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Chevalier A, Lamarque J, Sambusiti C, Evon P, Vandenbossche V, Santanach-Carreras E, Monlau F. Pilot-scale assessment of twin-screw extrusion combined with lime pretreatment to improve semi-continuous biomethane production from corn stover, and potential of produced digestate as fertilizer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2025; 377:124635. [PMID: 39993358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/16/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of lime pretreatment coupled with twin-screw extrusion on corn stover to improve anaerobic digestion at pilot-scale. The extrusion pretreatment was successfully optimized at pilot-scale with limited energy consumption of 537 W h/kg DM and water losses at 6%. Extrusion followed by lime impregnation resulted in 14% total cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin depolymerization, increase of specific surface area by a factor of 5, and particle size reduction up to 16%. Consequently, biomethane production was increased up to +33% during batch tests, and up to +35% during the semi-continuous biomethane production trials. Additional calcium (up to +80 g/kg DM) contained in lime-pretreated digestates improved their fertilizing potential and induced a reduction of their viscosity up to a 17.5 factor. Consequently, lime combined with extrusion pretreatment could be an efficient solution to improve biomethane production, allowing improved corn stover valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Toulouse INP, 31030, Toulouse, France; TotalEnergies OneTech, PERL-Pôle D'Etudes et de Recherche de Lacq, Pôle Economique 2, BP 47 - RD 817, Lacq, 64170, France; TotalEnergies OneTech, CSTJF, Avenue Larribau, Pau, 64018, France
| | - Julie Lamarque
- TotalEnergies OneTech, PERL-Pôle D'Etudes et de Recherche de Lacq, Pôle Economique 2, BP 47 - RD 817, Lacq, 64170, France
| | | | - Philippe Evon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Toulouse INP, 31030, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Vandenbossche
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Toulouse INP, 31030, Toulouse, France
| | - Enric Santanach-Carreras
- TotalEnergies OneTech, PERL-Pôle D'Etudes et de Recherche de Lacq, Pôle Economique 2, BP 47 - RD 817, Lacq, 64170, France
| | - Florian Monlau
- TotalEnergies OneTech, PERL-Pôle D'Etudes et de Recherche de Lacq, Pôle Economique 2, BP 47 - RD 817, Lacq, 64170, France
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2
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Carneiro RB, Gil-Solsona R, Subirats J, Restrepo-Montes E, Zaiat M, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Gago-Ferrero P. Biotransformation pathways of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) during acidogenesis and methanogenesis of anaerobic digestion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135444. [PMID: 39153297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) exhibit varying biodegradability during the acidogenic and methanogenic phases of anaerobic digestion. However, there is limited information regarding the end products generated during these processes. This work investigates the biotransformation products (BTPs) generated in a two-phase (TP) acidogenic-methanogenic (Ac-Mt) bioreactor using advanced suspect and nontarget strategies. Fourteen BTPs were confidently identified from ten parent PPCPs including carbamazepine (CBZ), naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBU), acetaminophen (ACT), metoprolol (MTP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), methylparaben (MPB) and propylparaben (PPB). These BTPs were linked with oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation, demethylation and epoxidation. Their generation was related to organic acid production, since all metabolites were detected during acidogenesis, with some being subsequently consumed during methanogenesis, e.g., aminothiophenol and kynurenic acid. Another group of BTPs showed increased concentrations under methanogenic conditions, e.g., hydroxy-diclofenac and epoxy-carbamazepine. The most PPCPs showed high removal efficiencies (> 90 %) - SMX, CIP, NPX, MTP, ACT, MPB, PPB, while DCF, CBZ and IBU demonstrated higher persistence - DCF (42 %); CBZ (40 %), IBU (47 %). The phase separation of anaerobic digestion provided a deeper understanding of the biotransformation pathways of PPCPs, in addition to enhancing the biodegradability of the most persistent compounds, i.e., DCF, CBZ and IBU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Carneiro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), 400, Trabalhador São-Carlense Ave., São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Rubén Gil-Solsona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jessica Subirats
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esteban Restrepo-Montes
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Zaiat
- Laboratory of Biological Processes (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 1100, João Dagnone Ave., Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Álvaro J Santos-Neto
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), 400, Trabalhador São-Carlense Ave., São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Błaszczyk W, Siatecka A, Tlustoš P, Oleszczuk P. Occurrence and dissipation mechanisms of organic contaminants during sewage sludge anaerobic digestion: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173517. [PMID: 38821290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, a complex mixture of contaminants and pathogenic agents, necessitates treatment or stabilization like anaerobic digestion (AD) before safe disposal. AD-derived products (solid digestate and liquid fraction) can be used as fertilizers. During AD, biogas is also produced, and used for energy purposes. All these fractions can be contaminated with various compounds, whose amount depends on the feedstocks used in AD (and their mutual proportions). This paper reviews studies on the distribution of organic contaminants across AD fractions (solid digestate, liquid fraction, and biogas), delving into the mechanisms behind contaminant dissipation and proposing future research directions. AD proves to be a relatively effective method for removing polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, antibiotic resistance genes and hydrocarbons. Contaminants are predominantly removed through biodegradation, but many compounds, especially hydrophobic (e.g. per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), are also sorbed onto digestate particles. The process of sorption is suggested to reduce the bioavailability of contaminants. As a result of sorption, contaminants accumulate in the largest amount in the solid digestate, whereas in smaller amounts in the other AD products. Polar pharmaceuticals (e.g. metformin) are particularly leached, while volatile methylsiloxanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, characterized by a high Henry's law constant, are volatilized into the biogas. The removal of compounds can be affected by AD operational parameters, the type of sludge, physicochemical properties of contaminants, and the sludge pretreatment used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Błaszczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Siatecka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 129 Kamýcká Street, Praha 6 - Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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Wang L, Lei Z, Yun S, Yang X, Chen R. Quantitative structure-biotransformation relationships of organic micropollutants in aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169170. [PMID: 38072270 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation is one of the dominant processes to remove organic micropollutants (OMPs) in wastewater treatment. However, studies on the role of molecular structure in determining the biotransformation rates of OMPs are limited. We evaluated the biotransformation of 14 OMPs belonging to different chemical classes under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and then explored the quantitative structure-biotransformation relationships (QSBRs) of the OMPs based on biotransformation rates using valid molecular structure descriptors (electrical and physicochemical parameters). Pseudo-first-order kinetic modeling was used to fit the biotransformation rate, and only 2 of the 14 OMPs showed that the biotransformation rate constant (kbio) values were higher under anaerobic conditions than aerobic conditions, indicating that aerobic conditions were more favorable for biotransformation of most OMPs. QSBRs infer that the electrophilicity index (ω) is a reliable predictor for OMPs biotransformation under aerobic conditions. ω corresponds to the interaction between OMPs and microbial enzyme active sites, this process is the rate-limiting step of biotransformation. However, under anaerobic conditions the QSBR based on ω was not significant, indicating that specific functional groups may be more critical than electrophilicity. In conclusion, QSBRs can serve as alternative tools for the prediction of the biotransformation of OMPs and provide further insights into the factors that influence biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxu Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Sining Yun
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaohuan Yang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
