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Grant PS, Kahlcke N, Govindpani K, Hunter M, MacDonald C, Brimble MA, Glass M, Furkert DP. Divalent cannabinoid-1 receptor ligands: A linker attachment point survey of SR141716A for development of high-affinity CB1R molecular probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126644. [PMID: 31564385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonist SR141716A has proven useful for study of the endocannabinoid system, including development of divalent CB1R ligands possessing a second functional motif attached via a linker unit. These have predominantly employed the C3 position of the central pyrazole ring for linker attachment. Despite this precedent, a novel series of C3-linked CB1R-D2R divalent ligands exhibited extremely high affinity at the D2R, but only poor affinity for the CB1R. A systematic linker attachment point survey of the SR141716A pharmacophore was therefore undertaken, establishing the C5 position as the optimal site for linker conjugation. This linker attachment survey enabled the identification of a novel divalent ligand as a lead compound to inform ongoing development of high-affinity CB1R molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Grant
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nils Kahlcke
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karan Govindpani
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Morag Hunter
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christa MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand.
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Glass M, Govindpani K, Furkert DP, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Flanagan JU. One for the Price of Two…Are Bivalent Ligands Targeting Cannabinoid Receptor Dimers Capable of Simultaneously Binding to both Receptors? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:353-363. [PMID: 26917061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent ligands bridging two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provide valuable pharmacological tools to target oligomers. The success of therapeutically targeting the cannabinoid CB1 receptor has been limited, in part due to its widespread neuronal distribution. Therefore, CB1 ligands targeting oligomers that exhibit restricted distribution or altered pharmacology are highly desirable, and several bivalent ligands containing a CB1 pharmacophore have been reported. Bivalent ligand action presumes that the ligand simultaneously binds to both receptors within the dimeric complex. However, based on the current understanding of CB1 ligand binding, existing bivalent ligands are too short to bind both receptors simultaneously. However, ligands with longer linkers may not be the solution, because evidence suggests that ligands enter CB1 through the lipid bilayer and, thus, linkers are unlikely to exit the receptor through its external face. Thus, the entire premise of designing bivalent ligands targeting CB1 must be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Karan Govindpani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Center for Drug Design, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Center for Drug Design, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre and Maurice Wilkens Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Iyer MR, Cinar R, Liu J, Godlewski G, Szanda G, Puhl H, Ikeda SR, Deschamps J, Lee YS, Steinbach PJ, Kunos G. Structural Basis of Species-Dependent Differential Affinity of 6-Alkoxy-5-Aryl-3-Pyridinecarboxamide Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:238-44. [PMID: 26013543 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Alkoxy-5-aryl-3-pyridincarboxamides, including the brain-penetrant compound 14G: [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide] and its peripherally restricted analog 14H: [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]-6-(2-methoxyethoxy)-3-pyridinecarboxamide], have been recently introduced as selective, high-affinity antagonists of the human cannabinoid-1 receptor (hCB1R). Binding analyses revealed two orders of magnitude lower affinity of these compounds for mouse and rat versus human CB1R, whereas the affinity of rimonabant is comparable for all three CB1Rs. Modeling of ligand binding to CB1R and binding assays with native and mutant (Ile105Met) hCB1Rs indicate that the Ile105 to Met mutation in rodent CB1Rs accounts for the species-dependent affinity of 14G: and 14H: . Our work identifies Ile105 as a new pharmacophore component for developing better hCB1R antagonists and invalidates rodent models for assessing the antiobesity efficacy of 14G: and 14H: .
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliga R Iyer
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Gergö Szanda
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Henry Puhl
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Stephen R Ikeda
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Jeffrey Deschamps
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Yong-Sok Lee
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - Peter J Steinbach
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies (M.R.I., R.C., J.L., G.G., G.S., G.K.) and Laboratory of Molecular Physiology (H.P., S.R.I.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (J.D.); and Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Y.-S.L., P.J.S.)
