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Zulkernain NH, Uvarajan T, Ng CC. Roles and significance of chelating agents for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) phytoremediation in soil: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:117926. [PMID: 37163837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a biological remediation technique known for low-cost technology and environmentally friendly approach, which employs plants to extract, stabilise, and transform various compounds, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs), in the soil or water. Recent developments in utilising chelating agents soil remediation have led to a renewed interest in chelate-induced phytoremediation. This review article summarises the roles of various chelating agents and the mechanisms of chelate-induced phytoremediation. This paper also discusses the recent findings on the impacts of chelating agents on PTEs uptake and plant growth and development in phytoremediation. It was found that the chelating agents have increased the rate of metal absorption and translocation up to 45% from roots to the aboveground plant parts during PTEs phytoremediation. Besides, it was also explored that the plants may experience some phytotoxicity after adding chelating agents to the soil. However, due to the leaching potential of synthetic chelating agents, the use of organic chelants have been explored to be used in PTEs phytoremediation. Finally, this paper also presents comprehensive insights on the significance of using chelating agents through SWOT analysis to discuss the advantages and limitations of chelate-induced phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hanis Zulkernain
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University, Malaysia (XMUM), Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; School of Postgraduate Studies, Research and Internationalisation, Faculty of Integrated Life Sciences, Quest International University, Malaysia
| | - Turkeswari Uvarajan
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Research and Internationalisation, Faculty of Integrated Life Sciences, Quest International University, Malaysia
| | - Chuck Chuan Ng
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University, Malaysia (XMUM), Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Prem EM, Schwarzenberger A, Markt R, Wagner AO. Effects of phenyl acids on different degradation phases during thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1087043. [PMID: 37089573 PMCID: PMC10113666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1087043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic compounds like phenyl acids (PA) can accumulate during anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes due to an increased entry of lignocellulose, secondary plant metabolites or proteins, and thermodynamic challenges in degrading the benzene ring. The effects of aromatic compounds can be various – from being highly toxic to be stimulating for methanogenesis – depending on many parameters like inoculum or molecular characteristics of the aromatic compound. To contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of PA exposure during AD, the aim was to evaluate the effects of 10 mM PA on microbial communities degrading different, degradation phase–specific substrates in thermophilic batch reactors within 28 days: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, promoting hydrolytic to methanogenic microorganisms), butyrate or propionate (promoting syntrophic volatile fatty acid (VFA) oxidisers to methanogens), or acetate (promoting syntrophic acetate oxidisers to methanogens). Methane production, VFA concentrations and pH were evaluated, and microbial communities and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were assessed. The toxicity of PA depended on the type of substrate which in turn determined the (i) microbial diversity and composition and (ii) EPS quantity and quality. Compared with the respective controls, methane production in MCC reactors was less impaired by PA than in butyrate, propionate and acetate reactors which showed reductions in methane production of up to 93%. In contrast to the controls, acetate concentrations were high in all PA reactors at the end of incubation thus acetate was a bottle-neck intermediate in those reactors. Considerable differences in EPS quantity and quality could be found among substrates but not among PA variants of each substrate. Methanosarcina spp. was the dominant methanogen in VFA reactors without PA exposure and was inhibited when PA were present. VFA oxidisers and Methanothermobacter spp. were abundant in VFA assays with PA exposure as well as in all MCC reactors. As MCC assays showed higher methane yields, a higher microbial diversity and a higher EPS quantity and quality than VFA reactors when exposed to PA, we conclude that EPS in MCC reactors might have been beneficial for absorbing/neutralising phenyl acids and keeping (more susceptible) microorganisms shielded in granules or biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Prem
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Markt
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Geng N, Xia Y, Lu D, Bai Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Ren L, Xu C, Hua E, Sun G, Chen X. The bacterial community structure in epiphytic biofilm on submerged macrophyte Potamogetom crispus L. and its contribution to heavy metal accumulation in an urban industrial area in Hangzhou. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128455. [PMID: 35739657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Submerged macrophytes and their epiphytic biofilms are important media for metal transport/transformation in aquatic environment. However, the bacterial community structure and the contribution of the epiphytic biofilm to the heavy metal accumulation remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, water, sediment, submerged macrophyte (Potamogeton crispus L.) and its epiphytic biofilm samples in three sites of the moat in the industrial area of Hangzhou were collected for analyzing. The bacterial community structure was significantly impacted by the TN concentrations, and Genus Aeromonas (24.5-41.8%), Acinetobacter (16.2-29.8%) and Pseudomonas (12.6-23.6%) dominated in all epiphytic biofilm samples, which had the heavy metal pollutant resistibility. The contents of Cr in biofilms (7.4-8.3 mg/kg, DW) were significantly higher than those in leaves (1.0-2.4 mg/kg, DW), while the contents of Cu (11.0-13.9 mg/kg, DW) in leaves were significantly higher than those in biofilms (0.7-3.9 mg/kg, DW) in all the three sites. The BCF values of metals in the biofilm were followed the order of YF < IC < ETS. The results indicated that the epiphytic biofilm had positive effects on the metal bioaccumulation, and the metal accumulation ability increased with the hydrodynamic forces. Bioaccumulation by the epiphytic biofilm may be an effective way for metal (especially Cr) remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Geng