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Shen Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Cheng H, Wang B, Wang H. Membrane processes enhanced by various forms of physical energy: A systematic review on mechanisms, implementation, application and energy efficiency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167268. [PMID: 37748609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technologies in water and wastewater treatment have been eagerly pursued over the past decades, yet membrane fouling remains the major bottleneck to overcome. Membrane fouling control methods which couple membrane processes with online in situ application of external physical energy input (EPEI) are getting closer and closer to reality, thanks to recent advances in novel materials and energy deliverance methods. In this review, we summarized recent studies on membrane fouling control techniques that depend on (i) electric field, (ii) acoustic field, (iii) magnetic field, and (iv) photo-irradiation (mostly ultraviolet or visible light). Mechanisms of each energy input were first reported, which defines the applicability of these methods to certain wastewater matrices. Then, means of implementation were discussed to evaluate the compatibility of these fouling control methods with established membrane techniques. After that, preferred applications of each energy input to different foulant types and membrane processes in the experiment reports were summarized, along with a discussion on the trends and knowledge gaps of such fouling control research. Next, specific energy consumption in membrane fouling control and flux enhancement was estimated and compared, based on the experimental results reported in the literature. Lastly, strength and weakness of these methods and future perspectives were presented as open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Shen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yichong Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yulian Jiang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Banglong Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Arcila-Saenz J, Hincapié-Mejía G, Londoño-Cañas YA, Peñuela GA. Role of the hydrolytic-acidogenic phase on the removal of bisphenol A and sildenafil during anaerobic treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1552. [PMID: 38032365 PMCID: PMC10689534 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the main results of the removal of two pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), bisphenol A (BPA) and sildenafil (SDF), by applying anaerobic biological batch tests. The biomass used was previously acclimatized and the experiment lasted 28 days. The effect of factors such as compound (BPA and SDF), concentration and type of inoculum was assessed, considering the factorial experimental design. The results indicated that evaluated factors did not significantly affect the PPCPs elimination in the evaluated range with a confidence level of 95%. On the other hand, the removal percentages obtained with BPA were mainly related to mechanisms, such as sorption and abiotic reactions. Regarding SDF, biodegradation was the predominant mechanism of removal under the experimental conditions of this study; however, the degradation of SDF was partial, with percentages lower than 43% in the tests with hydrolytic/acidogenic inoculum (H/A) and lower than 41% in the tests with methanogenic inoculum (MET). Finally, these findings indicated that hydrolysis/acidogenesis phase is a main contributor to SDF biodegradation in anaerobic digestion. The study provides a starting point for future research that seeks to improve treatment systems to optimize the removal of pollutants from different water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Arcila-Saenz
- GDCON Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Headquarters (SIU), University of Antioquia, Street 70 #, 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Gina Hincapié-Mejía
- Environment, Habitat and Sustainability Research Group, University Institution Colegio Mayor de Antioquia, Street 78 # 65 -, 46, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yudy Andrea Londoño-Cañas
- GDCON Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Headquarters (SIU), University of Antioquia, Street 70 #, 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- GDCON Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Headquarters (SIU), University of Antioquia, Street 70 #, 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Li X, Lei S, Wu G, Yu Q, Xu K, Ren H, Wang Y, Geng J. Prediction of pharmaceuticals removal in activated sludge system under different operational parameters using an extended ASM-PhACs model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162065. [PMID: 36754326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Removal of pharmaceuticals is essential in wastewater treatment systems due to their release and accumulation in the environment, which are raising issues for the environment and human health. A mathematical model could be used to predict pharmaceuticals removal under various operational parameters and assess the contributions of different removal pathways to pharmaceuticals removal. Here an ASM-PhACs model was established to describe pharmaceuticals removal including diclofenac (DCF), erythromycin (ERY), gemfibrozil (GEM) and carbamazepine (CBZ) removal in activated sludge system. The pharmaceuticals removal processes linked to co-metabolic biodegradation through the growth of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), metabolic biodegradation through AOB, metabolic biodegradation through heterotrophic bacteria (HB) and sludge adsorption were incorporated into activated sludge model (ASM1) framework. The kinetic equations were established for each pharmaceuticals removal process. To provide the experimental data for model calibration and validation, two sets of batch tests were designed and conducted in the laboratory scale using SBR technology. According to the batch test data and results of sensitivity analysis, the newly added parameters and some original default parameters affecting pharmaceuticals removal processes were screened and calibrated. The model could accurately simulate all the dynamics of chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and pharmaceuticals under various conditions. To explore the effect of operational parameters on pharmaceuticals removal efficiency, the wide range of operational parameters was analyzed during model simulation. According to the simulation results, both influent NH4+-N concentration and DO were found to be the significant parameters that impact the removal of DCF, ERY and GEM. AOB biodegradation played an important role in DCF, ERY and GEM removal. The developed model framework helps to investigate the removal mechanisms and key influencing factors of pharmaceuticals removal, thus providing guidelines for reactor design, operation and optimization aiming at pharmaceuticals removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shaoting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qingmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(')s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(')s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
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8
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Characteristics of Solidified Carbon Dioxide and Perspectives for Its Sustainable Application in Sewage Sludge Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032324. [PMID: 36768646 PMCID: PMC9916872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate management is necessary to mitigate the environmental impacts of wastewater sludge. One lesser-known technology concerns the use of solidified CO2 for dewatering, sanitization, and digestion improvement. Solidified CO2 is a normal byproduct of natural gas treatment processes and can also be produced by dedicated biogas upgrading technologies. The way solidified CO2 is sourced is fully in line with the principles of the circular economy and carbon dioxide mitigation. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the production and application of solid CO2 in the pretreatment and management of sewage sludge. Using solidified CO2 for sludge conditioning causes effective lysis of microbial cells, which destroys activated sludge flocs, promotes biomass fragmentation, facilitates efficient dispersion of molecular associations, modifies cell morphology, and denatures macromolecules. Solidified CO2 can be used as an attractive tool to sanitize and dewater sludge and as a pretreatment technology to improve methane digestion and fermentative hydrogen production. Furthermore, it can also be incorporated into a closed CO2 cycle of biogas production-biogas upgrading-solidified CO2 production-sludge disintegration-digestion-biogas production. This feature not only bolsters the technology's capacity to improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of digestion processes, but can also help reduce atmospheric CO2 emissions, a crucial advantage in terms of environment protection. This new approach to solidified CO2 generation and application largely counteracts previous limitations, which are mainly related to the low cost-effectiveness of the production process.
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Vehar A, Kovačič A, Hvala N, Škufca D, Levstek M, Stražar M, Žgajnar Gotvajn A, Heath E. An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238634. [PMID: 36500727 PMCID: PMC9736069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed 16 bisphenols (BPs) in wastewater and sludge samples collected from different stages at a municipal wastewater treatment plant based on sequencing batch reactor technology. It also describes developing an analytical method for determining BPs in the solid phase of activated sludge based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Obtained concentrations are converted into mass flows, and the biodegradation of BPs and adsorption to primary and secondary sludge are determined. Ten of the sixteen BPs were present in the influent with concentrations up to 434 ng L-1 (BPS). Only five BPs with concentrations up to 79 ng L-1 (BPA) were determined in the plant effluent, accounting for 8 % of the total BPs determined in the influent. Eleven per cent of the total BPs were adsorbed on primary and secondary sludge. Overall, BPs biodegradation efficiency was 81%. The highest daily emissions via effluent release (1.48 g day-1) and sludge disposal (4.63 g day-1) were for BPA, while total emissions reached 2 g day-1 via effluent and 6 g day-1 via sludge disposal. The data show that the concentrations of BPs in sludge are not negligible, and their environmental emissions should be monitored and further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Vehar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kovačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nadja Hvala
- Department of Systems and Control, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Škufca
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Levstek
- Wastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik d.o.o., Študljanska Cesta 91, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Stražar
- Wastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik d.o.o., Študljanska Cesta 91, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Safety, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Li Y, Thompson J, Wang Z, Bräunig J, Zheng Q, Thai PK, Mueller JF, Yuan Z. Transformation and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances during aerobic digestion of anaerobically digested sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118568. [PMID: 35598466 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-anaerobic aerobic digestion (PAAD) is a promising strategy to further reduce the volume and improve the quality of anaerobically digested sludge (ADS). However, the effect of PAAD process on the fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remains largely unknown. In this study, fourteen PPCPs and fifteen PFAS were detected in ADS and evaluated regarding their fate and transformation in a laboratory aerobic digester operated with a hydraulic retention time of 13 days under 22 ℃. Twelve PPCPs demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) decrease in their total concentrations (dissolved and adsorbed fractions combined) with six compounds presenting substantial transformation (> 80%) after aerobic digestion. On the contrary, PFAS were not removed and their concentrations were either increased (increasing ratio: 91 - 571%) or consistent in the sludge during PAAD process, suggesting their recalcitrance to post aerobic digestion. More than half of PPCPs and PFAS demonstrated medium to strong sorption onto solids with their solid fraction higher than 50% in the ADS. After PAAD process, sorption of four PPCPs and three PFAAs to solids was enhanced in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Li
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jack Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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11
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Ruas G, López-Serna R, Scarcelli PG, Serejo ML, Boncz MÁ, Muñoz R. Influence of the hydraulic retention time on the removal of emerging contaminants in an anoxic-aerobic algal-bacterial photobioreactor coupled with anaerobic digestion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154262. [PMID: 35271930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated, for the first time, the performance of an integral microalgae-based domestic wastewater treatment system composed of an anoxic reactor and an aerobic photobioreactor, coupled with an anaerobic digester for converting the produced algal-bacterial biomass into biogas, with regards to the removal of 16 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs): penicillin G, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, trimethoprim, dexamethasone, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, diclofenac, progesterone, carbamazepine, triclosan and propylparaben. The influence of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the anoxic-aerobic bioreactors (4 and 2.5 days) and in the anaerobic digester (30 and 10 days) on the fate of these CECs was investigated. The most biodegradable contaminants (removal efficiency >80% regardless of HRT) were tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, trimethoprim, dexamethasone, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen and propylparaben (degraded predominantly in the anoxic-aerobic bioreactors), and tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, trimethoprim and naproxen (degraded predominantly in the anaerobic reactor). The anoxic-aerobic bioreactors provided removal of at least 48% for all CECs tested. The most recalcitrant contaminants in the anaerobic reactor, which were not removed at any of the HRT tested, were enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, progesterone and propylparaben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Ruas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Post-graduate Programme of Environmental Technology, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS), Campus Jardim, 79240-000 Jardim, MS, Brazil
| | - Rebeca López-Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Priscila Guenka Scarcelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Post-graduate Programme of Environmental Technology, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Mayara Leite Serejo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS), Campus Aquidauana, 79200-000 Aquidauana, MS, Brazil
| | - Marc Árpàd Boncz
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Post-graduate Programme of Environmental Technology, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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12
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Nguyen QA, Vu HP, McDonald JA, Nguyen LN, Leusch FDL, Neale PA, Khan SJ, Nghiem LD. Chiral Inversion of 2-Arylpropionic Acid Enantiomers under Anaerobic Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8197-8208. [PMID: 35675163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work examined the chiral inversion of 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs) under anaerobic conditions and the associated microbial community. The anaerobic condition was simulated by two identical anaerobic digesters. Each digester was fed with the substrate containing 11 either pure (R)- or pure (S)-2-APA enantiomers. Chiral inversion was evidenced by the concentration increase of the other enantiomer in the digestate and the changes in the enantiomeric fraction between the two enantiomers. Both digesters showed similar and poor removal of 2-APAs (≤30%, except for naproxen) and diverse chiral inversion behaviors under anaerobic conditions. Four compounds exhibited (S → R) unidirectional inversion [flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propionic acid], and the remaining seven compounds showed bidirectional inversion. Several aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacterial genera (Candidatus Microthrix, Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, Gordonia, and Sphingobium) were identified in both digesters and predicted to harbor the 2-arylpropionyl-CoA epimerase (enzyme involved in chiral inversion) encoding gene. These genera presented at low abundances, <0.5% in the digester dosed with (R)-2-APAs and <0.2% in the digester dosed with (S)-2-APAs. The low abundances of these genera explain the limited extent of chiral inversion observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Anh Nguyen
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hang P Vu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James A McDonald
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Stuart J Khan
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Li C, Le-Minh N, McDonald JA, Kinsela AS, Fisher RM, Liu D, Stuetz RM. Occurrence and risk assessment of trace organic contaminants and metals in anaerobically co-digested sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151533. [PMID: 34762955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic co-digestion of sludge increases biogas production and maintains anaerobic digestion stability. However, it is unclear whether the addition of co-substrates may increase the concentration of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) and metals, limiting potential resource recovery opportunities when applied to agricultural land. This study explored the occurrence of 20 TrOCs and 18 metals in wastewater sludge anaerobically co-digested with beverage rejects (cola, beer and juice) and food wastes. TrOCs results showed that cola reject caused an accumulation of caffeine in final digestate. Bisphenol A also significantly increased in food waste co-digestion when compared with the mono-digestion (control). No significant difference in TrOCs was observed in the juice reject co-digestion. Analysis of the metal composition revealed a significant increase in Cr and Al in juice reject co-digested sludge. While restaurant food waste increased concentrations of K and Ca, both of which may be beneficial when applied to land. All metals in this study were below the maximum permissible concentrations specified for agricultural land use in Australia. Environmental risk assessment of sludge when used as soil fertiliser, showed that caffeine, diuron, triclocarban, triclosan, Cu and Zn exhibited high risks, with the largest risk quotient (RQ) posed by caffeine. Estrone and naproxen implied medium risks, and ibuprofen implied a high risk except for the co-digestion using cola reject (RQ = 0.9, medium risk). The results emphasise the importance for wastewater utility operators to understand the impact of co-substrate selection on the quality of sludge to minimise environmental risk from the use of biosolids on agricultural land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nhat Le-Minh
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James A McDonald
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew S Kinsela
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ruth M Fisher
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Dezhao Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Richard M Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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14
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Sellier A, Khaska S, Le Gal La Salle C. Assessment of the occurrence of 455 pharmaceutical compounds in sludge according to their physical and chemical properties: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128104. [PMID: 34996022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sludge agronomical reuse is of major interest due to the beneficial contribution of nutrients. However, it implies the introduction of unregulated pharmaceuticals into amended-soils and creates a controversial issue about sludge management. To limit their dissemination, it is essential to identify the compounds of interest and understand their attenuation mechanisms through the sludge processes. This paper summarizes the knowledge on 455 investigated pharmaceuticals among 32 therapeutical categories in amendable sludge matrices. It contributes to enlarging the list of commonly quantified compounds to 305 residues including 84 additional compounds compared to previous reviews. It highlights that sorption appears as the main mechanism controlling the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in sludge matrices and shows the considerable residual levels of pharmaceuticals reaching several mg/kg in dry weight. Antibiotics, stimulants, and antidepressants show the highest concentrations up to 232 mg/kg, while diuretics, anti-anxieties or anticoagulants present the lowest concentrations reaching up to 686 µg/kg. Collected data show the increase in investigated compounds as antifungals or antihistamines, and underline emerging categories like antidiabetics, antivirals, or antiarrhythmics. The in-depth analysis of the substantial database guides onto the pharmaceuticals that are the most likely to occur in these amendable matrices to assist future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Sellier
- CHROME Détection, évaluation, gestion des risques CHROniques et éMErgents (CHROME) / Université de Nîmes, 30021 Nîmes Cedex 01 - FRANCE.
| | - Somar Khaska
- CHROME Détection, évaluation, gestion des risques CHROniques et éMErgents (CHROME) / Université de Nîmes, 30021 Nîmes Cedex 01 - FRANCE.
| | - Corinne Le Gal La Salle
- CHROME Détection, évaluation, gestion des risques CHROniques et éMErgents (CHROME) / Université de Nîmes, 30021 Nîmes Cedex 01 - FRANCE.