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Prospective therapeutic agents for obesity: Molecular modification approaches of centrally and peripherally acting selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:298-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Fernández-Fernández C, Callado LF, Girón R, Sánchez E, Erdozain AM, López-Moreno JA, Morales P, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Fernández-Ruiz J, Goya P, Meana JJ, Martín MI, Jagerovic N. Combining rimonabant and fentanyl in a single entity: preparation and pharmacological results. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:263-77. [PMID: 24591816 PMCID: PMC3934591 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s55045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on numerous pharmacological studies that have revealed an interaction between cannabinoid and opioid systems at the molecular, neurochemical, and behavioral levels, a new series of hybrid molecules has been prepared by coupling the molecular features of two wellknown drugs, ie, rimonabant and fentanyl. The new compounds have been tested for their affinity and functionality regarding CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid and μ opioid receptors. In [35S]-GTPγS (guanosine 5′-O-[gamma-thio]triphosphate) binding assays from the post-mortem human frontal cortex, they proved to be CB1 cannabinoid antagonists and μ opioid antagonists. Interestingly, in vivo, the new compounds exhibited a significant dual antagonist action on the endocannabinoid and opioid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis F Callado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
| | - Rocío Girón
- Departamento de Farmacología y Nutrición, Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Eva Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Nutrición, Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Amaia M Erdozain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, CIBERNED, IRYCIS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain
| | - M Isabel Martín
- Departamento de Farmacología y Nutrición, Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
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6
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Novel antiobesity agents: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of analogues of Rimonabant and of LH21. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1708-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Fernández-Fernández C, Decara J, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Sánchez E, Morales P, Gómez-Cañas M, Gómez-Ruíz M, Callado LF, Goya P, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Martín MI, Fernández-Ruíz J, Meana JJ, Jagerovic N. Description of a bivalent cannabinoid ligand with hypophagic properties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:171-9. [PMID: 23371794 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of bivalent cannabinoid ligands is proposed. The synthesis of double amides based on the rimonabant structure separated by an alkyl chain and the evaluation of their affinities for cannabinoid receptors are reported. The data of 4d confirmed that a bivalent structure is a suitable scaffold for CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding. The compound 4d was selected for in vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluations. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration of 4d to food-deprived rats resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of feeding that was maintained up to 240 min.
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Howlett AC, Reggio PH, Childers SR, Hampson RE, Ulloa NM, Deutsch DG. Endocannabinoid tone versus constitutive activity of cannabinoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1329-43. [PMID: 21545414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates the cellular mechanisms of constitutive activity of the cannabinoid (CB) receptors, its reversal by inverse agonists, and discusses the pitfalls and problems in the interpretation of the research data. The notion is presented that endogenously produced anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) serve as autocrine or paracrine stimulators of the CB receptors, giving the appearance of constitutive activity. It is proposed that one cannot interpret inverse agonist studies without inference to the receptors' environment vis-à-vis the endocannabinoid agonists which themselves are highly lipophilic compounds with a preference for membranes. The endocannabinoid tone is governed by a combination of synthetic pathways and inactivation involving transport and degradation. The synthesis and degradation of 2-AG is well characterized, and 2-AG has been strongly implicated in retrograde signalling in neurons. Data implicating endocannabinoids in paracrine regulation have been described. Endocannabinoid ligands can traverse the cell's interior and potentially be stored on fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs). Molecular modelling predicts that the endocannabinoids derived from membrane phospholipids can laterally diffuse to enter the CB receptor from the lipid bilayer. Considering that endocannabinoid signalling to CB receptors is a much more likely scenario than is receptor activation in the absence of agonist ligands, researchers are advised to refrain from assuming constitutive activity except for experimental models known to be devoid of endocannabinoid ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Wiley