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Ekholm J, Persson F, de Blois M, Modin O, Gustavsson DJI, Pronk M, van Loosdrecht MCM, Wilén BM. Microbiome structure and function in parallel full-scale aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:334. [PMID: 38739161 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) are two different biological wastewater treatment processes. AGS consists of self-immobilised microorganisms that are transformed into spherical biofilms, whereas CAS has floccular sludge of lower density. In this study, we investigated the treatment performance and microbiome dynamics of two full-scale AGS reactors and a parallel CAS system at a municipal WWTP in Sweden. Both systems produced low effluent concentrations, with some fluctuations in phosphate and nitrate mainly due to variations in organic substrate availability. The microbial diversity was slightly higher in the AGS, with different dynamics in the microbiome over time. Seasonal periodicity was observed in both sludge types, with a larger shift in the CAS microbiome compared to the AGS. Groups important for reactor function, such as ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB), nitrite-oxidising bacteria (NOB), polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs), followed similar trends in both systems, with higher relative abundances of PAOs and GAOs in the AGS. However, microbial composition and dynamics differed between the two systems at the genus level. For instance, among PAOs, Tetrasphaera was more prevalent in the AGS, while Dechloromonas was more common in the CAS. Among NOB, Ca. Nitrotoga had a higher relative abundance in the AGS, while Nitrospira was the main nitrifier in the CAS. Furthermore, network analysis revealed the clustering of the various genera within the guilds to modules with different temporal patterns, suggesting functional redundancy in both AGS and CAS. KEY POINTS: • Microbial community succession in parallel full-scale aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. • Higher periodicity in microbial community structure in CAS compared to in AGS. • Similar functional groups between AGS and CAS but different composition and dynamics at genus level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ekholm
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins Gata 6, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Persson
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins Gata 6, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Oskar Modin
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins Gata 6, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David J I Gustavsson
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 22370, Lund, Sweden
- VA SYD, P.O. Box 191, 20121, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mario Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Britt-Marie Wilén
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins Gata 6, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Duan J, Kitamura K, Tsukamoto H, Van Phan H, Oba K, Hori T, Fujiwara T, Terada A. Enhanced granulation of activated sludge in an airlift reactor for organic carbon removal and ammonia retention from industrial fermentation wastewater: A comparative study. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121091. [PMID: 38244299 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia retention and recovery from high-nitrogenous wastewater are new concepts being used for nitrogen management. A microaerophilic activated sludge system was developed to convert organic nitrogen into ammonia and retain it for its recovery; however, the settleability of activated sludge remains a challenge. Therefore, this study proposed an aerobic granular sludge system as a potential solution. Two types of sequencing batch reactors-airlift and upflow reactors-were operated to investigate the feasibility of fast granule formation, the performance of organic carbon removal and ammonia retention, and the dynamics of microbial community composition. The operation fed with industrial fermentation wastewater demonstrated that the airlift reactor ensured a more rapid granule formation than the upflow reactor because of the high shear force, and it maintained a superior ammonia retention stability of approximately 85 %. Throughout the operational period, changes in hydraulic retention time (HRT), settling time, and exchange ratio altered the granular particle sizes and microbial community compositions. Rhodocyclaceae were replaced with Comamonadaceae, Methylophilaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Chitinophagaceae as core taxa instrumental in granulation, likely because of their extracellular polymeric substance secretion. As the granulation process progressed, a significant decrease in the relative abundances of nitrifying bacteria-Nitrospiraceae and Nitrosomonadaceae-was observed. The reduction of settling time and HRT enhanced granulation and inhibited the activity of nitrifying bacteria. The success in granulation for ammonia conversion and retention in this study accelerates the paradigm shift from ammonia removal to ammonia recovery from industrial fermentation wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Duan
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kitamura
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hop Van Phan
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kohei Oba
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hori
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Taku Fujiwara
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Akihiko Terada
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Global Innovation Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 185-8538, Japan.
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3
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Huang Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Gao X, Wang X. Effect of C/N on the microbial interactions of aerobic granular sludge system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119505. [PMID: 37992659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The main focus of this study was to evaluate the operational stability and changes in microbial interactions of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems at reduced C/N (16, 8 and 4). The results showed that the removal efficiency of total nitrogen and total phosphorus decreased from 95.99 ± 0.93% and 84.44 ± 0.67% to 48.46 ± 1.92% and 50.93 ± 2.67%, respectively, when C/N was reduced from 16 to 4. The granule settling performance and stability also deteriorated. Molecular ecological network analysis showed that the reduction of the C/N ratio made the overall network as well as the subnetworks of the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota more complex and tightly connected. Similarly, the subnetworks of two dominant genera (Thiothrix and Defluviicoccus) became more complex as the C/N decreased. Meanwhile, the decreased C/N ratio might promote competition among microbes in these overall networks and subnetworks. In conclusion, reduced C/N added complexity and tightness to microbial linkages within the AGS system, while increased competition between species might have contributed to the deterioration in pollutant removal performance. This study adds a new dimension to our understanding of the effects of C/N on the microbial community of AGS using a molecular ecological network approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- Fuzhou Planning Design Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Wang JY, Zhao B, An Q, Dan Q, Guo JS, Chen YP. The acceleration of aerobic sludge granulation by alternating organic loading rate: Performance and mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119047. [PMID: 37778070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