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15
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Hoang SA, Bolan N, Madhubashani AMP, Vithanage M, Perera V, Wijesekara H, Wang H, Srivastava P, Kirkham MB, Mickan BS, Rinklebe J, Siddique KHM. Treatment processes to eliminate potential environmental hazards and restore agronomic value of sewage sludge: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118564. [PMID: 34838711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Land application of sewage sludge is increasingly used as an alternative to landfilling and incineration owing to a considerable content of carbon and essential plant nutrients in sewage sludge. However, the presence of chemical and biological contaminants in sewage sludge poses potential dangers; therefore, sewage sludge must be suitably treated before being applied to soils. The most common methods include anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, lime stabilization, incineration, and pyrolysis. These methods aim at stabilizing sewage sludge, to eliminate its potential environmental pollution and restore its agronomic value. To achieve best results on land, a comprehensive understanding of the transformation of organic matter, nutrients, and contaminants during these sewage-sludge treatments is essential; however, this information is still lacking. This review aims to fill this knowledge gap by presenting various approaches to treat sewage sludge, transformation processes of some major nutrients and pollutants during treatment, and potential impacts on soils. Despite these treatments, overtime there are still some potential risks of land application of treated sewage sludge. Potentially toxic substances remain the main concern regarding the reuse of treated sewage sludge on land. Therefore, further treatment may be applied, and long-term field studies are warranted, to prevent possible adverse effects of treated sewage sludge on the ecosystem and human health and enable its land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son A Hoang
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Division of Urban Infrastructural Engineering, Mientrung University of Civil Engineering, Phu Yen, 56000, Viet Nam
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia.
| | - A M P Madhubashani
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Vishma Perera
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China
| | - Prashant Srivastava
- CSIRO, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bede S Mickan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water Science, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
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16
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Kennes-Veiga DM, Gónzalez-Gil L, Carballa M, Lema JM. Enzymatic cometabolic biotransformation of organic micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126291. [PMID: 34752884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of trace-level organic micropollutants (OMPs) by complex microbial communities in wastewater treatment facilities is a key process for their detoxification and environmental impact reduction. Therefore, understanding the metabolic activities and mechanisms that contribute to their biotransformation is essential when developing approaches aiming to minimize their discharge. This review addresses the relevance of cometabolic processes and discusses the main enzymatic activities currently known to take part in OMPs removal under different redox environments in the compartments of wastewater treatment plants. Furthermore, the most common methodologies to decipher such enzymes are discussed, including the use of in vitro enzyme assays, enzymatic inhibitors, the analysis of transformation products and the application of several -omic techniques. Finally, perspectives on major challenges and future research requirements to improve OMPs biotransformation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kennes-Veiga
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Lorena Gónzalez-Gil
- Defence University Centre, Spanish Naval Academy, Plaza de España, 36920 Marín, Spain
| | - Marta Carballa
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan M Lema
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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17
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Occurrence, effects, and biodegradation of plastic additives in sludge anaerobic digestion: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117568. [PMID: 34153611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The retention of microplastics, a complex blend of polymers and plastic additives (PAs), in municipal sludge has been reported. The inevitable release of PAs from microplastics might affect the subsequent biological disposal of sludge, and their final fate are of great public concern. Therefore, this review describes the current knowledge in the occurrence of PAs in sludge and significant advances in their effects on sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) and their biodegradation performance. Specifically, the compositions and contents of plasticizers, stabilizers, and flame retardants in sludge worldwide are systematically summarized. The discrepant impacts of PAs on hydrolysis, acidification, and methanogenesis processes are analyzed and compared, with corresponding trends deduced. Furthermore, the biodegradation performances of PAs during sludge AD are also discussed. For most of the PAs detected in sludge, available data for their fate and effects on AD is yet limited. Moreover, the potential role of AD microbes in the release of PAs from microplastics was still unknown. Especially, the potential effects of PAs released from biodegradable microplastics on sludge AD and their fate should be of concern. The obtained knowledge would update our understanding of the risk assessment and control of PAs in sludge AD. Recommendations for future investigation are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinguang Chen
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhengzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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18
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Hammer L, Palmowski L. Fate of selected organic micropollutants during anaerobic sludge digestion. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1910-1924. [PMID: 34196072 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants are incompletely removed from wastewater in Water Resource Recovery Facilities using conventional methods and can therefore enter the anaerobic sludge treatment together with primary and secondary sludge. This review compiles literature data on the fate of selected micropollutants (Carbamazepine [CBZ], Diclofenac [DCF], Ibuprofen [IBP], Sulfamethoxazole [SMX], and Triclosan [TCS]) during anaerobic sludge treatment and how the fate is affected by chemical properties, phase distribution and operating conditions. CBZ was found to be persistent to anaerobic degradation in most studies, with some exceptions reporting a degradation efficiency of 60%. Removal efficiencies for DCF, IBP, and TCS varied widely (from no to [very] high removal). For SMX, most studies reported a removal above 80%. A correlation was found between the fate during anaerobic digestion and physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity and molecular structure). Sorption to sludge, affected in some cases by pH changes during digestion, is suggested to reduce bioavailability. IBP and TCS were mainly present in the liquid phase or solid phase, respectively, CBZ and DCF were present in similar proportions in both phases, while statements were contradictory for SMX. Parameters such as temperature and sludge age did not significantly influence the fate of investigated micropollutants during anaerobic digestion. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Most studies report no significant removal of CBZ during anaerobic sludge digestion. Removal efficiencies of DCF, IBP, and TCS vary from study to study between no removal and high or very high removal. Considering such heterogeneous removal efficiencies, it is recommended to conduct digestion trials to find out in which range the values will be for a specific sludge. SMX is very highly removed during anaerobic digestion in most studies. Parameters such as temperature and SRT do not significantly influence the fate of the five investigated micropollutants. Hydrophobicity, which has some effect on the liquid/solid phase distribution of micropollutants, and molecular structure influence the removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisann Hammer
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurence Palmowski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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19
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Gallardo-Altamirano MJ, Maza-Márquez P, Montemurro N, Pérez S, Rodelas B, Osorio F, Pozo C. Insights into the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds from sewage sludge by two-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147869. [PMID: 34051504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiencies (REs) of twenty-seven pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) (eight analgesic/anti-inflammatories, six antibiotics, four β-blockers, two antihypertensives/diuretics, three lipid regulators and four psychiatric drugs) were evaluated in a pilot-scale two-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) system treating thickened sewage sludge from a pilot-scale A2O™ wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) which was fed with wastewater from the pre-treatment of the full-scale WWTP Murcia Este (Murcia, Spain). The MAD system was long-term operated using two different sets of sludge retention times (SRTs) for the acidogenic (AcD) and methanogenic (MD) digesters (phase I, 2 and 12 days; and phase II, 5 and 24 days, in AcD and MD, respectively). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to estimate the absolute abundance of Bacteria, Archaea, and Fungi and investigate the structure, diversity and population dynamics of their communities in the AcD and MD effluents. The extension of the SRT from 12 (phase I) to 24 days (phase II) in the MD was significantly linked with an improved removal of carbamazepine, clarithromycin, codeine, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, lorazepam, and propranolol. The absolute abundances of total Bacteria and Archaea were higher in the MD regardless of the phase, while the diversity of bacterial and archaeal communities was lower in phase II, in both digesters. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots showed strong negative correlations among phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and between genera Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina throughout the full experimental period. Strong positive correlations were revealed between the relative abundances of Methanospirillum and Methanoculleus and the methanogenesis performance parameters (volatile solids removal, CH4 recovery rate and %CH4 in the biogas), which were also related to longer SRT. The REs of several PhACs (naproxen, ketoprofen, ofloxacin, fenofibrate, trimethoprim, and atenolol) correlated positively (r > 0.75) with the relative abundances of specific bacterial and archaeal groups, suggesting their participation in biodegradation/biotransformation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gallardo-Altamirano
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Maza-Márquez
