracellular polymeric substances, in which granular specific oxygen utilization rate and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids/mixed liquor suspended solids ratio, respectively, decreased by 72.4% and 62.5% during storage. A mass conversation calculation indicated that the loss of granular mass was 1.6393 g. An offensive odour was smelled during storage, and the results indicated that a material transformation and mitigation were involved between AGS and the gas phase. Although the granular structure was destroyed to a certain extent, no obvious damage was imposed on the granular skeleton during storage. After it was aerated again after a feeding with real wastewater, the residual skeleton served as a carrier for the rapid proliferation of microorganisms, and good granular properties were obtained after 11 days of reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Xinpeng Xuan
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Jue Zhao
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Bei Long
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lv Y, Wan C, Lee DJ, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tay JH. Recovery of dehydrated aerobic granules: A comparison. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:769-773. [PMID: 30098856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrated aerobic granules, if can be sufficiently recovered without significant loss of structural stability and biological activities, presents a promising long-time storage option in practical use. This study dehydrated aerobic granules by six protocols: air drying at 25 or 50 °C, freeze-dry, acetone or ethanol dehydration, and microwave heating, and then recovered them in liquid medium, with the measured characteristics being reported. The granule stability has no correlation with measured settleability, hydrophobicity or extracellular polymeric substances compositions; instead, is correlated with the functional strains presented in the recovered granules. Air dry dehydration minimally damage the functional strains including genus Brevundimonas and genus Comamonas and markedly deteriorated structural breaker such as Acinetobacter of Moraxellaceae to lead to stable and tough recovered granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lv
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 48 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Joo-Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Augmenting Lagoon Process Using Reactivated Freeze-dried Biogranules. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:137-154. [PMID: 28236192 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of using freeze-dried biogranules in lagoon basins. The effect of different operational conditions on treatment performance and detention time of granule-based lagoons was examined in a series of laboratory-scale batch studies. Optimal granule dosage was 0.1 g/L under anaerobic condition, resulting in 80-94% removal of 1000 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD) in 7-10 days. Under aerobic condition, granule dosage of 0.2 g/L achieved the best result for identical COD concentration. However, adequate amount of nutrients (optimal COD/N/P ratio of 100/13/0.8) should be supplied to encourage the growth of aerobic species. At optimal COD/N/P ratio, aerobic treatment interval significantly reduced to 2-3 days with corresponding COD removal efficiency of 88-92%. Inhibition of high concentrations of COD (5000 mg/L) and ammonia (480 mg/L NH4-N) was observed on microbial activity and treatment capacity of the biogranules. Mixing was a crucial measure to overcome mass transfer limitation. Onetime inoculation of lagoon with fresh granules was the best approach to achieve a satisfactory treatment efficiency. This study suggested that utilization of the biogranules is a feasible and sustainable technique for augmenting lagoon plants in terms of improved effluent quality and reduced retention time. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu J, Zhang Q, Chen YY, Lee DJ. Drying and recovery of aerobic granules. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:397-401. [PMID: 27392096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To dehydrate aerobic granules to bone-dry form was proposed as a promising option for long-term storage of aerobic granules. This study cultivated aerobic granules with high proteins/polysaccharide ratio and then dried these granules using seven protocols: drying at 37°C, 60°C, 4°C, under sunlight, in dark, in a flowing air stream or in concentrated acetone solutions. All dried granules experienced volume shrinkage of over 80% without major structural breakdown. After three recovery batches, although with loss of part of the volatile suspended solids, all dried granules were restored most of their original size and organic matter degradation capabilities. The strains that can survive over the drying and storage periods were also identified. Once the granules were dried, they can be stored over long period of time, with minimal impact yielded by the applied drying protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quanguo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-You Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Q, Hu J, Lee DJ. Aerobic granular processes: Current research trends. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 210:74-80. [PMID: 26873285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granules are large biological aggregates with compact interiors that can be used in efficient wastewater treatment. This mini-review presents new researches on the development of aerobic granular processes, extended treatments for complicated pollutants, granulation mechanisms and enhancements of granule stability in long-term operation or storage, and the reuse of waste biomass as renewable resources. A discussion on the challenges of, and prospects for, the commercialization of aerobic granular process is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanguo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saheb Alam S, Persson F, Wilén BM, Hermansson M, Modin O. Effects of storage on mixed-culture biological electrodes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18433. [PMID: 26678949 PMCID: PMC4683449 DOI: 10.1038/srep18433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Storage methods are important to preserve the viability and biochemical characteristics of microbial cultures between experiments or during periods when bioreactors are inactive. Most of the research on storage has focused on isolates; however, there is an increasing interest in methods for mixed cultures, which are of relevance in environmental biotechnology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different storage methods on electrochemically active enrichment cultures. Acetate-oxidizing bioanodes generating a current density of about 5 A m−2 were enriched in a microbial electrolysis cell. The effect of five weeks of storage was evaluated using electrochemical techniques and microbial community analysis. Storage by refrigeration resulted in quicker re-activation than freezing in 10% glycerol, while the bioelectrochemical activity was entirely lost after storage using dehydration. The results showed that the bioelectrochemical activity of bioanodes stored at low temperature could be retained. However, during the re-activation period the bioanodes only recovered 75% of the current density generated before storage and the bacterial communities were different in composition and more diverse after storage than before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Saheb Alam