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yinfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Debao Lu
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lingxiao Ren
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Cundong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ertian Hua
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guojin Sun
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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4
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Li H, Chang F, Li Z, Cui F. The Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in the Toxicity Response of Anaerobic Granule Sludge to Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095371. [PMID: 35564766 PMCID: PMC9100327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are regarded as the last barriers for the release of incompletely separated and recycled nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment. Despite the importance and ubiquity of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the complex wastewater matrix, the interaction between NPs and EPSs of anaerobic microflora involved in wastewater treatment and the resultant impact on the biomass metabolomics are unclear. Thus, the impacts of different metal oxide (TiO2, ZnO, and CuO) NPs on functional bacteria in anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) and the possible toxicity mechanisms were investigated. In particular, the binding quality, enhanced resistance mechanism, and chemical fractional contribution of EPSs from AGS against the nanotoxicity of different NPs was assessed. The results showed that CuO NPs caused the most severe inhibition towards acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, followed by ZnO NPs, whereas TiO2 NPs caused no inhibition to methanogenesis. Excessive EPS production, especially the protein-like substances, was an effective strategy for reducing certain NPs’ toxicity by immobilizing NPs away from AGS cells, whereas the metabolism restriction on inner microorganisms of AGS induced by CuO NPs can deteriorate the protective role of EPS, indicating that the roles of EPS may not be amenable to generalizations. Further investigations with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays indicated that there are greatly essential differences between the toxicity mechanisms of metal NPs to AGS, which varied depending on the NPs’ type and dosage. In addition, dynamic changes in the responses of EPS content to different NPs can result in a significant shift in methanogenic and acidogenic microbial communities. Thus, the production and composition of EPSs will be a key factor in determining the fate and potential effect of NPs in the complex biological matrix. In conclusion, this study broadens the understanding of the inhibition mechanisms of metal oxide NPs on the AGS process, and the influence of EPSs on the fate, behavior, and toxicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M. O. T, Tianjin 300000, China; (H.L.); (F.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Fang Chang
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M. O. T, Tianjin 300000, China; (H.L.); (F.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhendong Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M. O. T, Tianjin 300000, China; (H.L.); (F.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- Correspondence:
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Jia C, Liu C, Gong Z, Li X, Ni Z. Differences in the properties of extracellular polymeric substances responsible for PAH degradation isolated from Mycobacterium gilvum SN12 grown on pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:227. [PMID: 35353236 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) secreted by Mycobacterium gilvum SN12 (M.g. SN12) cultured on pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). A heating method was used to extract EPSs from M.g. SN12, and the composition, emulsifying activity, and morphology of EPS extracts were investigated. Results showed that EPS extracts varied significantly with Pyr or BaP addition to the bacterial cultures. The concentration of proteins and carbohydrates, the main components of the EPS extracts, first increased and then decreased, with an increase in the concentration of Pyr (0-120 mg L-1) and BaP (0-120 mg L-1). A similar trend was observed for the emulsifying activity of the EPS extracts. EPSs extracted from all cultures exhibited a compact structure with a smooth surface, except for EPSs extracted from BaP-grown M.g. SN12, which revealed a more fragile and softer surface. These findings suggest that Pyr and BaP had different influences on the properties of isolated EPSs, providing insights into the mechanism underlying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation by some EPS-secreting bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the texture profile of EPS samples extracted from M.g. SN12 grown on PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyun Jia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Key Laboratory of Pollution, Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Changfeng Liu
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Zongqiang Gong
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Key Laboratory of Pollution, Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Key Laboratory of Pollution, Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Zijun Ni