JL, Selley DE, Wang P, Kottani R, Gadthula S, Mahadeven A. 3-Substituted pyrazole analogs of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB₁) receptor antagonist rimonabant: cannabinoid agonist-like effects in mice via non-CB₁, non-CB₂ mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:433-44. [PMID: 22085649 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypic cannabinoid type 1 (CB₁) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant, is comprised of a pyrazole core surrounded by a carboxyamide with terminal piperidine group (3-substituent), a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group (1-substituent), a 4-chlorophenyl group (5-substituent), and a methyl group (4-substituent). Previous structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis has suggested that the 3-position may be involved in receptor recognition and agonist activity. The goal of the present study was to develop CB₁-selective compounds and explore further the SAR of 3-substitution on the rimonabant template. 3-Substituted analogs with benzyl and alkyl amino, dihydrooxazole, and oxazole moieties were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Several notable patterns emerged. First, most of the analogs exhibited CB₁ selectivity, with many lacking affinity for the CB₂ receptor. Affinity tended to be better when [³H]5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716), rather than [³H](-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4(1,1-dimethyl-heptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)cyclohexanol (CP55,940), was used as the binding radioligand. Second, many of the analogs produced an agonist-like profile of effects in mice (i.e., suppression of activity, antinociception, hypothermia, and immobility); however, their potencies were not well correlated with their CB₁ binding affinities. Further assessment of selected analogs showed that none were effective antagonists of the effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice, their agonist-like effects were not blocked by rimonabant, they were active in vivo in CB₁⁻/⁻ mice, and they failed to stimulate guanosine-5'-O-(3-[³⁵S]thio)-triphosphate binding. Several analogs were inverse agonists in the latter assay. Together, these results suggest that this series of 3-substituted pyrazole analogs represent a novel class of CB₁-selective cannabinoids that produce agonist-like effects in mice through a non-CB₁, non-CB₂ mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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Shonberg J, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Design strategies for bivalent ligands targeting GPCRs. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:963-74. [PMID: 21520422 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Specifically designed bivalent ligands targeting G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) dimeric structures have become increasingly popular in recent literature. The advantages of the bivalent approach are numerous, including enhanced potency and receptor subtype specificity. However, the use of bivalent ligands as potential pharmacotherapeutics is limited by problematic molecular properties, such as high molecular weight and lipophilicity. This minireview focuses on the design of bivalent ligands recently described in the literature; discussing the choice of lead pharmacophore, the position and nature of the attachment point for linking the two pharmacophore units, and the length and composition of the spacer group. Furthermore, this minireview distils the molecular descriptors of the bivalent ligands that exhibit in vivo activity, as well as highlights their ability to access the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Shonberg
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Suter TM, Chesterfield AK, Bao C, Schaus JM, Krushinski JH, Statnick MA, Felder CC. Pharmacological characterization of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor PET ligand ortholog, [3H]MePPEP. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang Y, Gilliam A, Maitra R, Damaj MI, Tajuba JM, Seltzman HH, Thomas BF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent ligands for the cannabinoid 1 receptor. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7048-60. [PMID: 20845959 DOI: 10.1021/jm1006676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization or oligomerization of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor, is now widely accepted and may have significant implications for medications development targeting these receptor complexes. A library of bivalent ligands composed of two identical CB1 antagonist pharmacophores derived from SR141716 linked by spacers of various lengths were developed. The affinities of these bivalent ligands at CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined using radiolabeled binding assays. Their functional activities were measured using GTP-γ-S accumulation and intracellular calcium mobilization assays. The results suggest that the nature of the linker and its length are crucial factors for optimum interactions of these ligands at CB1 receptor binding sites. Finally, selected bivalent ligands (5d and 7b) were able to attenuate the antinociceptive effects of the cannabinoid agonist CP55,940 (21) in a rodent tail-flick assay. These novel compounds may serve as probes that will enable further characterization of CB1 receptor dimerization and oligomerization and its functional significance and may prove useful in the development of new therapeutic approaches to