Multi-modal sensing with integrated machine learning to differentiate specific leukocytes targeted by electrically sensitive hybrid particles

Self-synergy-powered Ni/Fe nanocube-based cholesterol detection with dual modes

Nanoenzyme-leveraged multimode detection would benefit enhancing sensitivity and mitigating detection error. Moreover, multienzyme-like nanozymes hold tremendous potential in sensing by offering synergistic effects and cascaded catalysis. Herein, cost-effective multienzymic Ni/Fe nanocubes (Ni/FeNCs) were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation, and verified to catalyze H2O2 decomposition as peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) mimics. Thereby, a dual-mode sensing platform based on Ni/FeNC and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was developed for cholesterol detection. Utilizing the H2O2 produced via the oxidation of cholesterol catalyzed by ChOx, OH•/O2•- radicals and O2 were formed efficiently via Ni/FeNCs-based H2O2 decomposition, facilitating the generation of chemiluminescence (CL) and fluorescence signals. For CL assay, an Ni/FeNC-luminol-H2O2 CL system was fabricated, where both POD-mimic-mediated radical decomposition of H2O2 and ferricyanide ions in Ni/FeNCs could induce CL reaction with respective mechanism. Notably, these two CL processes were both deduced to be enhanced by in-situ generated O2. This dual-catalyzed luminol CL system, involving self-cascade catalysis of ferricyanogen and CAT mimic as well as the self-synergy between POD-like and CAT-like activities of Ni/FeNCs, was proposed for the first time, and able to boost CL signal. To generate fluorescent signal, o-phenylenediamine was introduced, and oxidized by both OH•/O2•- and O2 produced via POD/CAT-mimic-mediated H2O2 decomposition to 2,3-diaminophenazinc, which could quench the fluorescence of WS2 quantum dots via internal filtration effect. The Ni/FeNC-based dual-mode assay is applicable and flexible for cholesterol detection. Particularly, the low-cost Ni/FeNC is a promising candidate of luminol-H2O2 CL system due to its dual-CL-mechanism involving self-cascade and synergistic catalysis.

Enabling biomedical technologies for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) biomarkers detection

Chronic myelogenous/myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer of bone marrow that arises from hematopoietic stem cells and affects millions of people worldwide. Eighty-five percent of the CML cases are diagnosed during chronic phase, most of which are detected through routine tests. Leukocytes, micro-Ribonucleic Acids, and myeloid markers are the primary biomarkers for CML diagnosis and are mainly detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and genetic testing. Though multiple therapies have been developed to treat CML, early detection still plays a pivotal role in the overall patient survival rate. The current technologies used for CML diagnosis are costly and are confined to laboratory settings which impede their application in the point-of-care settings for early-stage detection of CML. This study provides detailed analysis and insights into the significance of CML, patient symptoms, biomarkers used for testing, and best possible detection techniques responsible for the enhancement in survival rates. A critical and detailed review is provided around potential microfluidic devices that can be adapted to detect the biomarkers associated with CML while enabling point-of-care testing for early diagnosis of CML to improve patient survival rates.