As a highly promising treatment technology for wastewater, long start-up time is one of the bottlenecks hindering the widespread application of aerobic granular sludge (AGS). This study focused on exploring the possibility of alternating organic loading rate (OLR) in promoting AGS granulation. Under alternating OLR (3.6-14.4 kgCOD/m3·d), AGS granulation was significantly accelerated. The mean granule size under alternating load reached 234.6 μm at 17 d, while under constant OLR (7.2 kgCOD/m3·d), the mean granule size was only 179.2 μm. Moreover, the granule size maintained continuous growth even when the alternating OLR was changed to constant OLR. Alternating load significantly increased the content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially proteins (PN) in tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), which was likely the main reason for accelerating AGS granulation. Moreover, alternating load reduced the hydrophilicity of EPS and promoted the content of proteins secondary structures that favored aggregation in TB-EPS, which were also beneficial for granulation. Microbial community results showed that alternating load might promote the enrichment of EPS producing bacteria, such as Thauera, Brevundimonas and Shinella. Meanwhile, the content of enzymes that regulated amino acids metabolism also increased under alternating load, which might be related to the increase of PN in EPS. These results further demonstrated that alternating load promoted granulation through EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Qiang An
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Qiao Dan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Jin Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - You Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
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5
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Goswami A, Stein N, Fawzy M, Nasr M, Goel R. Retention and recycling of granules in continuous flow-through system to accomplish denitrification and perchlorate reduction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129367. [PMID: 37394045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a completely anoxic reactor and a gravity-settling design for continuously separating from flocculated biomass and hydraulically recycling granules back to the main reactor. The average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the reactor was 98 %. Average nitrate (NO3--N) and perchlorate (ClO4-) removal efficiencies of 99 % and 74 ± 19 % were observed, respectively. Preferential utilization of NO3- over ClO4- led to COD limiting conditions, which resulted in ClO4- in the effluent. The average granule diameter in continuous flow-through bubble-column (CFB) anoxic granular sludge (AxGS) bioreactor was 6325 ± 2434 µm, and the average SVI30/SVI1 was > 90% throughout its operation. 16s rDNA amplicon sequencing revealed Proteobacteria (68.53% - 88.57%) and Dechloromonas (10.46% - 54.77%) to be the most abundant phylum and genus present in reactor sludge representing the denitrifying and ClO4- reducing microbial community. This work represents a pioneering development of CFB-AxGS bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Goswami
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA
| | - Nathan Stein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA
| | - Manal Fawzy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Alexandria University, Alexandria Governorate 5424041, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Nasr
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt; Sanitary Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21544, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA.
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6
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Biliani SE, Manariotis ID. Wastewater treatment by high density algal flocs for nutrient removal and biomass production. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2023; 35:1237-1250. [PMID: 37249918 PMCID: PMC9990567 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-023-02931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the efficiency of algal flocs biomass for the treatment of primary and secondary effluent in static and mixing conditions under different hydraulic retention time (HRT). Primary effluent fed cultures created a high-density biomass of 2.8 and 3.8 g L-1 under static and mixing conditions, respectively. Secondary effluent was more effective in order to create even higher density biomass of 7.8 and 6 g L-1 under static and mixing conditions, respectively. The algal floc biomass developed was quite effective for organic matter and nutrient removal. Primary effluent fed cultures seemed to be more efficient for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen removal, while secondary effluent fed cultures for nitrates removal. At an HRT of 8 days using primary effluent, the removal of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus was 86.2, 100 and 97.4%, respectively. The cultures fed with secondary effluent, even at low HRT of 1.2 days, achieved removals of 88.4, 77.5, 100 and 98.6% for COD, nitrates, ammonia, and total phosphorus, respectively. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10811-023-02931-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani E. Biliani
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
| | - Ioannis D. Manariotis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
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7
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Basri HF, Anuar AN, Halim MHA, Yuzir MA, Muda K, Omoregie AI, Najib MZM. Aerobic granular sludge development using diatomite for low-strength wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:420. [PMID: 36809517 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the start-up performance of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for the treatment of low-strength (chemical oxygen demand, COD < 200 mg/L) domestic wastewater by the application of a diatomite carrier. The feasibility was evaluated in terms of the start-up period and stability of the aerobic granules as well as COD and phosphate removal efficiencies. A single pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used and operated separately for the control granulation and granulation with diatomite. Complete granulation (granulation rate ≥ 90%) was achieved within 20 days for the case of diatomite with an average influent COD concentration of 184 mg/L. In comparison, control granulation required 85 days to accomplish the same feat with a higher average influent COD concentration (253 mg/L). The presence of diatomite solidifies the core of the granules and enhances physical stability. AGS with diatomite recorded the strength and sludge volume index of 18 IC and 53 mL/g suspended solids (SS) which is superior to control AGS without diatomite (19.3 IC, 81 mL/g SS). Quick start-up and achievement of stable granules lead to an efficient COD (89%) and phosphate removal (74%) in 50 days of bioreactor operation. Interestingly, this study revealed that diatomite has some special mechanism in enhancing the removal of both COD and phosphate. Also, diatomite has a significant influence on microbial diversity. The result of this research implies that the advanced development of granular sludge by using diatomite can provide promising low-strength wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazlami Fikri Basri
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Aznah Nor Anuar
- Department of Environment and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hakim Ab Halim
- Department of Environment and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ali Yuzir
- Department of Environment and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khalida Muda
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Armstrong Ighodalo Omoregie
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Zuhaili Mohamed Najib
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Ouyang L, Qiu B. Positive effects of magnetic Fe 3O 4@polyaniline on aerobic granular sludge: Aerobic granulation, granule stability and pollutants removal performance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 368:128296. [PMID: 36370942 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic material has been determined to have a positive effect on sludge granulation and wastewater treatment performance. In this study, the effect of magnetic Fe3O4@polyaniline (Fe3O4@PANI) on aerobic granulation, granule stability, and pollutants removal performance was evaluated by adding it into a sequencing batch reactor to cultivate aerobic granular sludge (AGS). The results indicated that the composite combined the advantages of PANI and Fe3O4 to promote the formation of AGS during the granulation period. The Fe3O4@PANI stimulated the granules to secrete extracellular polymeric substances with a higher proteins/polysaccharides ratio, thus enhancing the stability of the AGS. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed that the great performance of the AGS on denitrification and phosphorus removal could be attributed to the enrichment of denitrifying bacteria, phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO), and denitrifying PAO by Fe3O4@PANI. Thus, Fe3O4@PANI has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on the formation and stability of AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Ouyang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Zou X, Gao M, Mohammed A, Liu Y. Responses of various carbon to nitrogen ratios to microbial communities, kinetics, and nitrogen metabolic pathways in aerobic granular sludge reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128225. [PMID: 36332856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of different ammonia concentrations (mg N/L) (of 100 (carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) = 12; Stage I), 200 (C/N = 6; Stage II), 400 (C/N = 3; Stage III) and 200 (C/N = 6; Stage IV)) in nitrogen metabolic pathways, microbial community, and specific microbial activity were investigated in an aerobic granular sludge reactor. Heterotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (HAOB) showed higher ammonia oxidation rates (AORs) than autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AAOB) at higher C/N conditions (Stages I and II). Paracoccus was the dominant HAOB. AAOB, with only 0.2-0.3 % in relative abundance, showed 2.7-fold higher AORs than HAOB at elevated ammonia and free ammonia (FA) concentrations with C/N at 3. Nitrosomonas and a genus in Nitrosomondaceae family were the major AAOB. This study proposed that FA inhibition on heterotrophic bacteria might be the mechanism that contributes to the development of the autotrophic ammonia oxidation pathway and enrichment of AAOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mengjiao Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Abdul Mohammed
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Chen Y, Geng N, Hu T, Baeyens J, Wang S, Su H. Adaptive regulation of activated sludge's core functional flora based on granular internal spatial microenvironment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115714. [PMID: 35839647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of efforts has been put into studying the influence of the external macroenvironment for activated sludge to survive on microbial community succession, while granular internal spatial microenvironment should be given equal attention, because it is more directly involved in the information exchange and material transfer among microorganisms. This study systematically investigated the effects of granular microenvironment on spatial colonization and composition of sludge's core functional flora, and the corresponding difference of biological treatment performance. High content of extracellular-proteins (67.53 mg/gVSS) or extracellular-polysaccharide (65.02 mg/gVSS) stimulated the microbial flocculation and aggregation of 0.5-1.5 mm granules (GS) or 1.5-3.0 mm granules (GM), respectively, which was resulted from excellent cell hydrophobicity (59.26%) or viscosity (3.47 mPa s), therefore, constituted relatively dense porous frame. More hollow space existed in 3.0-5.0 mm granules (GL), which formed loose skeleton with 0.213 mL/g of total pore volume and 17.21 nm of average pore size. Combining scanning electron microscope images and fluorescent in-situ hybridization based microbiological analysis, aerobic nitrifiers were observed to wrap or surround anaerobic bacteria, or facultative/anaerobic bacteria were self-encapsulated, which created granule's unique microenvironment with alternating aerobic and anaerobic zones. GS has the most rich organic matter degrading bacteria and anaerobic heterotrophic denitrifiers, while GM and GL presented the greatest relative abundance of facultative and aerobic denitrifiers, respectively. The activity of dehydrogenase and nitrogen invertase of GM showed be 1.32-3.09 times higher than those of GS and GL, contributing to its higher carbon and nitrogen removal. These findings highlight the importance of granular microenvironment to adaptive regulation of activated sludge's core functional flora and corresponding pollutant removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanfei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tenghui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jan Baeyens
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haijia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Zheng F, Zhang T, Yin S, Qin G, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhao D, Leng X, An S, Xia L. Comparison and interpretation of freshwater bacterial structure and interactions with organic to nutrient imbalances in restored wetlands. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946537. [PMID: 36212857 PMCID: PMC9533089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen (COD/N) and nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P) ratios have distinct effects on bacterial community structure and interactions. However, how organic to nutrient imbalances affect the structure of freshwater bacterial assemblages in restored wetlands remains poorly understood. Here, the composition and dominant taxa of bacterial assemblages in four wetlands [low COD/N and high N/P (LH), low COD/N and low N/P (LL), high COD/N and high N/P (HH), and high COD/N and low N/P (HL)] were investigated. A total of 7,709 operational taxonomic units were identified by high throughput sequencing, and Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the restored wetlands. High COD/N significantly increased bacterial diversity and was negatively correlated with N/P (R 2 = 0.128; p = 0.039), and the observed richness (Sobs) indices ranged from 860.77 to 1314.66. The corresponding Chao1 and phylogenetic diversity (PD) values ranged from 1533.42 to 2524.56 and 127.95 to 184.63. Bacterial beta diversity was negatively related to COD/N (R 2 = 0.258; p < 0.001). The distribution of bacterial assemblages was mostly driven by variations in ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N, p < 0.01) and electrical conductivity (EC, p < 0.01), which collectively explained more than 80% of the variation in bacterial assemblages. However, the dominant taxa Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and Deinococcus-Thermus were obviously affected by variation in COD/N and N/P (p < 0.05). The highest node and edge numbers and average degree were observed in the LH group. The co-occurrence networkindicated that LH promoted bacterial network compactness and bacterial interaction consolidation. The relationships between organic to nutrient imbalances and bacterial assemblages may provide a theoretical basis for the empirical management of wetland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiange Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenglai Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dehua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuqing An
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Simultaneous Removal of Organic Matter and Nutrients from High Strength Organic Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial wastewater discharges often contain high levels of organic matter and nutrients, which can lead to eutrophication and constitute a serious hazard to receiving waters and aquatic life. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to treat high-strength organic wastewater for the removal of both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). At a constant COD concentration of approximately 1000 mg/L, the effects of cycle time (3 and 9 h) and various C:N:P ratios (100:5:2, 100:5:1, 100:10:1, and 100:10:2) were investigated using four identical SBRs (R1, R2, R3, and R4). According to experimental data, a significant high removal, i.e., 90%, 98.5%, and 84.8%, was observed for COD, NH3-N, and PO43−-P, respectively, when C:N:P was 100:5:1, at a cycle time of 3 h. Additionally, when cycle time was increased to 9 h, the highest levels of COD removal (95.7%), NH3-N removal (99.6%), and PO43−-P removal (90.31%) were accomplished. Also, in order to comprehend the primary impacts and interactions among the various process variables, the data was statistically examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level, which revealed that the interaction of cycle time and C/N ratio, cycle time and C/P ratio is significant for COD and NH3-N removal. However, the same interaction was found to be insignificant for PO43−-P removal. Sludge volume index (SVI30 and SVI10) and sludge settleability were studied, and the best settling was found in R3 with SVI30 of 55 mL/g after 9 h. Further evidence that flocs were present in reactors came from an average ratio of SVI 30/SVI 10 = 0.70 after 9 h and 0.60 after 3 h.