G-protein-coupled receptor mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Walentiny DM, Vann RE, Warner JA, King LS, Seltzman HH, Navarro HA, Twine CE, Thomas BF, Gilliam AF, Gilmour BP, Carroll FI, Wiley JL. Kappa opioid mediation of cannabinoid effects of the potent hallucinogen, salvinorin A, in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:275-84. [PMID: 20354680 PMCID: PMC3013230 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Salvinorin A, the primary psychoactive derivative of the hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum, is a potent and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. Several recent studies, however, have suggested endocannabinoid system mediation of some of its effects. OBJECTIVES This study represents a systematic examination of this hypothesis. METHODS Salvinorin A was isolated from S. divinorum and was evaluated in a battery of in vitro and in vivo procedures designed to detect cannabinoid activity, including CB(1) receptor radioligand and [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding, calcium flux assay, in vivo cannabinoid screening tests, and drug discrimination. RESULTS Salvinorin A did not bind to nor activate CB(1) receptors. In vivo salvinorin A produced pronounced hypolocomotion and antinociception (and to a lesser extent, hypothermia). These effects were blocked by the selective KOR antagonist, JDTic, but not by the CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant. Interestingly, however, rimonabant attenuated KOR activation stimulated by U69,593 in a [(35)S]GTPgammaS assay. Salvinorin A did not substitute for Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in mice trained to discriminate THC. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that similarities in the pharmacological effects of salvinorin A and those of cannabinoids are mediated by its activation of KOR rather than by any direct action of salvinorin A on the endocannabinoid system. Further, the results suggest that rimonabant reversal of salvinorin A effects in previous studies may be explained in part by rimonabant attenuation of KOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Matthew Walentiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Robert E. Vann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Warner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Lindsey S. King
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Charles E. Twine
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Anne F. Gilliam
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
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A Method for Parallel Solid-Phase Synthesis of Iodinated Analogs of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type I (CB1) Inverse Agonist Rimonabant. Methods Enzymol 2010; 485:499-525. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381296-4.00027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Spivey AC, Tseng CC, Jones TC, Kohler AD, Ellames GJ. A method for parallel solid-phase synthesis of iodinated analogues of the CB1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant. Org Lett 2009; 11:4760-3. [PMID: 19778010 DOI: 10.1021/ol902038y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the parallel solid-phase synthesis (SPS) of iodinated analogues of Sanofi-Aventis' type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor inverse agonist rimonabant (acomplia) has been developed. The method allows the synthesis of a range of C3 amide/hydrazide derivatives from a resin-bound C3 ester precursor. The C-Ge linkage to the Hypogel-200 resin is stable to the diversification conditions but allows ipso-iododegermylative cleavage using NaI/NCS even for the products containing the oxidatively labile hydrazide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AY, UK.
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16
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Kocyigit-Kaymakcioglu B, Toklu HZ, Ikiz S, Bagcigil AF, Rollas S, Ozgur NY, Ak S. Synthesis and antinociceptive-antimicrobial activities of some new amide derivatives of 3,5-di/-and 1,3,5-trimethylpyrazoles. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:454-61. [PMID: 18665993 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701631686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some N-(3,5-di-/1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole-4-yl)-4-substitutedbenzamide derivatives were prepared as possible antiociceptive-antimicrobial agents. New amide derivatives (3-12) were synthesized by reacting 4-amino-3,5-di and 1,3,5-trimethylpyrazoles with 4-substitutedbenzoyl chlorides. Hotplate and tail-immersion tests were used for the determination of the antinociceptive activity. Morphine, was used as a standard test drug. All compounds were administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg ip and some of them had significant antinociceptive activity in both tests. Compound 10 (N-(1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole-4-yl)-4-bromobenzamide), was the most active one in both tests among the compounds. The antinociceptive activity of the compounds 10, 11 (N-(1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole-4-yl)-4-chlorobenzamide), and 12 (N-(1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole-4-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide), started at 30 minutes and continued up to 150 minutes in the hotplate test. Also compounds were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity, but exhibited weak antibacterial activity.
