1
|
Microalgae-mediated wastewater treatment for biofuels production: A comprehensive review. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
2
|
Biodiesel production from microalgae using lipase-based catalysts: Current challenges and prospects. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Indoor Air Quality Improvement Using Nature-Based Solutions: Design Proposals to Greener Cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168472. [PMID: 34444221 PMCID: PMC8393222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low indoor air quality is an increasingly important problem due to the spread of urbanization. Because people spend most of their time inside, poor indoor air quality causes serious human health issues, resulting in significant economic losses. In this work, the current state of affairs is presented and analyzed, focusing on the current problems and the available solutions to improve the quality of indoor air, and the use of nature-based solutions. These involve the cultivation of microalgae in closed photobioreactors. In these systems, photosynthetic organisms can capture CO2 and other pollutants generated in indoor environments, which they use to grow and develop biomass. Several possible layouts for the implementation of microalgae-based indoor air cleaning systems are presented, taking into account the systems that are currently available at a commercial scale. A critical analysis of the microalgae indoor purification systems is presented, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and suggesting potential improvements and future lines of research and development in the area.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lafarga T, Rodríguez-Bermúdez R, Morillas-España A, Villaró S, García-Vaquero M, Morán L, Sánchez-Zurano A, González-López CV, Acién-Fernández FG. Consumer knowledge and attitudes towards microalgae as food: The case of Spain. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Olanrewaju SD, Ogunmakinde OE. Waste minimisation strategies at the design phase: Architects' response. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:323-330. [PMID: 32920495 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective minimisation of construction material waste has demonstrated that environmental pollution arising from construction activities can be reduced. Yet, there is insufficient knowledge on the role of architects in minimising waste, especially at the design phase. The purpose of this article is to identify the causes, barriers, approaches, driving factors to waste minimisation and to investigate strategies employed by architects at the design phase. This study adopted a survey questionnaire with both open and close-ended questions to elicit information from architects in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Empirical results indicate that the major cause of waste at the design phase is the client's last minutes changes to design. Lack of training and design for flexibility and adaptability were the top barrier and approach to construction waste minimisation respectively. The driving factors were training, waste management policy and legislation while the top three strategies employed by the architects are modular coordination, proper detailing and market survey. Findings recommend that a design checklist be created and implemented, that waste minimisation options be considered and that architects take more responsibility for their actions during the design phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olabode Emmanuel Ogunmakinde
- Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nitsos C, Filali R, Taidi B, Lemaire J. Current and novel approaches to downstream processing of microalgae: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107650. [PMID: 33091484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological application of microalgae cultures at large scale has significant potential in the various fields of biofuels, food and feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutic, environmental remediation and water treatment. Despite this great potential application, industrialisation of microalgae culture and valorisation is still faced with serious remaining challenges in culture scale-up, harvesting and extraction of target molecules. This review presents a general summary of current techniques for harvesting and extraction of biomolecules from microalgae, their relative merits and potential for industrial application. The cell wall composition and its impact on microalgae cell disruption is discussed. Additionally, more recent progress and promising experimental methods and studies are summarised that would allow the reader to further investigate the state of the art. A final survey of energetic assessments of the different techniques is also made. Bead milling and high-pressure homogenisation seem to give clear advantages in terms of target high value compounds extraction from microalgae, with enzyme hydrolysis as a promising emerging technique. Future industrialisation of microalgae for high scale biotechnological processing will require the establishment of universal comparison-standards that would enable easy assessment of one technique against another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Nitsos
- LGPM, CentraleSupélec, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), Université paris-Saclay, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France.
| | - Rayen Filali
- LGPM, CentraleSupélec, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), Université paris-Saclay, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France.