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - N Montemurro
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Pérez
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Rodelas
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - F Osorio
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - C Pozo
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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20
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Ávila C, García-Galán MJ, Uggetti E, Montemurro N, García-Vara M, Pérez S, García J, Postigo C. Boosting pharmaceutical removal through aeration in constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125231. [PMID: 33550125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the removal efficiency of 13 wastewater-borne pharmaceuticals in a pilot constructed wetland (CW) operated under different aeration strategies (no aeration, intermittent and continuous). Aeration improved the removal of conventional wastewater parameters and the targeted micropollutants, compared to the non-aerated treatment. Reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) was slightly higher applying intermittent aeration than applying continuous aeration, the opposite was observed for the investigated pharmaceuticals. Seven targeted compounds were found in influent wastewater, and five of them (acetaminophen, diclofenac, ketoprofen, bezafibrate and gemfibrozil) were efficiently removed (> 83%) in the aerated systems. The overall risk of the investigated samples against aquatic ecosystems was moderate, decreasing in the order influent > no aeration > intermittent aeration > continuous aeration, based on the hazard quotient approach. Lorazepam, diclofenac and ketoprofen were the pharmaceuticals that could contribute the most to this potential environmental impact of the CW effluents after discharge. To the authors' knowledge this is the first sound study on the removal and fate of ketoprofen, bezafibrate, and lorazepam in aerated CWs, and provides additional evidence on the removal and fate of acetaminophen, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, and carbamazepine in this type of bioremediation systems at pilot plant scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ávila
- AIMEN Technology Center, c/ Relva, 27A - Torneiros, Pontevedra, 36410 Porriño, Spain; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit, 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - María Jesús García-Galán
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Manuel García-Vara
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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21
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Zhang Y, Wu D, Su Y, Xie B. Occurrence, influence and removal strategies of mycotoxins, antibiotics and microplastics in anaerobic digestion treating food waste and co-digestive biosolids: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 330:124987. [PMID: 33757678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food waste anaerobic digestion (FWAD) can be assisted with the co-digestion of manures, agricultural waste, and sewage sludge. Nevertheless, contaminants like mycotoxins, antibiotics, and microplastics (MPs) could be introduced and negatively affect the AD system. Over 180 literatures involved the occurrence, influence and removal strategies of these three types of pollutants in AD were summarized in this review. Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) as the most concerned mycotoxins were poorly degraded and brought about inhibitions in short-term. Considering methanogenesis inhibition and occurrence concentration, the risk of oxytetracycline and norfloxacin were identified as priority among antibiotics. Leaching toxic additives from MPs could be responsible for the AD inhibition, while their materials and sizes could also prolong the acidification and methanation processes in FWAD. Strategies of bioaugmentation technologies and bioreactors to enhance the removal were suggested. Perspectives were provided for a better understanding of the fates of reviewed contaminants and their elimination in FWAD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation on Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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22
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Mohammad Mirsoleimani Azizi S, Hai FI, Lu W, Al-Mamun A, Ranjan Dhar B. A review of mechanisms underlying the impacts of (nano)microplastics on anaerobic digestion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124894. [PMID: 33662851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of (nano)microplastics in domestic wastewater and their subsequent release to the aquatic environment via the discharge of treated sewage has raised significant concerns. Previous studies have also identified their excessive accumulation in sewage sludge. Anaerobic digestion is one of the most used sludge stabilization methods in wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, understanding the potential effects of (nano)microplastics on anaerobic digestion has been receiving increasing attention from researchers. This article provides a comprehensive review of mechanisms underlying the impacts of (nano)microplastics on anaerobic digestion. Notably, this review covers mechanisms of inhibition/enhancement of anaerobic digestion by (nano)microplastics and their potential impacts on biochemical pathways, key enzymes, functional genes, and microbial communities investigated to date. Moreover, potential environmental risks of biosolids contaminated with (nano)microplastics were highlighted. Finally, knowledge gaps and future research needs were outlined. This review will guide more standardized studies in the future, covering both fundamental and engineering aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Abdullah Al-Mamun
- Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bipro Ranjan Dhar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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23
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Langbehn RK, Michels C, Soares HM. Antibiotics in wastewater: From its occurrence to the biological removal by environmentally conscious technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116603. [PMID: 33578315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this critical review, we explored the most recent advances about the fate of antibiotics on biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Although the occurrence of these pollutants in wastewater and natural streams has been investigated previously, some recent publications still expose the need to improve the detection strategies and the lack of information about their transformation products. The role of the antibiotic properties and the process operating conditions were also analyzed. The pieces of evidence in the literature associate several molecular properties to the antibiotic removal pathway, like hydrophobicity, chemical structure, and electrostatic interactions. Nonetheless, the influence of operating conditions is still unclear, and solid retention time stands out as a key factor. Additionally, the efficiencies and pathways of antibiotic removals on conventional (activated sludge, membrane bioreactor, anaerobic digestion, and nitrogen removal) and emerging bioprocesses (bioelectrochemical systems, fungi, and enzymes) were assessed, and our concern about potential research gaps was raised. The combination of different bioprocess can efficiently mitigate the impacts generated by these pollutants. Thus, to plan and design a process to remove and mineralize antibiotics from wastewater, all aspects must be addressed, the pollutant and process characteristics and how it is the best way to operate it to reduce the impact of antibiotics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Kunert Langbehn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila Michels
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Moreira Soares
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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24
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Li R, Braekevelt S, De Carfort JLN, Hussain S, Bollmann UE, Bester K. Laboratory and pilot evaluation of aquaporin-based forward osmosis membranes for rejection of micropollutants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 194:116924. [PMID: 33618109 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-based forward osmosis (AQP FO) membranes were applied both in laboratory- and pilot-scale for removing micropollutants from water. The effect of operating parameters (feed flow, draw flow, and transmembrane pressure) on the i) rejection of micropollutants, ii) water flux, iii) reverse salt flux, and iv) water recovery of the AQP FO membrane modules was studied. Among the 21 micropollutants spiked, only four compounds, atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol, and citalopram, permeated through the AQP FO membranes to an extent that they could be quantified in the draw solutions of both the laboratory and pilot systems. The rejection rates, based on the full mass balance calculations, were between 96.1% and 99.7%, and all the other 17 compounds showed rejection exceeding 90% on both systems. The pilot AQP FO system was further employed for six days to treat effluent from a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal wastewater. 35 micropollutants were investigated. 27 of these were identified and quantified in the MBR effluent. Minute fractions of gabapentin, benzotriazole, and metoprolol were detected passing through the AQP FO membranes into the draw side with a constant rejection of around 99.2%, 95.4%, and 99.9%. Almost all other micropollutants' minimum rejection rates exceeded 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Johan Le Nepvou De Carfort
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Soltofts Plads 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shazad Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Soltofts Plads 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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25
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Dubey M, Mohapatra S, Tyagi VK, Suthar S, Kazmi AA. Occurrence, fate, and persistence of emerging micropollutants in sewage sludge treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116515. [PMID: 33493756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sludge generated at sewage treatment plants is of environmental concern due to the voluminous production and the presence of a high concentration of emerging contaminants (ECs). This review discusses the fate of ECs in sewage sludge treatment with an emphasis on fundamental mechanisms driving the degradation of compounds based on chemical properties of the contaminant and process operating conditions. The removal of ECs in sewage sludge through various treatment processes of sludge stabilization, such as anaerobic digestion (AD), composting, and pre-treatment methods (thermal, sonication, and oxidation) followed by AD, are discussed. Several transformation mechanisms and remediation strategies for the removal of ECs in sludge are summarized. The study concludes that pH, sludge type, and the types of functional groups are the key factors affecting the sorption of ECs to sludge. During conventional waste stabilization processes such as composting, the degradation of ECs depends on the type of feedstock (TOC, N, P, C/N, C/P) and the initial concentration of the contaminant. In AD, the degree of degradation depends on the hydrophilicity of the compound. The estrogenicity of the sludge may sometimes increase due to the conversion to estrogenic compounds. The pre-treatment techniques can increase the partitioning of ECs in the soluble fraction resulting in enhanced biodegradation up to 10-60%. However, the formation of by-products and loss of OH· to scavenging under high organic content during advanced oxidation processes can make the process uneconomical and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1-Create Way, #15-02 Create Tower, 138602, Singapore