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17
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Matiichuk VS, Potopnyk MA, Obushak ND. Molecular design of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428008090182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Gehani NC, Nalwalk JW, Razdan RK, Martin BR, Sun X, Wentland M, Abood ME, Hough LB. Significance of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in improgan antinociception. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 8:850-60. [PMID: 17644043 PMCID: PMC2185743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Improgan is a congener of the H(2) antagonist cimetidine, which produces potent antinociception. Because a) the mechanism of action of improgan remains unknown and b) this drug may indirectly activate cannabinoid CB(1) receptors, the effects of the CB(1) antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant (SR141716A) and 3 congeners with varying CB(1) potencies were studied on improgan antinociception after intracerebroventricular (icv) dosing in rats. Consistent with blockade of brain CB(1) receptors, rimonabant (K(d) = 0.23 nM), and O-1691 (K(d) = 0.22 nM) inhibited improgan antinociception by 48% and 70% after icv doses of 43 nmol and 25 nmol, respectively. However, 2 other derivatives with much lower CB(1) affinity (O-1876, K(d) = 139 nM and O-848, K(d) = 352 nM) unexpectedly blocked improgan antinociception by 65% and 50% after icv doses of 300 nmol and 30 nmol, respectively. These derivatives have 600-fold to 1500-fold lower CB(1) potencies than that of rimonabant, yet they retained improgan antagonist activity in vivo. In vitro dose-response curves with (35)S-GTPgammaS on CB(1) receptor-containing membranes confirmed the approximate relative potency of the derivatives at the CB(1) receptor. Although antagonism of improgan antinociception by rimonabant has previously implicated a mechanistic role for the CB(1) receptor, current findings with rimonabant congeners suggest that receptors other than, or in addition to CB(1) may participate in the pain-relieving mechanisms activated by this drug. The use of congeners such as O-848, which lack relevant CB(1)-blocking properties, will help to identify these cannabinoid-like, non-CB(1) mechanisms. PERSPECTIVE This article describes new pharmacological characteristics of improgan, a pain-relieving drug that acts by an unknown mechanism. Improgan may use a marijuana-like (cannabinoid) pain-relieving mechanism, but it is shown presently that the principal cannabinoid receptor in the brain (CB(1)) is not solely responsible for improgan analgesia.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/administration & dosage
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Cimetidine/administration & dosage
- Cimetidine/analogs & derivatives
- Cimetidine/chemistry
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Injections, Intraventricular/methods
- Male
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Piperidines/administration & dosage
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Pyrazoles/administration & dosage
- Pyrazoles/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Rimonabant
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal C Gehani
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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19
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McPartland JM, Glass M, Pertwee RG. Meta-analysis of cannabinoid ligand binding affinity and receptor distribution: interspecies differences. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:583-93. [PMID: 17641667 PMCID: PMC2190026 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis, unlike a literature review, synthesizes previous studies into new results. Pooled data from 211 studies measured ligand binding affinities at human (Hs) or rat (Rn) cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Cochrane methods were modified for this non-clinical analysis. Meta-regression detected data heterogeneity arising from methodological factors: use of sectioned tissues, lack of PMSF and choice of radioligand. Native brain tissues exhibited greater affinity (lower nM) than transfected cells, but the trend fell short of significance, as did the trend between centrifugation and filtration methods. Correcting for heterogeneity, mean Ki values for delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol differed significantly between HsCB1 and RnCB1 (25.1 and 42.6 nM, respectively) but not between HsCB1 and HsCB2 (25.1 and 35.2). Mean Kd values for HsCB1, RnCB1 and HsCB2 of CP55,940 (2.5, 0.98, 0.92) and WIN55,212-2 (16.7, 2.4, 3.7) differed between HsCB1 and RnCB1 and between HsCB1 and HsCB2. SR141716A differed between HsCB1 and RnCB1 (2.9 and 1.0 nM). Anandamide at HsCB1, RnCB1 and HsCB2 (239.2, 87.7, 439.5) fell short of statistical differences due to heterogeneity. We consider these Kd and Ki values to be the most valid estimates in the literature. Sensitivity analyses did not support the numerical validity of cannabidiol, cannabinol, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and all ligands at RnCB2. Aggregate rank order analysis of CB(1) distribution in the brain (pooled from 119 autoradiographic, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies) showed denser HsCB1 expression in cognitive regions (cerebral cortex) compared to RnCB1, which was relatively richer in movement-associated areas (cerebellum, caudate-putamen). Implications of interspecies differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McPartland
- Department of Molecular Biology, GW Pharmaceuticals, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