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13
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Kant Bhatia S, Ahuja V, Chandel N, Mehariya S, Kumar P, Vinayak V, Saratale GD, Raj T, Kim SH, Yang YH. An overview on microalgal-bacterial granular consortia for resource recovery and wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127028. [PMID: 35318147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive generation of wastewater is a matter of concern around the globe. Wastewater treatment utilizing a microalgae-mediated process is considered an eco-friendly and sustainable method of wastewater treatment. However, low biomass productivity, costly harvesting process, and energy extensive cultivation process are the major bottleneck. The use of the microalgal-bacteria granular consortia (MBGC) process is economic and requires less energy. For efficient utilization of MBGC, knowledge of its structure, composition and interaction are important. Various microscopic, molecular and metabolomics techniques play a significant role in understating consortia structure and interaction between partners. Microalgal-bacteria granular consortia structure is affected by various cultivation parameters like pH, temperature, light intensity, salinity, and the presence of other pollutants in wastewater. In this article, a critical evaluation of recent literature was carried out to develop an understanding related to interaction behavior that can help to engineer consortia having efficient nutrient removal capacity with reduced energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Vishal Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Neha Chandel
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram-122103, Haryana, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Vandana Vinayak
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Zhang X, Li J, Yang W, Chen J, Wang X, Xing D, Dong W, Wang H, Wang J. The combination of aerobic digestion and bioleaching for heavy metal removal from excess sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133231. [PMID: 34902386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bioleaching is employed for removing heavy metals from excess sludge generated during municipal wastewater treatment. To avoid organic matter impact on bioleaching, aerobic digestion was performed as pretreatment of the bioleaching or accompanied with the bioleaching. The results showed that the leaching amounts of heavy metals from the process of aerobic digestion accompanied with bioleaching was 2.3 times more than that of the process of aerobic digestion followed by bioleaching. The stable-state proportions of Zn, Cu, Ni and Mn increased by 83%, 94%, 96% and 91%, respectively, in the process of aerobic digestion accompanied with bioleaching, and moreover, the reduction rate of MLSS increased by 22.7%. Although the content of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in sludge decreased after bioleaching treatment, they were still much higher than the soil background value. It indicates that the treated sludge still has agricultural value. High throughput sequencing analysis showed that the relative abundance of acid-producing bacteria (Romboutsia, Clostridium, Tricibacter, and Intestinibacter) significantly increased from 0% to 28.6%, 6.9%, 3.9%, and 2.4%. The enrichment of these acidogenic bacteria was the main reason for the pH decrease, which was conducive to the removal of heavy metals from sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Dingyu Xing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Wenyi Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
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15
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Song C, Zhao C, Wang Q, Lu S, She Z, Zhao Y, Jin C, Guo L, Li K, Gao M. Impact of carbon/nitrogen ratio on the performance and microbial community of sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating synthetic mariculture wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113528. [PMID: 34392098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The differences of cultured organism species, aquaculture model and supervisor mode lead to different carbon/nitrogen ratios in mariculture wastewater. Therefore, the performance, microbial community and enzymatic activity of sequencing batch biofilm reactor were compared in treating synthetic mariculture wastewater at different chemical oxygen demand/nitrogen (COD/N) ratios. Compared with COD/N ratio of 6, the ammonia-oxidizing rate and nitrite-oxidizing rate at COD/N ratio of 5, 4 and 3 increased by 3.66 % and 3.08 %, 11.19 % and 14.95 %, and 24.50 % and 32.54 %, respectively. Similarly, the ammonia monooxygenase and nitrite oxidoreductase activities increased by 3.50 % and 6.76 %, 11.09 % and 16.22 %, and 25.43 % and 39.19 % at COD/N ratio at 5, 4 and 3, respectively. However, the denitrifying rate and denitrification enzymatic activity declined with the decrease of C/N ratio from 6 to 3. The production, protein content and polysaccharide content of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) reduced with the decrease of COD/N ratio from 6 to 3. The abundance of nitrifying genera increased with the decrease of COD/N ratio from 6 to 3, whereas most of denitrification genera displayed a decreasing trend. The microbial co-occurrence pattern, keystone taxa and significant difference were altered with the decrease of COD/N ratio. Among the keystone taxa, Thauera, Denitromonas, Nitrosomonas and Denitratisoma had a close link with nitrogen transformation. The present results can provide some theoretical basis for evaluating the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio on the nitrogen removal of biological wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Song
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Changkun Zhao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Qianzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shuailing Lu
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zonglian She
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yangguo Zhao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chunji Jin
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Kuiran Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Mengchun Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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16
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Xiao X, Guo H, Ma F, You S, Geng M, Kong X. Biological mechanism of alleviating membrane biofouling by porous spherical carriers in a submerged membrane bioreactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148448. [PMID: 34146804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, porous spherical carriers were fixed around the hollow fiber membrane module to mitigate membrane biofouling. Two MBRs (R1 without carriers, R2 with carriers) were operated for 31 days under identical operating conditions to investigate the effects of the carriers on the reactor performances, the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), the level of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), and the microbial communities. The results showed that the presence of carriers in MBR was conducive to nitrogen removal and decreased the total membrane filtration resistance by about 1.7 times. Slower transmembrane pressure (TMP) rise-up, thinner bio-cakes, lower EPS production, and fewer tryptophan and aromatic proteins substances on the membrane surface were observed in R2. The polysaccharides secretion of EPS in bio-cakes was mainly regulated by C4-HSL and 3OC6-HSL in the presence of carriers. The microbial community analysis revealed that carriers addition reduced the relative abundance of EPS and AHL producing bacteria in the membrane bio-cakes and enriched the accumulation of functional bacteria conducive to nutrient removal in the mixed liquor. This study provided an in-depth understanding for the application of porous spherical carriers to alleviate membrane biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Haijuan Guo
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, PR China..