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Absar Ahmad Kazmi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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26
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Siwek M, Edgecock T. Application of electron beam water radiolysis for sewage sludge treatment-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42424-42448. [PMID: 32892286 PMCID: PMC7603450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A review of the applicability of electron beam water radiolysis for sewage sludge treatment is presented. Electron beam treatment has been proven to be a successful approach to the disinfection of both wastewater and sewage sludge. Nevertheless, before 2000, there were concerns about the perceived high capital costs of the accelerator and with public acceptance of the usage of radiation for water treatment purposes. Nowadays, with increased knowledge and technological development, it may be not only possible but also desirable to use electron beam technology for risk-free sewage sludge treatment, disposal and bio-friendly fertiliser production. Despite the developing interest in this method, there has been no attempt to perform a review of the pertinent literature relating to this technology. It appears that understanding of the mechanism and primary parameters of disinfection is key to optimising the process. This paper aims to reliably characterise the sewage sludge electron beam treatment process to elucidate its major issues and make recommendations for further development and research. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Siwek
- University of Huddersfield, HD13DH, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Thomas Edgecock
- University of Huddersfield, HD13DH, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire UK
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27
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Abbott T, Eskicioglu C. Comparison of anaerobic, cycling aerobic/anoxic, and sequential anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic digestion to remove triclosan and triclosan metabolites from municipal biosolids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140953. [PMID: 32758753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial triclosan (TCS) is a pervasive and persistent environmental micropollutant which can contaminate land, biota, and water through the land application of biosolids. Many existing sludge management techniques have limited effectiveness against TCS and TCS metabolites including triclosan-sulfate (TCS-SO4). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of different digestion types (anaerobic, aerobic/anoxic, and sequential anaerobic + aerobic/anoxic), temperatures, and digester sludge retention times (SRTs) on the destruction of organic matter, and on TCS/TCS metabolites. Conventional mesophilic anaerobic digesters (AD), room temperature cycling aerobic/anoxic digesters (AERO/ANOX), and sequential AD + AERO/ANOX digesters were all effective in removing organic matter. The optimum single-stage AD, and AERO/ANOX scenarios were both 20-day SRTs which had 52.3 ± 1.4 and 47.1 ± 3.7% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals, respectively. Sequential AD + AERO/ANOX digesters improved organic matter destruction, removing up to 68.2 ± 2.1% of COD at an 8-day AD + 12-day AERO/ANOX second-stage (mesophilic) SRTs. While AD showed modest levels of TCS removals (all <40%), TCS was substantially more degradable aerobically with AERO/ANOX removing up to 80.3 ± 2.5% of TCS and nearly all TCS-SO4 entering the digester at a 20-day SRT. Sequential AD + AERO/ANOX removed virtually all TCS-SO4 entering the system and improved TCS removals from first stage ADs. However, they were less effective than a single-stage AERO/ANOX digester operating at the same overall SRT. These results demonstrate that AERO/ANOX and sequential AD + AERO/ANOX processes could be used to reduce the amount of TCS, TCS-SO4 and TCS-related compounds in digested sludge, minimizing the environmental burden of the land application of biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Avenue, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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28
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Ji J, Kakade A, Yu Z, Khan A, Liu P, Li X. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for treatment of emerging contaminants: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 270:110913. [PMID: 32721347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are synthetic organic chemicals that released into the environment, which pose a serious threat to the ecosystem and human health. Due to the high costs of physicochemical methods and the possibility of secondary pollution, and conventional biological treatment techniques are not efficient to remove ECs. Thus, there is a need to develop novel technologies to treat ECs. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is reported to degrade most ECs. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is an upgraded AD technology that has high system stability and microbial community abundance. The biogas production and EC biodegradation efficiency in the AnMBR system are markedly higher than those in the traditional AD system. In recent years, AnMBR is widely used to remove environmental ECs. This review analyzes the feasibility and challenges of AnMBR in the treatment of ECs and provides useful insights for improving the performance and efficiency of AnMBR to treat ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Apurva Kakade
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhengsheng Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Aman Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Pu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory for Resources Utilization Technology of Unconventional Water of Gansu Province, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Lanzhou, 730020, Gansu, PR China.
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29
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Sertillanges N, Haudin CS, Bourdat-Deschamps M, Bernet N, Serre V, Danel A, Houot S, Patureau D. Process type is the key driver of the fate of organic micropollutants during industrial scale treatment of organic wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139108. [PMID: 32460067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nonylphenols and pharmaceutical products are ubiquitous in organic wastes generated by most human activities. Those wastes are mainly recycled by land spreading, most often after treatments, such as liming, dewatering, composting or anaerobic digestion. It has been shown essentially at lab scales that biological treatments have an effect on the removal of some OMPs. However, less is known on the role of each step of industrial treatment lines combining physico-chemical and biological treatments on the OMP fate and removal. The present study focuses on the impact of waste treatment on the fate of 53 OMPs along 10 industrial treatment lines treating urban, agricultural wastes or mixtures. The combination of studying a diversity of organic wastes and of OMPs with different characteristics (solubility, ionic charges, hydrophobicity etc.), sampling in situ industrial sites, quantifying native OMP concentrations and looking at each step of complete treatment lines allows for a global and representative view of the OMP fate in the French organic waste treatment sector. Less studied wastes, i.e. territorial mixtures, revealed intermediate OMP contents and compositions, between urban and agricultural wastes. Dewatering and liming, usually dismissed, had a noticeable effect on concentrations. Anaerobic digestion and composting had significant effects on the removal of all pollutant families. Combination of processes enhanced most OMP dissipation. Here we showed for the first time that the process type rather than the waste origin affects dissipation of organic micropollutants. Such data could be used to build and validate dynamic models for the fate of OMPs on solid waste treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sertillanges
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des étangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - C-S Haudin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - M Bourdat-Deschamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - N Bernet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - V Serre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - A Danel
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des étangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - S Houot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - D Patureau
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des étangs, 11100 Narbonne, France.
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30
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Gonzalez-Salgado I, Cavaillé L, Dubos S, Mengelle E, Kim C, Bounouba M, Paul E, Pommier S, Bessiere Y. Combining thermophilic aerobic reactor (TAR) with mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) improves the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:116033. [PMID: 32721702 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiency of nine pharmaceutical compounds from primary sludge was evaluated in two different operating conditions: (i) in conventional Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion (MAD) alone and (ii) in a co-treatment process combining Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion and a Thermophilic Aerobic Reactor (MAD-TAR). The pilot scale reactors were fed with primary sludge obtained after decantation of urban wastewater. Concerning the biodegradation of organic matter, thermophilic aeration increased solubilization and hydrolysis yields of digestion, resulting in a further 26% supplementary removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in MAD-TAR process compared to the conventional mesophilic anaerobic digestion. The highest removal rate of target micropollutants were observed for caffeine (CAF) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (>89%) with no substantial differences between both processes. Furthermore, MAD-TAR process showed a significant increase of removal efficiency for oxazepam (OXA) (73%), propranolol (PRO) (61%) and ofloxacine (OFL) (41%) and a slight increase for diclofenac (DIC) (4%) and 2 hydroxy-ibuprofen (2OH-IBP) (5%). However, ibuprofen (IBP) and carbamazepine (CBZ) were not degraded during both processes. Anaerobic digestion affected the liquid-solid partition of most target compounds. Sorbed fraction of pharmaceutical compounds on the sludge tend to decrease after digestion, this tendency being more pronounced in the case of the MAD-TAR process due to much lower concentration of solids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Cavaillé
- Univ Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Lab Genie Chim, 4 Allee Emile Monso, F-31432, Toulouse, France.