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Key Laboratory of Pollution, Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
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Anaerobic-aerobic processes for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater containing three commercial reactive azo dyes: Effect of number of stages and bioreactor type. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Su H, Zhang D, Antwi P, Xiao L, Zhang Z, Deng X, Lai C, Zhao J, Deng Y, Liu Z, Shi M. Adaptation, restoration and collapse of anammox process to La(III) stress: Performance, microbial community, metabolic function and network analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 325:124731. [PMID: 33486412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the mining of rare earth mineral, the use of lanthanum-containing fertilizers, and the disposal of lanthanum-containing electronic products, the content of lanthanum (La(III)) in typical ammonia wastewater with low carbon to nitrogen ratio is increasing day by day. Here, effects of La(III) on anammox process in performance, microbial community structure, metabolic function, and microbial co-occurrence network were investigated. The results shown that the nitrogen removal efficiency was declines briefly and then gradually recovers after low dosage (1-5 mg/L) La(III) treatment and the decrease to low level (24.25 ± 1.74%) under high La(III) dosage (10 mg/L). La(III) in the range of 1-5 mg/L significantly promoted the relative abundance of Anammoxoglobus (0.024% to 9.762%). The blocking of key metabolic pathways was confirmed to cause the breakdown of anammox by PICRUSt. Furthermore, network analysis revealed that lack of cooperation bacteria limits the activity of Anammoxoglobus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Dachao Zhang
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China.
| | - Philip Antwi
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Longwen Xiao
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Zhidan Zhang
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Cheng Lai
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Jiejun Zhao
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Yukun Deng
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Zuwen Liu
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
| | - Miao Shi
- Ganzhou Eco-Environmental Engineering Investment Company Limited, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, China
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Maddela NR, Meng F. Discrepant roles of a quorum quenching bacterium (Rhodococcus sp. BH4) in growing dual-species biofilms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136402. [PMID: 31955076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quorum quenching (QQ) is a promising alternative method for biofilm control. However, a largely unexplored issue is the mechanism through which QQ bacteria interact with biofilm-forming bacteria. Here, we explore inter-species interactions during biofilm development (using 96-well polystyrene plates in a static incubator) between the QQ bacterium Rhodococcus sp. BH4 and sludge bacteria. Experimental results revealed that strain BH4 provoked both competitive (76%) and cooperative (24%) interactions (P < 0.05) in dual-species biofilms after 24 h of incubation (mature biofilm), implying that signal destruction by strain BH4 was strain-dependent. Besides hike in the biofilm biomass (~21%), amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (25-30 times) and particle size (3.5 times) in the Serratia sp. JSB1 biofilm were increased by str. BH4. This suggests that strain BH4 may only have quenching effects against certain bacteria, and that such effects are overlooked at the community level. Taken together, present results imply that in a given biofilm community, not all QS-bacteria interact similarly with Rhodococcus sp. BH4, either because QS-bacteria are tolerant of strain BH4 or QS-bacteria have more than one mechanism for biofilm development. Overall, the QQ-strategy alone seems ineffective at controlling biofilm development, although it may be used in combination with other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangang Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Song T, Li S, Jin J, Yin Z, Lu Y, Bao M, Li Y. Enhanced hydrolyzed polyacrylamide removal from water by an aerobic biofilm reactor-ozone reactor-aerobic biofilm reactor hybrid treatment system: Performance, key enzymes and functional microorganisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121811. [PMID: 31344634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-containing (HPAM-containing) wastewater was investigated in a lab-scale aerobic-ozonic-aerobic hybrid treatment system. When the HPAM concentration was 500 mg L-1 and the ozone dose was 25 g O3/g TOC, the HPAM removal rate reached 90.79%. Experimental results obtained from gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and rheometer indicated that the refractory HPAM was decomposed into small-molecule compounds. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that there was no acrylamide (AM) in the effluent of the system. Microbial communities in two aerobic biofilm reactors (ABRs) were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq Sequencing, which indicated that norank_f_Cytophagaceae, Meiothermus, Bacillus, etc. were keystone functional bacterial genera and Methanobacterium, norank_p_Bathyarchaeota, norank_c_Marine_Group_Ⅰ, etc. were dominant functional archaeal groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to treat HPAM-containing wastewater using an aerobic-ozonic-aerobic hybrid process. Good removal efficiencies and presence of functional microorganisms demonstrated that the hybrid treatment system was practical for treating HPAM-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiafeng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zichao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yifeng Lu
- Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mutai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec Group), Beijing 100728, China
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