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Mingyue Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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17
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Yu C, Wang K, Tian C, Yuan Q. Aerobic granular sludge treating low-strength municipal wastewater: Efficient carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal with hydrolysis-acidification pretreatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148297. [PMID: 34153768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low organic load while high fraction of particulates still challenging the application of aerobic granular sludge process in low-strength municipal wastewater treatment. The feasibility of adopting short cycle length to increase organic load and hydrolysis-acidification pretreatment to enhance anaerobic COD uptake was evaluated. As the cycle length decreased from 4 h to 2 h, the organic loading rate increased from 0.98 to 1.3 g L-1 d-1 and granulation appeared after two weeks. Moreover, with the hydrolysis-acidification pretreatment, the average effluent TN and TP concentrations decreased respectively from 17.8 to 13.7 mg L-1 and 0.76 to 0.41 mg L-1, meeting the Grade IA of the effluent standards in China. Furthermore, cycle tests were conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism of the pretreatment effects. The results showed that the hydrolysis-acidification pretreatment enhanced the COD storage and phosphorus release in anaerobic phase, and improved the simultaneous nitrification-denitrification process, as well as the phosphorus uptake in aeration phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Chen Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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18
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Li D, Yang J, Li Y, Zhang J. Research on rapid cultivation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) with different feast-famine strategies in continuous flow reactor and achieving high-level denitrification via utilization of soluble microbial product (SMP). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147237. [PMID: 33964764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mixture of partial AGS and flocculent sludge in continuous flow reactors were operated with periodic famine (PF) strategy and continuous feast (CF) strategy to reveal the impact of the feast-famine strategies on cultivation of AGS and the dynamics of microbial communities. The experimental results showed that the mature AGS were cultivated with PF and CF strategy on the 31st and the 71st days respectively, which was the result of good extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion with PF strategy. It could accelerate the formation of microbial aggregates due to the conditions of periodic famine. High-level denitrification with PF strategy via utilization of SMP was examined by EEM-PARAFAC on cycle test. The high-throughput pyrosequencing showed that the dominant bacteria with PF strategy involved functional bacteria of nutrient removal and EPS secreting bacteria, while the dominant bacteria were fast-growing heterotrophic organisms with CF strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Jingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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19
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Toxic Effect of Ammonium Nitrogen on the Nitrification Process and Acclimatisation of Nitrifying Bacteria to High Concentrations of NH4-N in Wastewater. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14175329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the conducted research was to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification process, at different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, in biologically treated wastewater in one of the largest municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants in Poland. The studies also attempted to acclimate nitrifying bacteria to the limited concentration of ammonium nitrogen and determined the efficiency of nitrification under the influence of acclimated activated sludge in the biological wastewater treatment system. The obtained results indicate that the concentration of ammonium nitrogen above 60.00 mg·dm−3 inhibits nitrification, even after increasing the biomass of nitrifiers. The increase in the efficiency of the nitrification process in the tested system can be obtained by using the activated sludge inoculated with nitrifiers. For this purpose, nitrifiers should be preacclimated, at least for a period of time, allowing them to colonize the activated sludge. The acclimated activated sludge allows reducing the amount of ammonium nitrogen in treated sewage by approx. 35.0%. The process of stable nitrification in the biological treatment system was observed nine days after introducing the acclimated activated sludge into the aeration chamber.
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20
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Li Y, Wu Y, Wang S, Jia L. Effect of organic loading on phosphorus forms transformation and microbial community in continuous-flow A 2/O process. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2640-2651. [PMID: 34115619 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A continuous-flow Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic (A2/O) system was operated at different organic concentrations to systematically investigate the effect on the nutrient removal, secretion characteristics of extracellular polymer, phosphorus forms transformation and changes in functional flora in this system. The results showed that high organic loading was more conducive to promote the secretion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), the increase of polysaccharide content was more obvious compared with protein, the impact of organic loading on the components of loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) was higher than that of tight-bound EPS (TB-EPS). Phosphorus in sludge floc mainly existed in the form of inorganic phosphorus (IP), and IP mainly existed in the form of apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP). High organic load showed higher phosphorus storage in EPS, and the phosphorus content in EPS was positively correlated with the content of EPS. Non-apatite phosphorus (NAIP) content played an important role in the extracellular dephosphorization. The abundance of Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira responsible for nitrification decreased with the increase in organic loading. The group of denitrifiers was large, and Azospira was the most abundant genus among them. Dechloromonas, Acinetobacter, Povalibacter, Chryseolinea and Pirellula were the functional genera closely associated with phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, TCU, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, TCU, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Shaopo Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, TCU, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Liyuan Jia
- Tianjin IKWEN Water Treatment Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300000, China
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21