| | - S Dubos
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - E Mengelle
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - C Kim
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - M Bounouba
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - E Paul
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - S Pommier
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Y Bessiere
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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Vassalle L, García-Galán MJ, Aquino SF, Afonso RJDCF, Ferrer I, Passos F, R Mota C. Can high rate algal ponds be used as post-treatment of UASB reactors to remove micropollutants? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125969. [PMID: 32041061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the removal capacity of a UASB-HRAP treatment system, combining anaerobic and microalgae-based, aerobic treatment, for eleven organic micropollutants present in raw sewage, including pharmaceuticals, estrogens and xenoestrogens. The UASB reactor and the HRAP were operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7 h and 8 days, respectively. Influent and effluent samples from the UASB and HRAP were collected periodically. All the target compounds were detected in raw sewage, with an occurrence ranging from 70 to 100%. Removal rates in the UASB reactor were generally incomplete, ranging from no removal (-25.12% for the hormone EE2-ethinylestradiol) to 84.91% (E2 - estradiol). However, the overall performance of the UASB + HRAP system was highly efficient for the majority of the compounds, with removal rates ranging from 64.8% (ibuprofen) to 95% (estrone). Gemfibrozil and bisphenol A were the only exceptions, with overall removal rates of 39% and 43%, respectively. Hormones were the compounds with the highest removal rates in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vassalle
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Jesús García-Galán
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sérgio F Aquino
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabiana Passos
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cesar R Mota
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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32
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Díaz I, Díaz-Curbelo A, Pérez-Lemus N, Fdz-Polanco F, Pérez-Elvira SI. Traceability of organic contaminants in the sludge line of wastewater treatment plants: A comparison study among schemes incorporating thermal hydrolysis treatment and the conventional anaerobic digestion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 305:123028. [PMID: 32114300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The traceability of conventional pollutants and 10 organic microcontaminants in the sludge line of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was evaluated. The application of thermal hydrolysis (TH) as pre-treatment to anaerobic digestion (AD) or as inter-treatment (between two AD stages) was considered and compared with the conventional digestion scheme. TH scenarios reduced the mass flow rate of biosolids (40-60%) as well as the ratio of solids (50-100%), organic matter (5-26%) and nitrogen (8-13%) destined to biosolids. Micropollutants showed a strong tendency to accumulate in the solid phase (more than 90% were sorbed) in spite of thermal and dewatering processes, but TH scenarios exhibited greater removal efficiency (80%) in comparison to conventional AD (50%), reducing the ratio of micropollutants destined to biosolids from a conventional 48% to 7-8%. These findings reveal that TH could increase the value of biosolids from sewage sludge treatment because of greater removal of pollutants and dewaterability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Díaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alina Díaz-Curbelo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nereida Pérez-Lemus
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fdz-Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sara Isabel Pérez-Elvira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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Carneiro RB, Gonzalez-Gil L, Londoño YA, Zaiat M, Carballa M, Lema JM. Acidogenesis is a key step in the anaerobic biotransformation of organic micropollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121888. [PMID: 31879099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of the different anaerobic digestion stages on the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) is essential to mitigate their release from wastewater treatment plants. This study assessed the fate of 21 OMPs during hydrolysis and acidogenesis to elucidate the contribution of these stages to the overall anaerobic removal. Moreover, the removal mechanisms and factors influencing them were investigated. To this purpose, a fermentation reactor was operated and fed with two different substrates: starch (to jointly evaluate hydrolysis and acidogenesis) and glucose (to isolate acidogenesis). Results indicate that sulfamethoxazole was highly biotransformed (>80 %), while galaxolide, celestolide, tonalide, erythromycin, roxithromycin, trimethoprim, octylphenol and nonylphenol achieved a 50-80 % biotransformation. Since no significant differences in the biotransformation efficiencies were found between starch and glucose fermentation, it is stated that the enzymatic activities involved in starch hydrolysis do not significantly contribute to the cometabolic biotransformation of OMPs, while acidogenesis appears as the major player. Moreover, a higher biotransformation (≥15 percentage points and p ≤ 0.05) was found for galaxolide, celestolide, tonalide, erythromycin and roxithromycin during acidogenesis in comparison with the efficiencies reported for the acetogenic/methanogenic step. The biotransformation of some OMPs was explained considering their chemical structure and the enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Carneiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 1100, João Dagnone Ave., Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Yudy Andrea Londoño
- GDCON Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Headquarters (SIU), University of Antioquia, Street 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Marcelo Zaiat
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 1100, João Dagnone Ave., Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juan M Lema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Ahmad M, Abbott T, Eskicioglu C. Effectiveness of single-stage and sequential sludge digestion on removal of recalcitrant pharmaceuticals and conventional pollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Taboada-Santos A, Braz GHR, Fernandez-Gonzalez N, Carballa M, Lema JM. Thermal hydrolysis of sewage sludge partially removes organic micropollutants but does not enhance their anaerobic biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:534-542. [PMID: 31301494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment technologies prior to anaerobic digestion (AD) have been developed with the aim of enhancing biogas productivity and reducing the presence of pathogens in digested sludge. Among them, thermal hydrolysis (TH) appears as the most promising one. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) sludge is the end point of many organic micropollutants (OMPs), which was proved to lead to important environmental and human risks since sludge is commonly used in agriculture. The objective of this work is to determine the fate OMPs in TH and subsequent AD. Sewage sludge was pretreated in a TH pilot plant at 170 °C for 20 min. Afterwards, two anaerobic digesters with a working volume of 14 L fed with fresh and pretreated sludge were operated in parallel in mesophilic conditions. TH proved to be an effective technology to partially or totally remove the dissolved fraction of OMPs as well as the fraction sorbed into those suspended solids that are solubilised after this pretreatment. However, it did not affect the OMPs sorbed concentration into solids that are not solubilised. Globally, the OMPs removal efficiency during TH appears to be linked to the solids solubilisation during this process. Afterwards, the OMPs biotransformation efficiency in AD of fresh and pretreated sludge was determined. Noticeable differences between the microbiome of both reactors was determined, but the anaerobic biotransformation was not substantially different for most of the OMPs. However, it affected musk fragrances, which presented considerably lower biotransformation efficiency in the reactor fed with pretreated sludge. Therefore, TH was proved effective in partially removing OMPs but not in enhancing their bioavailability and subsequent anaerobic biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Taboada-Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E- 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Guilherme H R Braz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E- 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Nuria Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E- 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E- 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juan M Lema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E- 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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36
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Ali AM, Nesse AS, Eich-Greatorex S, Sogn TA, Aanrud SG, Aasen Bunæs JA, Lyche JL, Kallenborn R. Organic contaminants of emerging concern in Norwegian digestates from biogas production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1498-1508. [PMID: 31257390 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze a variety of environmental organic contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) and their metabolites in representative digestate samples from Norwegian biogas production plants. Biogas digestates can be a valuable source for soil amendments and/or fertilizers in commercial agriculture. It is important to assess whether the digestates contain harmful contaminants in order to avoid unintended exposure of human consumers. In total 19 biogas digestates from 12 biogas production plants in Norway were collected and analyzed. Furthermore, process related parameters such as pretreatment of substrates, additives, flocculation and temperature conditions were considered for interpretation of the results. The CEC levels found in the digestates were shown to be dependent on the original composition of the substrate, dry-matter content, and conditioning of the substrate. The sunscreen octocrylene (147 μg L-1) and acetaminophen (paracetamol; 58.6 μg L-1) were found at the highest concentrations in liquid digestates, whereas octocrylene (>600 ng g-1, on a wet weight basis = ww) and the flame retardant TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, >500 ng g-1 ww) were found at the highest levels in solid digestates, exceeding even the upper limit of quantification (uLOQ) threshold. The highest levels of total CECs were measured in solid digestates (1411 ng g-1 ww) compared to liquid digestates (354 μg L-1 equals 354 ng g-1). The occurrence of CECs in digestate samples, even after extensive and optimized anaerobic digestion, indicates that the operational conditions of the treatment process should be adjusted in order to minimize CEC contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Aas, Norway.