| | - Behnam Taidi
- LGPM, CentraleSupélec, Unierstiy of Paris Sacaly, Bât Gustave Eiffel, 3 rue Joliot Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Julien Lemaire
- LGPM, CentraleSupélec, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), Université paris-Saclay, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Comparative life cycle assessment of autotrophic cultivation of Scenedesmus dimorphus in raceway pond coupled to biodiesel and biogas production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:233-247. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
An Assessment of Material Waste Disposal Methods in the Nigerian Construction Industry. RECYCLING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The construction industry is faced with many challenges, among which is waste management. Aside from the fact that wastage contributes to time and cost overrun, it also has environmental implications in the form of pollution. However, the industry has the capacity to effectively manage waste, from generation to disposal. All stages of the management process are important, but scholars and governments have provided the final step, being disposal, unabated attention in order to ensure effective management. Potential waste disposal methods, including incineration, burning, landfilling, recycling, reuse, open dumping, pyrolysis, and shredding have emerged from the literature around the globe. Despite various waste minimisation and sustainable disposal options that are available, construction material waste is still increasing in Nigeria, while disposal remains a major issue for firms and government. Therefore, this study assesses disposal methods among construction firms to determine whether there is a relationship between their practices towards waste disposal. The research followed a concurrent triangulation design in a cross sectional survey, while data were collected via a convergent parallel mixed methods. The quantitative phase employed a structured questionnaire to collect data from 243 building construction firms, while the qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 65 professionals from 10 on-going construction projects in Lagos, Nigeria. The research revealed that landfilling is the most common method of waste disposal, which is closely followed by reuse as backfill and recycling. In addition, the study revealed no association between company’s ownership statuses, age, project specialisation, and disposal methods, except company’s size. In conclusion, the study establishes the need for regulatory policies, such as site waste management plan (SWMP), pay as you throw (PAYT), and landfill ban, which would minimise material waste and divert them from landfills. Recycling and reuse are recommended as sustainable approaches for waste disposal.
Collapse
|
9
|
Schneider RDCDS, de Moura Lima M, Hoeltz M, de Farias Neves F, John DK, de Azevedo A. Life cycle assessment of microalgae production in a raceway pond with alternative culture media. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
10
|
Abinandan S, Subashchandrabose SR, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Nutrient removal and biomass production: advances in microalgal biotechnology for wastewater treatment. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:1244-1260. [PMID: 29768936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1472066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to certain drawbacks, such as energy-intensive operations in conventional modes of wastewater treatment (WWT), there has been an extensive search for alternative strategies in treatment technology. Biological modes for treating wastewaters are one of the finest technologies in terms of economy and efficiency. An integrated biological approach with chemical flocculation is being conventionally practiced in several-sewage and effluent treatment plants around the world. Overwhelming responsiveness to treat wastewaters especially by using microalgae is due to their simplest photosynthetic mechanism and ease of acclimation to various habitats. Microalgal technology, also known as phycoremediation, has been in use for WWT since 1950s. Various strategies for the cultivation of microalgae in WWT systems are evolving faster. However, the availability of innovative approaches for maximizing the treatment efficiency, coupled with biomass productivity, remains the major bottleneck for commercialization of microalgal technology. Investment costs and invasive parameters also delimit the use of microalgae in WWT. This review critically discusses the merits and demerits of microalgal cultivation strategies recently developed for maximum pollutant removal as well as biomass productivity. Also, the potential of algal biofilm technology in pollutant removal, and harvesting the microalgal biomass using different techniques have been highlighted. Finally, an economic assessment of the currently available methods has been made to validate microalgal cultivation in wastewater at the commercial level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsanam Abinandan
- a Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Research and Innovation Division, Faculty of Science , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | - Suresh R Subashchandrabose
- a Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Research and Innovation Division, Faculty of Science , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia.,b Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | | | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- a Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Research and Innovation Division, Faculty of Science , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia.,b Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS. Bio-refinery approach for spent coffee grounds valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:1077-1084. [PMID: 28969966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although normally seen as a problem, current policies and strategic plans concur that if adequately managed, waste can be a source of the most interesting and valuable products, among which metals, oils and fats, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, tannins, antioxidants, caffeine, polyphenols, pigments, flavonoids, through recycling, compound recovery or energy valorization, following the waste hierarchy. Besides contributing to more sustainable and circular economies, those products also have high commercial value when compared to the ones obtained by currently used waste treatment methods. In this paper, it is shown how the bio-refinery framework can be used to obtain high value products from organic waste. With spent coffee grounds as a case study, a sequential process is used to obtain first the most valuable, and then other products, allowing proper valorization of residues and increased sustainability of the whole process. Challenges facing full development and implementation of waste based bio-refineries are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Mata
- LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering-University of Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias S/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - António A Martins
- LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering-University of Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias S/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nídia S Caetano
- LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering-University of Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias S/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CIETI, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto (IPP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida S/N, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Potential of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for Biodiesel Production under Natural Conditions in Chile. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en11010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Wu JY, Lay CH, Chen CC, Wu SY. Lipid accumulating microalgae cultivation in textile wastewater: Environmental parameters optimization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Ramsundar P, Guldhe A, Singh P, Bux F. Assessment of municipal wastewaters at various stages of treatment process as potential growth media for Chlorella sorokiniana under different modes of cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:82-92. [PMID: 28013140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater utilization for microalgal biomass production is potentially the most economical route for its fuel and feed applications. In this study, suitability of various wastewater streams within a domestic wastewater treatment plant was evaluated for microalgal cultivation. Pre-treatment methods were evaluated to minimize bacterial load. Biomass, cell physiology, nutrient removal efficiencies and biochemical constituents of Chlorella sorokiniana were investigated in influent (INF) and anaerobic tank centrate (AC) under mixotrophic (Mixo) and heterotrophic (Hetero) cultivation. Promising biomass (77.14mgL-1d-1), lipid (24.91mgL-1d-1), protein (22.36mgL-1d-1) and carbohydrate (20.10mgL-1d-1) productivities were observed in Mixo AC with efficient ammonium (94.29%) and phosphate (83.30%) removal. Supplementation of urea at a concentration of 1500mgL-1 further enhanced biomass (162.50mgL-1d-1), lipid (24.91mgL-1d-1), protein (22.36mgL-1d-1) and carbohydrate (20.10mgL-1d-1) productivities in Mixo AC. Urea supplemented mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae in AC is developed as a biomass production strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathana Ramsundar
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Abhishek Guldhe
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Poonam Singh
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Usha MT, Sarat Chandra T, Sarada R, Chauhan VS. Removal of nutrients and organic pollution load from pulp and paper mill effluent by microalgae in outdoor open pond. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:856-860. [PMID: 27161156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A mixed culture of microalgae, containing two Scenedesmus species, was analysed to determine its potential in coupling of pulp and paper mill effluent treatment and microalgal cultivation. Laboratory studies suggested that 60% concentration of wastewater was optimum for microalgal cultivation. A maximum of 82% and 75% removal of BOD and COD respectively was achieved with microalgal cultivation in outdoor open pond. By the end of the cultivation period, 65% removal of NO3-N and 71.29% removal of PO4-P was observed. The fatty acid composition of mixed microalgal culture cultivated with effluent showed the palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid as major fatty acids. The results obtained suggest that pulp and paper mill effluent could be used effectively for cultivation of microalgae to minimise the freshwater and nutrient requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Usha
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - T Sarat Chandra
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - R Sarada
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - V S Chauhan
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xin C, Addy MM, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Cheng S, Mu D, Liu Y, Ding R, Chen P, Ruan R. Comprehensive techno-economic analysis of wastewater-based algal biofuel production: A case study. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 211:584-593. [PMID: 27039331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Combining algae cultivation and wastewater treatment for biofuel production is considered the feasible way for resource utilization. An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis method that integrates resources availability into techno-economic analysis was employed to evaluate the wastewater-based algal biofuel production with the consideration of wastewater treatment improvement, greenhouse gases emissions, biofuel production costs, and coproduct utilization. An innovative approach consisting of microalgae cultivation on centrate wastewater, microalgae harvest through flocculation, solar drying of biomass, pyrolysis of biomass to bio-oil, and utilization of co-products, was analyzed and shown to yield profound positive results in comparison with others. The estimated break even selling price of biofuel ($2.23/gallon) is very close to the acceptable level. The approach would have better overall benefits and the internal rate of return would increase up to 18.7% if three critical components, namely cultivation, harvest, and downstream conversion could achieve breakthroughs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Xin
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing Campus), Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Min M Addy
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- School of Economic and Management, Beijing University Of Civil Engineering And Architecture, No 1 Zhanlan Road, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sibo Cheng
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Dongyan Mu
- School of Environmental and Sustainability Science, Kean University, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- The MOE Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Rijia Ding
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing Campus), Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; The MOE Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Günerken E, D'Hondt E, Eppink MHM, Garcia-Gonzalez L, Elst K, Wijffels RH. Cell disruption for microalgae biorefineries. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:243-60. [PMID: 25656098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a potential source for various valuable chemicals for commercial applications ranging from nutraceuticals to fuels. Objective in a biorefinery is to utilize biomass ingredients efficiently similarly to petroleum refineries in which oil is fractionated in fuels and a variety of products with higher value. Downstream processes in microalgae biorefineries consist of different steps whereof cell disruption is the most crucial part. To maintain the functionality of algae biochemicals during cell disruption while obtaining high disruption yields is an important challenge. Despite this need, studies on mild disruption of microalgae cells are limited. This review article focuses on the evaluation of conventional and emerging cell disruption technologies, and a comparison thereof with respect to their potential for the future microalgae biorefineries. The discussed techniques are bead milling, high pressure homogenization, high speed homogenization, ultrasonication, microwave treatment, pulsed electric field treatment, non-mechanical cell disruption and some emerging technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Günerken
- VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - E D'Hondt
- VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - M H M Eppink
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | | | - K Elst
- VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - R H Wijffels
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; University of Nordland, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, N-8049 Bodø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|