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Chen D, Wang Z, Zhang M, Wang X, Lu S. Effect of increasing salinity and low C/N ratio on the performance and microbial community of a sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1213-1224. [PMID: 31446846 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1660417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing salinity on the performance and microbial community structure in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating low C/N ratio wastewater. The SBR was subjected to a gradual increased salinity from 0 wt% to3.0 wt% under low Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)/N ratio, operating for 80 days. The study results indicated that high salinity decreased the removal efficiency of ammonium (NH4+-N) from 77.09% (1.0 wt%) to 45.7% (3.0wt%). The organic matter removal are not significantly affected by the high salinity. Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that the gradual increased salinity altered the overall bacterial community structure, and low salinity (1wt%) promoted the bacterial diversity, while high salinity (2 and 3 wt%) significantly decreased the bacterial diversity in low C/N ratio activated sludge system. Further analysis revealed that two genera related to nitrification process (unclassified-Nitrosomonadales and g-Nitrospira) were inhibited, while a genus related to organic removal (Piscicoccus) and three genera related to denitrification (Rodobacteraceae, Denitromonas and Hyphomicrobium) increased significantly at a salinity of 3 wt%. This study provides insights of shifts in the bacteria community under the stress of high salinity in low C/N ratio of activated sludge systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daying Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Lyu W, Song Q, Zhou D, Hu X, Wang B, Chen R. Role of weak magnetic strength in the operation of aerobic granular reactor for wastewater treatment containing ammonia nitrogen concentration gradient. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 322:124570. [PMID: 33384203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Weak magnetic field (WMF) and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology were both robust technologies in wastewater treatments. In this study, the AGS characteristics and nutrient removal performances were all estimated at the load of 20 to 40 mg/L ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and 0 to 40mT magnetic field. Results showed that 10mT was beneficial for keeping stable structure of granules when increasing NH4+-N load, accompanied with increasing protein (PN) secretion in EPS. Besides, all the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate under 10mT reached above 90%, while they were all less than 80% under other WMF strength when loading with 40 mg/L NH4+-N. Moreover, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) efficiency could be enhanced by WMF of 10mT. Illumina MiSeq sequencing showed that NH4+-N load changed the bacterial richness and diversity when the magnetic strength was 10mT. And Candidatus_Competibacter was identified as the main functional genes for effective operation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Wanlin Lyu
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qun Song
- Central and Southern China Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Dao Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rongfan Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wang X, Li J, Zhang X, Chen Z, Shen J, Kang J. Impact of hydraulic retention time on swine wastewater treatment by aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5927-5937. [PMID: 32981014 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the performance of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) treating swine wastewater (SW) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated. The HRT was set at 4.8, 6, 8, 12, and 16 h and performed in five parallel aerobic granular sludge sequence batch reactors (AGSBRs), respectively. The results showed that sedimentation performance and biomass concentration were improved by decreasing the HRT from 16 to 8 h. However, when further decreasing HRT from 8 to 4.8 h, the AGS performance became worse. The AGS process with HRT of 8 h exhibited high pollutant removal efficiency, and an abundant microbial community and a stable microbial community structure were observed. High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the microorganisms in AGS samples with HRT of 8 h at the phylum level and that the dominant microbes changed as the process proceeded. At the genus level, the species and relative abundance of microorganisms gradually evolved for AGS stability in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ji Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Wang X, Chen Z, Shen J, Kang J, Zhang X, Li J, Zhao X. Effect of carbon source on pollutant removal and microbial community dynamics in treatment of swine wastewater containing antibiotics by aerobic granular sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127544. [PMID: 32673869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor (AGSBR) is a promising approach for wastewater treatment. In the paper, the effects of methanol, starch and sucrose as carbon sources on the treatment of swine wastewater (SW) containing antibiotics by aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were studied. The results revealed that the carbon sources could affect the morphology, biomass, and settleability of AGS, and AGS could maintain a better sludge performance when sucrose was used as carbon source. The pollutants (ammonium nitrogen (NH+ 4-N), organic matter and total phosphorus (TP)) in SW also had a good removal effect, and the removal rates reached 81.14%, 96.83% and 97.37% respectively. The removal efficiencies of tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) from SW were the best when sucrose as co-metabolic matrix by microorganisms. The analysis of miseq pyrosequencing demonstrated that carbon sources with methanol, starch and sucrose improved the diversity of microbial community in AGS, and the dominant bacteria also changed. The dominant groups involved in TC and OTC, removal at different classification levels suggested that the formation of bacterial communities was determined by carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ji Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
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Lin X, Su C, Deng X, Wu S, Tang L, Li X, Liu J, Huang X. Influence of polyether sulfone microplastics and bisphenol A on anaerobic granular sludge: Performance evaluation and microbial community characterization. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111318. [PMID: 32979806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The retention of polyether sulfone (PES) and bisphenol A (BPA) in wastewater has received extensive attention. The effects of PES and BPA on the removal of organic matter by anaerobic granular sludge were investigated. We also analyzed the changes in the electron transport system and the effects on the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), as well as alternations of the microbial community in the anaerobic granular sludge. In the experimental groups which received BPA, the removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were significantly suppressed, which an average removal efficiency of less than 65%, 30% lower than that of the control group. In the loosely-bound EPS (LB-EPS) excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra, the absorption peak of tryptophan disappeared when the BPA pollutants was added, which it was present in the control group without added pollutants. The addition of PES and BPA also affected protease, acetate kinase, and coenzyme F420 activities in the anaerobic granular sludge. Especially, the coenzyme F420 reduced from 0.0045 to 0.0017 μmol/L in the presence of PES and BPA. The relative abundance of Spirochaetes decreased in the presence of PES and BPA, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 12.98% to 22.87%. At the genus level, in the presence of PES and BPA, the relative abundance of Acinetobacter increased from 2.20% to 9.64% and Hydrogenophaga decreased sharply from 15.58% to 0.12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China; University Key Laboratory of Karst Ecology and Environmental Change of Guangxi Province (Guangxi Normal University), 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