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37
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Carneiro RB, Sabatini CA, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Zaiat M. Feasibility of anaerobic packed and structured-bed reactors for sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin removal from domestic sewage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:419-429. [PMID: 31077920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the applicability of fixed bed bioreactors in two configurations - anaerobic structured bed reactor (ASBR) and anaerobic packed bed reactor (APBR) - in the removal of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP), two antibiotics frequently detected in sanitary sewage. The problem of these pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in conventional sewage treatment systems is mainly because they encourage the development and spread of resistance genes in bacteria. Both reactors had similar performances, and the antibiotics were highly removed - APBR: 85 ± 10% for SMX and 81 ± 16% for CIP; ASBR: 83 ± 12% for SMX and 81 ± 15% for CIP. The ASBR showed to be potentially more feasible in operating and economic terms compared to the APBR, as the former presents a smaller amount of support material in the bed. SMX was completely biotransformed, while the influence of the sorption mechanism was observed for CIP, as its presence was detected sorbed onto biomass throughout the reaction bed of the reactors, with a partition coefficient (log KD) of around 2.8 L·kg-1TSS. The degradation kinetics of the pharmaceuticals were fitted using a first-order kinetic model, whereby the reactors behaved as plug flow ones, indicating the possibility of optimizing the operation for a hydraulic retention time of 6 h. The removal kinetics was more favorable for CIP (higher apparent constant kinetic - kCIPapp > kSMXapp), since its biodegradation is linked to the biomass, which is more concentrated in the bed bottom layer. The experimental results showed the potential of anaerobic fixed bed reactors in removing environmentally relevant concentrations of SMX and CIP found in sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Carneiro
- Laboratory of Biological Processes, Sao Carlos School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 1100, João Dagnone Ave., Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carolina A Sabatini
- Laboratory of Biological Processes, Sao Carlos School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 1100, João Dagnone Ave., Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Álvaro J Santos-Neto
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 400, Trabalhador São-Carlense Ave., 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Zaiat
- Laboratory of Biological Processes, Sao Carlos School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 1100, João Dagnone Ave., Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zhang L, Loh KC, Zhang J, Mao L, Tong YW, Wang CH, Dai Y. Three-stage anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and waste activated sludge: Identifying bacterial and methanogenic archaeal communities and their correlations with performance parameters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 285:121333. [PMID: 31004947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A three-stage anaerobic digester setup was configured and evaluated for enhanced methane production during co-digestion of food waste and waste activated sludge and the corresponding bacterial and methanogen communities were characterized. Results showed that the average methane yield (0.496 L/gVS) in the three-stage digester was 13-52% higher than that of one- and two-stage digesters. Compared to controls, an increase of 12-47% in volatile solids reduction was achieved in the three-stage digester (69.3 ± 6.7%). Bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominated in one-, two- and three-stage digester while genera Pseudomonas, Tissierella, and Petrimonas were selectively enriched in the three-stage digester due to functional segregation. Taxonomic analysis identified 8 dominant methanogen genera, of which Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, Methanobacterium and Methanolinea collectively accounted for 80%. With increasing OLR and digester stage number, the dominant methanogenic pathway shifted from hydrogenotrophic pattern to acetoclastic pattern and reached a final synergy of these two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Kai-Chee Loh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Mao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Yanjun Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Echevarría C, Valderrama C, Cortina JL, Martín I, Arnaldos M, Bernat X, De la Cal A, Boleda MR, Vega A, Teuler A, Castellví E. Techno-economic evaluation and comparison of PAC-MBR and ozonation-UV revamping for organic micro-pollutants removal from urban reclaimed wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:288-298. [PMID: 30928758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sewage-borne Organic Micro-Pollutants (OMP) in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) effluents represents an increasing concern when water is reclaimed for irrigation or even indirect potable reuse. During eighteen months, an innovative hybrid water reclamation scheme based on a Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR) enhanced with Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) was operated at pilot-scale (70 m3/d) in order to compare it with state-of-the art Wastewater Reclamation System (WWRS) also revamped with a final step of ozonation-UV. Removal of persistent OMP, water quality and treatment costs were evaluated and compared for the different treatment schemes. OMP removal efficiency results for the different schemes concluded that established technologies, such as physico-chemical and filtration systems as well as MBR, do not remove significantly (>15%) the most recalcitrant compounds. The upgrading of these two systems through the addition of ozonation-UV step and PAC dosing allowed improving average recalcitrant OMP removal to 85 ± 2 and 75 ± 5%, respectively. In term of costs, PAC-MBR represents an increase of 37% of costs regarding conventional systems but presents improvements of 50% reduction in space and water quality. On the other hand, ozonation requires up to a 15% increase of foot-print; nevertheless, represents lower costs and lower carbon footprint. Ozonation-UV seems to be the best option for upgrading existing facilities, while PAC-MBR should be considered when space represents a critical limitation and produced water is reused for high water quality purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Echevarría
- Chemical Engineering Department, UPC-BarcelonaTECH, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14 (Campus Diagonal-Besòs), 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Water Technology Center CETaqua, Carretera d'Esplugues 75, 08040 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - C Valderrama
- Chemical Engineering Department, UPC-BarcelonaTECH, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14 (Campus Diagonal-Besòs), 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14 (Campus Diagonal-Besòs), 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Cortina
- Chemical Engineering Department, UPC-BarcelonaTECH, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14 (Campus Diagonal-Besòs), 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14 (Campus Diagonal-Besòs), 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Water Technology Center CETaqua, Carretera d'Esplugues 75, 08040 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
| | - I Martín
- Water Technology Center CETaqua, Carretera d'Esplugues 75, 08040 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M Arnaldos
- Water Technology Center CETaqua, Carretera d'Esplugues 75, 08040 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
| | - X Bernat
- Water Technology Center CETaqua, Carretera d'Esplugues 75, 08040 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
| | - A De la Cal
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de la Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, C/General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M R Boleda
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de la Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, C/General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Vega
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de la Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, C/General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Teuler
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de la Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, C/General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Castellví
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de la Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, C/General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Wang Y, Wang D, Chen F, Yang Q, Li Y, Li X, Zeng G. Effect of triclocarban on hydrogen production from dark fermentation of waste activated sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:307-316. [PMID: 30739014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to investigate whether and how TCC affects hydrogen production using both experimental and model approaches. Experimental results showed that the exposure of TCC not only enhanced the hydrogen production yield but also promoted the hydrogen yield potential and hydrogen production rate. The maximum hydrogen production yield and hydrogen production rate increased from 10.1 ± 0.2 to 14.2 ± 0.2 mL/g VSS and 0.09 to 0.13 mL/g VSS·h, respectively, when TCC level increased from 0 to 1403 ± 150 mg/kg TSS. Mechanism exploration showed that the presence of TCC significantly promoted the release of substances and observably facilitated the acidification process but seriously inhibited the methonogenesis and homoacetogenesis processes. Further investigations with enzyme analysis revealed that TCC importantly increased the activities of acetate kinase and [FeFe] hydrogenase but seriously inhibited the activities of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and Coenzyme F420.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Fei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yifu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Zhang M, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Liu WR, He LY, Zhang JN, Chen J, He LK, Zhang QQ, Ying GG. Occurrence, fate and mass loadings of antibiotics in two swine wastewater treatment systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:1421-1431. [PMID: 29929305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely applied in livestock industry to prevent or treat animal diseases. However, those antibiotics are poorly metabolized in livestock animals, most of them being excreted via feces or urine. Hence we need to understand the removal of antibiotics in swine farm wastewater treatment systems. This study investigated occurrence and fate of various antibiotics in two full-scale swine farm wastewater treatment systems (Farm A: anaerobic digester-A2/O-lagoon; Farm B: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-(A/O)2-lagoon). The results showed the presence of 25 antibiotics out of 40 target antibiotics in the wastewater and sludge samples from the two farms. In Farm A, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfachlorpyridazine, oxytetracycline and lincomycin were predominant in the influent with concentrations up to 166 ± 3.64 μg/L, while in the dewatered sludge chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and norfloxacin were the predominant target compounds with concentrations up to 29.2 ± 3.74 μg/g. In Farm B, high concentrations (up to 3630 ± 1040 μg/L) of sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine and lincomycin were detected in the influent, and the predominant target antibiotics detected in the dewater sludge were similar to those in Farm A, with concentrations up to 28.6 ± 0.592 μg/g. The aqueous removal rates for the total antibiotics were >99.0% in the wastewater treatment plants of both farms. Among a series of treatment units, the anaerobic digester in Farm A and UASB in Farm B made a significant contribution to the elimination of the target antibiotics from the animal wastewater. The daily mass loadings of total antibiotics in the manure, influent, dewatered sludge and effluent were 17.1, 28.0, 2.53, and 0.0730 g/d for Farm A and 24.5, 354, 3.17, and 0.293 g/d for Farm B. The full-scale swine wastewater treatment facilities could effectively remove antibiotics from swine wastewater, but the dewatered sludge needs to be further treated before disposal on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Liang-Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lun-Kai He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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