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Thomas BF, Zhang Y, Brackeen M, Page KM, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH. Conformational characteristics of the interaction of SR141716A with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor as determined through the use of conformationally constrained analogs. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E665-71. [PMID: 17233530 PMCID: PMC2751363 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cannabinoid pharmacology increased dramatically upon the identification of the first cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in 1998 and continues to expand as additional endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are discovered. Using CB1 receptor (CB1R) systems, medicinal chemistry programs began screening libraries searching for cannabinoid ligands, ultimately leading to the discovery of the first potent cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A (Rimonabant). Its demonstrated efficacy in treating obesity and facilitating smoking cessation, among other impressive pharmacological activities, has furthered the interest in cannabinoid receptor antagonists as therapeutics, such that the number of patents and publications covering this class of compounds continues to grow at an impressive rate. At this time, medicinal chemistry approaches including combinatorial chemistry, conformational constraint, and scaffold hopping are continuing to generate a large number of cannabinoid antagonists. These molecules provide an opportunity to gain insight into the 3-dimensional structure-activity relationships that appear crucial for CB1R-ligand interaction. In particular, studies in which conformational constraints have been imposed on the various pyrazole ring substituents of SR141716A provide a direct opportunity to characterize changes in conformation/conformational freedom within a single class of compounds. While relatively few conformationally constrained molecules have been synthesized to date, the structure-activity information is often more readily interpreted than in studies where entire substituents are replaced. Thus, it is the focus of this mini-review to examine the structural properties of SR141716A, and to use conformationally constrained molecules to illustrate the importance of conformation and conformational freedom to CB1R affinity, selectivity, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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Huang K, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW. Enantiomeric impurities in chiral synthons, catalysts, and auxiliaries. Part 3. TETRAHEDRON, ASYMMETRY 2006; 17:2821-2832. [PMID: 25598583 PMCID: PMC4294700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomeric excess of chiral reagents used in asymmetric syntheses directly affects the reaction selectivity and product purity. In this work, 84 of the more recently available chiral compounds were evaluated to determine their actual enantiomeric composition. These compounds are widely used in asymmetric syntheses as chiral synthons, catalysts, and auxiliaries. These include chiral alcohols, amines, amino alcohols, amides, carboxylic acids, epoxides, esters, ketones, and oxolanes among other classes of compounds. All enantiomeric test results were categorized within five purity levels (i.e. <0.01%, 0.01% to 0.1%, 0.1% to 1%, 1% to 10%, and >10%). The majority of the reagents tested were determined to have enantiomeric impurities over 0.01%, and two of them were found to contain enantiomeric impurities exceeding the 10% level. The most effective enantioselective analysis method was a GC approach using a Chiraldex GTA chiral stationary phase (CSP). This method worked exceedingly well with chiral amines and alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Zachary S. Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Donohue SR, Halldin C, Pike VW. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships (SARs) of 1,5-diarylpyrazole cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor ligands for potential use in molecular imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3712-20. [PMID: 16466922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type-1 (CB(1)) receptor ligands, derived from the 1,5-diarylpyrazole core template of rimonabant (Acomplia), have been the focus of several studies aimed at examining structure-activity relationships (SARs). The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize a set of compounds based on the 1,5-diarylpyrazole template while focusing on the potential for discovery of CB(1) receptor radioligands that might be used as probes with in vivo molecular imaging. Each synthesized ligand was evaluated for potency as an antagonist at CB(1) and cannabinoid type-2 (CB(2)) receptors in vitro using a GTPgamma(35)S-binding assay. clog P values were calculated with Pallas 3.0. The antagonist binding affinities (K(B)) at CB(1) receptors ranged from 11 to >16,000 nM, CB(1) versus CB(2) selectivities from 0.6 to 773, and clog Ps from 3.61 to 6.25. An interesting new ligand, namely N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1-(2-bromophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (9j), emerged from the synthesized set with appealing properties (K(B)=11 nM; CB(1) selectivity>773; clog P=5.85), for labeling with carbon-11 and development as a radioligand for imaging brain CB(1) receptors in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Donohue
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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