| | - Xue Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Shumin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Linqin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xinjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
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Li X, Zhao X, Chen Z, Shen J, Jiang F, Wang X, Kang J. Isolation of oxytetracycline-degrading bacteria and its application in improving the removal performance of aerobic granular sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 272:111115. [PMID: 32738758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a type of biofilm with good sedimentation and density, high biomass, high organic load tolerance and toxicity resistance. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antibiotic widely used in livestock and aquaculture, and its low absorption and high residue bring many risks and harms to the ecological environment. In this study, an OTC-degrading strain TJ3 was isolated from AGS and identified as Pandoraea sp. The biodegradation characteristics of OTC by strain TJ3 under different environmental conditions were also investigated. The results showed that the optimal initial pH value and temperature for the culture strain were 6.0 and 30 °C, respectively. At an inoculation dose of 6% (v/v), the removal rate of OTC by strain TJ3 was remarkable (59.4%). Furthermore, when the sodium acetate was present as an additional substrate, the biomass and the OTC removal rate of strain TJ3 were improved. The biodegradability of strain TJ3 to OTC was proved by LC-QTOF/MS, and two possible biotransformation products, i.e. m/z 416 and 219, were identified. In the bioaugmentation experiments of AGS by strain TJ3, the average OTC removal rate was 92.89% after the stable operation of bioreactor. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were efficiently removed. The microbial community structure had significantly changed at the genus level, and the relative abundance of Zoogloea, Pandoraea, Cloacibacterium and Desulfovibrio increased evidently. These results implied that the OTC removal performance and the structural stability of AGS were improved. In this study, Pandoraea sp. TJ3 was applied to removal OTC for the first time, and results showed that Pandoraea sp. TJ3 may be a new auxiliary bacterial resource for the biodegradation of OTC and a potential candidate in the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Zhang L, Fu G, Zhang Z. Long-term stable and energy-neutral mixed biofilm electrode for complete nitrogen removal from high-salinity wastewater: Mechanism and microbial community. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123660. [PMID: 32562967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The steady mixed biofilm electrode (MBE) was investigated for the removal of nitrogen from mustard tuber wastewater. Results showed that complete nitrogen removal occurred over a wide initial chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total nitrogen (TN) ratio ranging from 2.8 to 9.8 using MBE. MBE revealed broad-spectrum applicability for the treatment of high-salinity wastewater containing different forms of nitrogen. Bio-electrochemical process, in-situ heterotrophic nitrogen reduction, ammonia stripping, nitrogen assimilation, and endogenous denitrification coexisted for the removal of nitrogen. Batch activity tests and functional microorganism analysis confirmed that autotrophic/heterotrophic nitrification, anoxic/aerobic denitrification, and nitrogen bio-electrochemical reduction cooperated to achieve efficient nitrogen conversion. More importantly, the analysis of the preliminary energy balance demonstrated that MBE was self-sustaining. The long-term operation stability of MBE was of great importance for its practical application. The results provided herein offer new insights into bioelectrochemical nitrogen removal and resource treatment of high-salinity wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guokai Fu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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28
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Wang L, Yu X, Xiong W, Li P, Wang S, Fan A, Su H. Enhancing robustness of aerobic granule sludge under low C/N ratios with addition of kitchen wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 265:110503. [PMID: 32421552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is one of the most promising biotechnologies for wastewater treatment. However, the instability of AGS at low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios limited its application. In this study, kitchen wastewater addition in the influent was found to improve the morphology, characteristics, and treatment performance of AGS at low C/N ratios of 10, 5 and 2, which strongly reduced the negative impact of low C/N ratios on the biomass concentration, settleability, EPS secretion, stability and performance of AGS. At C/N ratio of 2, sludge disintegration was observed in RA with synthetic wastewater as influent, while the sludge in RB was able to keep a compact microbial structure with particle size of 1.0-1.5 mm. When C/N ratio decreased from 20 to 2 (phase 1 to 4), the MLSS, SVI and EPS secretion in RB were negatively affected at the beginning of each phase, but recovered to 4800 mg L-1, 60 mL g-1, and 86 mg/g SS at the end of phase 4 (C/N ratio of 2), which were 1.3, 0.6 and 1.3 times of those in RA, respectively. Meanwhile, the removal efficiencies of COD, TN, TP and NH4+-N in RB were 90%, 73%, 53%, and 99% at the end of phase 4, which were 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 and 2.4 times of those in RA, respectively. Thus, high-performance AGS with enhanced robustness and high abundance of HN-AD functional bacteria Paracoccus was obtained. These findings provided a promising and cost-effective method to improve the long-term stability and performance of AGS dealing with wastewater of low C/N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Xijia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Haijia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Impact of additive application on the establishment of fast and stable aerobic granulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5697-5709. [PMID: 32415318 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a microbial biofilm self-aggregation, which is effective for nutrient and pollutant removal, through the development of dense microbial layers bound together with extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). However, long start-up times and granule disintegration are still challenges ahead. An array of external additives, including ion chelating agents, sludge-based enhancers, and magnetic influence have been tested to overcome these barriers. The application of such additives may promote enhanced EPS production, neutralization of charges on the bacterial surface, acts as a core-induced agent, or as a bridge to connect EPSs and cell surfaces. Although additives may improve the granule formation without reducing treatment efficiencies, there are still environmental concerns due to the fate and toxicity of discharged excess sludge. This mini-review identifies an array of external additives and their mechanisms to improve granulation properties, and proposes discussion about the technical and economic viability of these additives. KEY POINTS: • Additives reduce granulation time and repair granule disintegration. • Biopolymer-based additives fulfill technical and environmental requirements. • Sludge-based additives are cheap and in line with the resource recovery concept. • The need for environmental-friendly additives for aerobic granular sludge process. • External additives affect granular biomass size distribution.