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Persson
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Wilén
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malte Hermansson
- Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Erşan YÇ, Gruyaert E, Louis G, Lors C, De Belie N, Boon N. Self-protected nitrate reducing culture for intrinsic repair of concrete cracks. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1228. [PMID: 26583015 PMCID: PMC4631954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Attentive monitoring and regular repair of concrete cracks are necessary to avoid further durability problems. As an alternative to current maintenance methods, intrinsic repair systems which enable self-healing of cracks have been investigated. Exploiting microbial induced CaCO3 precipitation (MICP) using (protected) axenic cultures is one of the proposed methods. Yet, only a few of the suggested healing agents were economically feasible for in situ application. This study presents a NO3− reducing self-protected enrichment culture as a self-healing additive for concrete. Concrete admixtures Ca(NO3)2 and Ca(HCOO)2 were used as nutrients. The enrichment culture, grown as granules (0.5–2 mm) consisting of 70% biomass and 30% inorganic salts were added into mortar without any additional protection. Upon 28 days curing, mortar specimens were subjected to direct tensile load and multiple cracks (0.1–0.6 mm) were achieved. Cracked specimens were immersed in water for 28 days and effective crack closure up to 0.5 mm crack width was achieved through calcite precipitation. Microbial activity during crack healing was monitored through weekly NOx analysis which revealed that 92 ± 2% of the available NO3− was consumed. Another set of specimens were cracked after 6 months curing, thus the effect of curing time on healing efficiency was investigated, and mineral formation at the inner crack surfaces was observed, resulting in 70% less capillary water absorption compared to healed control specimens. In conclusion, enriched mixed denitrifying cultures structured in self-protecting granules are very promising strategies to enhance microbial self-healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ç Erşan
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium ; Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elke Gruyaert
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Louis
- Département Génie Civil et Environnemental, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Douai Douai, France
| | - Christine Lors
- Département Génie Civil et Environnemental, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Douai Douai, France
| | - Nele De Belie
- Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wan C, Zhang Q, Lee DJ, Wang Y, Li J. Long-term storage of aerobic granules in liquid media: viable but non-culturable status. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 166:464-470. [PMID: 24950091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-term storage and successful reactivation after storage are essential for practical applications of aerobic granules on wastewater treatment. This study cultivated aerobic granules (SI) in sequencing batch reactors and then stored the granules at 4 °C in five liquid media (DI water (SW), acetone (SA), acetone/isoamyl acetate mix (SAA), saline water (SS), and formaldehyde (SF)) for over 1 year. The first four granules were then successfully reactivated in 24h cultivation. The specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) of the granules followed SI>SS>SA>SAA>SW>SF; and the corresponding granular strengths (10 min ultrasound) followed SI>SA=SS>SAA>SW>>SF. During storage the granular cells secreted excess quantities of cyclic-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) and pentaphosphate (ppGpp) as responses to the stringent challenges. We proposed that to force cells in granules (Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteria, and Clostridia) entering viable but non-culturable (VBNC) status is the key of success for extended period storage of granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinlan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jieni Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu X, Wan C, Lei Z, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tay JH, Lee DJ. Use of aerobic granules for treating synthetic high-strength ammonium wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:1785-90. [PMID: 24956771 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.882992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two identical sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with mature aerobic granules were utilized to treat synthetic high-strength ammonium wastewaters with chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total nitrogen (TN) ratios of 3.9-6.9. The contributions of various mechanisms to the removal of ammonium were determined. Ammonium levels of 600-2000 mg-N l-1 had little adverse effect on the COD removal rate (91.6%-95.3%) with an influent COD of 4490-9860 mg l-1. The TN removal rate was slightly reduced from 71.3% to 59.6% as the influent ammonium concentration was increased from 600 to 2000 mg-N l-1. Experimental results indicated that aerobic granules removed 94.5% of COD and 59.6% of TN in the treatment of synthetic high-strength wastewater (9860 mg-COD l-1 and 2000 mg NH+4-Nl-1) during a 12 h cycle. Granular adsorption, air stripping and conversion by nitrification/denitrification were responsible for removing 9%, 15% and 76%, respectively, of the total removed NHf -N. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was a useful process indicator of the biological reactions in the treatment of high-level ammonium wastewaters.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wan C, Yang X, Lee DJ, Zhang Q, Li J, Liu X. Formation of filamentous aerobic granules: role of pH and mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8389-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Li-long Y, Yu L, Yuan R, Ying Z. Analysis of the characteristics of short-cut nitrifying granular sludge and pollutant removal processes in a sequencing batch reactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:125-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|