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Domínguez M, de Marcos S, Galbán J. NADPH-mediated seedless in situ formation of gold or gold-platinum nanoparticles for the enzymatic determination of atropine. Mikrochim Acta 2025; 192:132. [PMID: 39904770 PMCID: PMC11794361 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-025-06964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
The without-seeds in situ formation of gold nanoparticles from NADPH and its application to the colorimetric determination of atropine (a tropane alkaloid) in cereals is reported. The method is based on a chemical hydrolysis, followed by an enzymatic oxidation by NADP catalyzed by tropinone reductase in the presence of Au(III) or Au(III)/Pt(II). During this reaction, the formed NADPH reduces the metal ion precursor to AuNPs (or AuPtNPs) and the absorption due to the plasmon band (550 nm or 575 nm) is measured. The method (AuPtNPs) allows the determination of the analyte in the concentration range 0.025 to 0.09 mM with an RSD of 3% (n = 5) and is applied to its determination in spiked buckwheat samples using the standard addition method, with 96.9 ± 2.0% recovery. It is also demonstrated that NAD(P)H and NADH have different kinetics for AuNP generation, which could be used to discriminate between these two cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Domínguez
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Susana de Marcos
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Saragossa, Spain.
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Saragossa, Spain.
| | - Javier Galbán
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
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Lee MJ, Shin JH, Jung SH, Oh BK. Recent Advances in Biosensors Using Enzyme-Stabilized Gold Nanoclusters. BIOSENSORS 2024; 15:2. [PMID: 39852053 PMCID: PMC11763740 DOI: 10.3390/bios15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025]
Abstract
Recently, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been widely used in biological applications due to their ultrasmall size, ranging within a few nanometers; large specific surface area; easy functionalization; unique fluorescence properties; and excellent conductivity. However, because they are unstable in solution, AuNCs require stabilization by using ligands such as dendrimers, peptides, DNA, and proteins. As a result, the properties of AuNCs and their formation are determined by the ligand, so the selection of the ligand is important. Of the many ligands implemented, enzyme-stabilized gold nanoclusters (enzyme-AuNCs) have attracted increasing attention for biosensor applications because of the excellent optical/electrochemical properties of AuNCs and the highly target-specific reactions of enzymes. In this review, we explore how enzyme-AuNCs are prepared, their properties, and the various types of enzyme-AuNC-based biosensors that use optical and electrochemical detection techniques. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and prospects of enzyme-AuNCs in biosensing applications. We expect this review to provide interdisciplinary knowledge about the application of enzyme-AuNC-based materials within the biomedical and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Byung-Keun Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.L.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-H.J.)
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Navarro J, Cepriá G, Camacho-Aguayo J, Martín S, González Orive A, de Marcos S, Galbán J. Towards new fluorometric methodologies based on the in-situ generation of gold nanoclusters. Talanta 2024; 266:125119. [PMID: 37657379 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript a method for the fluorometric determination of tyramine is described. It is based on the direct reaction between Au(III) and tyramine in a phosphate buffer which produces fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNC) (λexc = 320 nm, λem = 410 nm) with a diameter of 1.50 ± 0.06 nm. The Au(III) and buffer solutions are mixed and after 140 s, tyramine solution is added; which produces a fast and stable fluorescence signal. The formation of AuNC is demonstrated by STEM and, more importantly, this reaction could be followed by Atomic Fluorescence Microscopy (AFM). The method allows the determination of tyramine in the range from 6.0x10-7 M (limit of quantification) up to 1.2x10-4 M; with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ranges from 1.8% to 4.4% depending on the tyramine concentration. The mechanism of AuNC formation involves the Au(III) reduction via the phenol group and the complexation with the amine group. Putrescine and cadaverine do not produce interference, meanwhile histamine causes a proportional decrease in the signal which can be overcome by the standard addition method. The method was applied to the determination of tyramine in a tuna and cheese samples and the results obtained are in statistical agreement with these obtained using a validated or standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Navarro
- Analytical Biosensors Group (GBA), Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gemma Cepriá
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Camacho-Aguayo
- Analytical Biosensors Group (GBA), Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Martín
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro González Orive
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Susana de Marcos
- Analytical Biosensors Group (GBA), Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Galbán
- Analytical Biosensors Group (GBA), Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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In situ enzymatic generation of Au/Pt nanoparticles as an analytical photometric system: proof of concept determination of tyramine. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:114. [PMID: 36877272 PMCID: PMC9988730 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In situ enzymatic generation of bimetallic nanoparticles, mainly Au/Pt, overcomes the drawbacks (continuous absorbance drift, modest LOQ, and long-time reaction) observed when AuNP alone are produced. In this study, Au/Pt nanoparticles have been characterized by EDS, XPS, and HRTEM images using the enzymatic determination of tyramine with tyramine oxidase (TAO) as a model. Under experimental conditions, the Au/Pt NPs show an absorption maximum at 580 nm which can be related to the concentration of tyramine in the range 1.0 × 10-6M to 2.5 × 10-4M with a RSD of 3.4% (n = 5, using 5 × 10-6M tyramine). The Au/Pt system enables low LOQ (1.0 × 10-6 M), high reduction of the absorbance drift, and a significant shortening of the reaction time (i.e., from 30 to 2 min for a [tyramine] = 1 × 10-4M); additionally, a better selectivity is also obtained. The method has been applied to tyramine determination in cured cheese and no significant differences were obtained compared to a reference method (HRP:TMB). The effect of Pt(II) seems to involve the previous reduction of Au(III) to Au(I) and NP generation from this oxidation state. Finally, a three-step (nucleation-growth-aggregation) kinetic model for the generation of NPs is proposed; this has enabled us to obtain a mathematical equation which explains the experimentally observed variation of the absorbance with time.
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