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Zhao L, Su C, Liu W, Qin R, Tang L, Deng X, Wu S, Chen M. Exposure to polyamide 66 microplastic leads to effects performance and microbial community structure of aerobic granular sludge. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110070. [PMID: 31841892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic polyamide 66 (PA66) was used to explore its mechanism of influence on the contaminants removal from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and the corresponding change to the microbial community. Results showed that the removal pollution efficiency of the experimental groups with PA66 were inhibited during the early treatment stage. However, as the experiment progressed, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (92.66%, 93.10%, 93.11%, 93.79%) and ammonia nitrogen (94.25%, 94.58%, 95.61%, 94.73%) were similar in the addition 0 g/L (A), 0.1 g/L (B), 0.2 g/L (C) and 0.5 g/L (D) PA66 beakers at the last 10 days. On the first day, the intensity of fluorescence peaks representing tryptophan protein-like and aromatic protein-like substances of loosely-bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) indicated that the PA66 microplastic caused damage to the sludge structure, and the intensity of fluorescence peaks representing fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances were stronger than those in the control beaker (A). Microbial community analysis showed that the main phyla were Firmicutes (49.11%, 59.77%, 44.33%, 41.21%), Proteobacteria (26.44%, 11.96%, 31.44%, 19.4%) and Bacteroidetes (9.24%, 13.05%, 11.89%, 14.71%) in the four beakers. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, genes representing [T] Signal transduction mechanisms illustrated that adding PA66 microplastic resulted in more signaling molecules in the AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China; University Key Laboratory of Karst Ecology and Environmental Change of Guangxi Province (Guangxi Normal University), 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
| | - Weihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Ronghua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Linqin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xue Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Shumin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Menglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, PR China
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Qiang J, Zhou Z, Wang K, Qiu Z, Zhi H, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zhao X, Wang Z, Wang Q. Coupling ammonia nitrogen adsorption and regeneration unit with a high-load anoxic/aerobic process to achieve rapid and efficient pollutants removal for wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115280. [PMID: 31759237 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) adsorption and regeneration (AAR) was constructed by a zeolite-packed column and NaClO-NaCl regeneration unit, and coupled with an anoxic/aerobic (AO) system to achieve efficient removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus under short hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge retention time (SRT). Compared to conventional anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (AAO) process, the proposed AO-AAR process achieved more efficient and stable nitrogen removal with greatly shorter HRT (5.6 h) and SRT (8 d) at 10.4 °C, with NH4+-N and total nitrogen in the effluent below 1.5 and 8.0 mg/L, respectively. The AO-AAR also obtained efficient phosphorus removal (<0.5 mg/L) by dosing aluminum in aerobic tank. High load and short SRT deteriorated sludge settleability and dewaterability, but enhanced methane production by improving sludge biodegradability. Dosing aluminum made the AO operating module more stable with improved settleability and dewaterability, and further enhanced methane production. Short HRT and SRT also resulted in the thriving of filamentous bacteria (Thiothrix) and heterotrophic nitrifiers (Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Rhodobacter) in the AO module, which helped in enhancing denitrification potential and nitrification efficiency under low temperature. Long-term operation showed that exchange capacity and physicochemical properties of zeolite were unchanged under NaClO-NaCl regeneration by introducing the tail gas from aerobic tank into the used regenerant to remove Ca2+ and Mg2+ exchanged from effluent of the AO module. Techno-economic analysis showed that the AO-AAR process is attractive and sustainable for municipal wastewater treatment by significantly improving nitrogen removal, greatly reducing land occupancy, enhancing methane production and achieving efficient reduction of carbon dioxide emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Qiang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Kaichong Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhan Qiu
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yuexi Jiang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiaoying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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32
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Lee YJ, Lei Z. Microalgal-bacterial aggregates for wastewater treatment: A mini-review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Tang P, Yu D, Chen G, Zhang P, Wang X, Liu C, Huang S. Novel aerobic granular sludge culture strategy: Using granular sludge Anammox process effluent as a biocatalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122156. [PMID: 31561153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effluent from granular sludge Anammox process was used as a biocatalyst to improve the culture rate of aerobic granular sludge, and the internal causes of this effect were studied. In this study, in sequencing batch reactor, the formation and changes of AGS was monitored with granular sludge Anammox process effluent added before and after. The community structure of AGS was analyzed by molecular biology methods. The results showed ammonia utilizing rate increased from 3.41 to 5.96 mgNH4+-N/(g VSS·h), NO2--N maintained a high accumulation rate, and the denitrification performance remained stable. On 40th day, the diameter of the AGS reached 3.5 mm, and the concentrations of PN and PS reached 330.5 and 62.9 mg/gVSS, respectively. The community structure has changed. Nitrosomonas (31.7%) became the new dominant bacteria. Signal molecules contained in the effluent as inter-species signal molecules could enhance the formation of AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Deshuang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Shuo Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Nuramkhaan M, Zhang Y, Dong X, Huang W, Lei Z, Shimizu K, Zhang Z, Utsumi M, Lee DJ. Isolation of microalgal strain from algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge and examination on its contribution to granulation process during wastewater treatment in respect of nutrients removal, auto-aggregation capability and EPS excretion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhao Z, Liu S, Yang X, Lei Z, Shimizu K, Zhang Z, Lee DJ, Adachi Y. Stability and performance of algal-bacterial granular sludge in shaking photo-sequencing batch reactors with special focus on phosphorus accumulation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 280:497-501. [PMID: 30819417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The granular stability, nutrients removal and phosphorus (P) accumulation of algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was examined by using shaking photoreactors (at a fixed light/dark cycle of 12 h/12 h). During the 25 days' operation, algal-bacterial AGS possessed good granular integrity (8.4 ± 0.6%), and excellent removals of dissolved organic carbon (94.8 ± 1.6%) and total nitrogen (71.1 ± 3.3%). More extracellular proteins (153.7 ± 2.3 mg/g) were excreted from the granules with a high proteins/polysaccharides ratio (∼7.4) on day 25, especially the tightly bound proteins mainly responsible for granular stability. Decrease in P content, especially non-apatite inorganic P relating to Fe-PO4 precipitates, was detected in the granules to some extent, although 54.8 ± 17.1% of total P removal was achieved during the light-on cycles. Still, high P bioavailability (92.0%) was kept in the algal-bacterial AGS throughout the test period. Further optimization of light-on/light-off cycle and hydraulic/sludge retention time is demanding for better and stable P accumulation in the algal-bacterial granules with high bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Zhao
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Sen Liu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yasuhisa Adachi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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